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2. Reproductive inequality in humans and other mammals

Author

Ross, Cody T, Hooper, Paul L, Smith, Jennifer E, Jaeggi, Adrian V, Smith, Eric Alden, Gavrilets, Sergey, Zohora, Fatema tuz, Ziker, John, Xygalatas, Dimitris, Wroblewski, Emily E, Wood, Brian, Winterhalder, Bruce, Willführ, Kai P, Willard, Aiyana K, Walker, Kara, von Rueden, Christopher, Voland, Eckart, Valeggia, Claudia, Vaitla, Bapu, Urlacher, Samuel, Towner, Mary, Sum, Chun-Yi, Sugiyama, Lawrence S, Strier, Karen B, Starkweather, Kathrine, Major-Smith, Daniel, Shenk, Mary, Sear, Rebecca, Seabright, Edmond, Schacht, Ryan, Scelza, Brooke, Scaggs, Shane, Salerno, Jonathan, Revilla-Minaya, Caissa, Redhead, Daniel, Pusey, Anne, Purzycki, Benjamin Grant, Power, Eleanor A, Pisor, Anne, Pettay, Jenni, Perry, Susan, Page, Abigail E, Pacheco-Cobos, Luis, Oths, Kathryn, Oh, Seung-Yun, Nolin, David, Nettle, Daniel, Moya, Cristina, Migliano, Andrea Bamberg, Mertens, Karl J, McNamara, Rita A, McElreath, Richard, Mattison, Siobhan, Massengill, Eric, Marlowe, Frank, Madimenos, Felicia, Macfarlan, Shane, Lummaa, Virpi, Lizarralde, Roberto, Liu, Ruizhe, Liebert, Melissa A, Lew-Levy, Sheina, Leslie, Paul, Lanning, Joseph, Kramer, Karen, Koster, Jeremy, Kaplan, Hillard S, Jamsranjav, Bayarsaikhan, Hurtado, A Magdalena, Hill, Kim, Hewlett, Barry, Helle, Samuli, Headland, Thomas, Headland, Janet, Gurven, Michael, Grimalda, Gianluca, Greaves, Russell, Golden, Christopher D, Godoy, Irene, Gibson, Mhairi, Mouden, Claire El, Dyble, Mark, Draper, Patricia, Downey, Sean, DeMarco, Angelina L, Davis, Helen Elizabeth, Crabtree, Stefani, Cortez, Carmen, Colleran, Heidi, Cohen, Emma, Clark, Gregory, Clark, Julia, Caudell, Mark A, Carminito, Chelsea E, Bunce, John, Boyette, Adam, Bowles, Samuel, Blumenfield, Tami, Beheim, Bret, and Beckerman, Stephen

Subjects
Contraception/Reproduction, Reproductive health and childbirth, Reduced Inequalities, Animals, Humans, Female, Male, Reproduction, Sex Characteristics, Marriage, Mammals, Sexual Behavior, Animal, egalitarian syndrome, inequality, mating systems, monogamy, reproductive skew
Abstract

To address claims of human exceptionalism, we determine where humans fit within the greater mammalian distribution of reproductive inequality. We show that humans exhibit lower reproductive skew (i.e., inequality in the number of surviving offspring) among males and smaller sex differences in reproductive skew than most other mammals, while nevertheless falling within the mammalian range. Additionally, female reproductive skew is higher in polygynous human populations than in polygynous nonhumans mammals on average. This patterning of skew can be attributed in part to the prevalence of monogamy in humans compared to the predominance of polygyny in nonhuman mammals, to the limited degree of polygyny in the human societies that practice it, and to the importance of unequally held rival resources to women's fitness. The muted reproductive inequality observed in humans appears to be linked to several unusual characteristics of our species-including high levels of cooperation among males, high dependence on unequally held rival resources, complementarities between maternal and paternal investment, as well as social and legal institutions that enforce monogamous norms.

Published
2023

3. Open Access: Material insecurity predicts greater commitment to moralistic and less commitment to local deities: a cross-cultural investigation

Author

Baimel, Adam, primary, Apicella, Coren L., additional, Atkinson, Quentin D., additional, Bolyanatz, Alexander H., additional, Cohen, Emma, additional, Handley, Carla, additional, Henrich, Joseph, additional, Klocová, Eva Kundtová, additional, Lang, Martin, additional, Lesorogol, Carolyn, additional, Mathew, Sarah, additional, McNamara, Rita A., additional, Moya, Cristina, additional, Norenzayan, Ara, additional, Placek, Caitlyn D., additional, Soler, Montserrat, additional, Vardy, Thomas, additional, Weigel, Jonathan L., additional, Willard, Aiyana K., additional, Xygalatas, Dimitris, additional, and Purzycki, Benjamin Grant, additional

Published
2023
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4. The religiosity gender gap in 14 diverse societies

Author

Vardy, Thomas, primary, Moya, Cristina, additional, Placek, Caitlyn D., additional, Apicella, Coren L., additional, Bolyanatz, Alexander H., additional, Cohen, Emma, additional, Handley, Carla, additional, Klocová, Eva Kundtová, additional, Lesorogol, Carolyn, additional, Mathew, Sarah, additional, McNamara, Rita A., additional, Purzycki, Benjamin Grant, additional, Soler, Montserrat, additional, Weigel, Jonathan L., additional, Willard, Aiyana K., additional, Xygalatas, Dimitris, additional, Norenzayan, Ara, additional, Henrich, Joseph, additional, Lang, Martin, additional, and Atkinson, Quentin D., additional

Published
2023
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8. Building Sustainable Global Collaborative Networks: Recommendations from Music Studies and the Social Sciences

Author

Savage, Patrick E., primary, Jacoby, Nori, additional, Margulis, Elizabeth H., additional, Daikoku, Hideo, additional, Anglada-Tort, Manuel, additional, Castelo-Branco, Salwa El-Sawan, additional, Nweke, Florence Ewomazino, additional, Fujii, Shinya, additional, Hegde, Shantala, additional, Chuan-Peng, Hu, additional, Jabbour, Jason, additional, Lew-Williams, Casey, additional, Mangalagiu, Diana, additional, McNamara, Rita, additional, Müllensiefen, Daniel, additional, Opondo, Patricia, additional, Patel, Aniruddh D., additional, and Schippers, Huib, additional

Published
2023
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14. Moralizing gods, impartiality and religious parochialism across 15 societies

Author

Lang, Martin, Purzycki, Benjamin G., Apicella, Coren L., Atkinson, Quentin D., Bolyanatz, Alexander, Cohen, Emma, Handley, Carla, Klocová, Eva Kundtová, Lesorogol, Carolyn, Mathew, Sarah, McNamara, Rita A., Moya, Cristina, Placek, Caitlyn D., Soler, Montserrat, Vardy, Thomas, Weigel, Jonathan L., Willard, Aiyana K., Xygalatas, Dimitris, Norenzayan, Ara, and Henrich, Joseph

Published
2019

18. Gods are watching and so what? Moralistic supernatural punishment across 15 cultures

Author

Bendixen, Theiss, primary, Lightner, Aaron D., additional, Apicella, Coren, additional, Atkinson, Quentin, additional, Bolyanatz, Alexander, additional, Cohen, Emma, additional, Handley, Carla, additional, Henrich, Joseph, additional, Kundtov´a Klocov´a, Eva, additional, Lesorogol, Carolyn, additional, Mathew, Sarah, additional, McNamara, Rita A., additional, Moya, Cristina, additional, Norenzayan, Ara, additional, Placek, Caitlyn, additional, Soler, Montserrat, additional, Vardy, Tom, additional, Weigel, Jonathan, additional, Willard, Aiyana K., additional, Xygalatas, Dimitris, additional, Lang, Martin, additional, and Purzycki, Benjamin Grant, additional

Published
2023
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21. Appealing to the minds of gods: religious beliefs and appeals correspond to features of local social ecologies

Author

Bendixen, Theiss, Apicella, Coren, Atkinson, Quentin, Cohen, Emma, Henrich, Joseph, McNamara, Rita A., Norenzayan, Ara, Willard, Aiyana K., Xygalatas, Dimitris, and Purzycki, Benjamin Grant

Abstract

ABSTRACTHow do beliefs about gods vary across populations, and what accounts for this variation? We argue that appeals to gods generally reflect prominent features of local social ecologies. We first draw from a synthesis of theoretical, experimental, and ethnographic evidence to delineate a set of predictive criteria for the kinds of contexts with which religious beliefs and behaviors will be associated. To evaluate these criteria, we examine the content of freely-listed data about gods’ concerns collected from individuals across eight diverse field sites and contextualize these beliefs in their respective cultural milieus. In our analysis, we find that local deities’ concerns point to costly threats to local coordination and cooperation. We conclude with a discussion of how alternative approaches to religious beliefs and appeals fare in light of our results and close by considering some key implications for the cognitive and evolutionary sciences of religion.

Published
2024
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22. Gender Gap in Parental Leave Intentions: Evidence from 37 Countries

Author

Olsson, Maria IT, Olsson, Maria IT, Van Grootel, Sanne, Block, Katharina, Schuster, Karolin, Meeussen, Loes, Van Laar, Collete, Schmader, Toni, Croft, Alyssa, Shuyi Sun, Molly, Ainsaar, Mare, Aarntzen, Lianne, Adamus, Magdalena, Anderson, Joel, Atkinson, Ciara, Avicenna, Mohamed, Bąbel, Przemysław, Barth, Markus, Benson‐Greenwald, Tessa M, Maloku, Edona, Berent, Jacques, Bergsieker, Hilary B, Biernat, Monica, Bîrneanu, Andreea G, Bodinaku, Blerta, Bosak, Janine, Bosson, Jennifer, Branković, Marija, Burkauska, Julius, Čavojová, Vladimíra, Cheryan, Sapna, Choi, Eunsoo, Choi, Incheol, Contreras‐Ibáñez, Carlos C, Coogan, Andrew, Danyliuk, Ivan, Dar‐Nimrod, Ilan, Dasgupta, Nilanjana, de Lemus, Soledad, Devos, Thierry, Diab, Marwan, Diekman, Amanda B, Efremova, Maria, Eisner, Léïla, Eller, Anja, Erentaite, Rasa, Fedáková, Denisa, Franc, Renata, Gartzia, Leire, Gavreliuc, Alin, Gavreliuc, Dana, Gecaite‐Stonciene, Julija, Germano, Adriana L, Giovannelli, Ilaria, Gismondi Diaz, Renzo, Gitikhmayeva, Lyudmila, Menkir Gizaw, Abiy, Gjoneska, Biljana, Martínez González, Omar, González, Roberto, Grijalva, Isaac David, Güngör, Derya, Gustafsson Sendén, Marie, Hall, William, Harb, Charles, Hassan, Bushra, Hässler, Tabea, Hawi, Diala R, Henningsen, Levke, Hoppe, Annedore, Ishii, Keiko, Jasini, Alba, Jurkevičienė, Jurgita, Kelmendi, Kaltrina, Kirby, Teri A, Kitakaji, Yoko, Kosakowska‐Berezecka, Natasza, Kozytska, Inna, Kulich, Klara, Kundtová‐Klocová, Eva, Kunuroglu, Filiz, Lapytskaia Aidy, Christina, Lee, Albert, Lindqvist, Anna, López‐López, Wilson, Luzvinda, Liany, Maricchiolo, Fridanna, Martinot, Delphine, McNamara, Rita Anne, Meister, Alyson, Lemma Melka, Tizita, Mickuviene, Narseta, Miranda‐Orrego, María Isabel, Mkamwa, Thadeus, Morandini, James, Morton, Thomas, Mrisho, David, Nikitin, Jana, Otten, Sabine, Giuseppina Pacilli, Maria, Page‐Gould, Elizabeth, Perandrés, Ana, Pizarro, Jon, Pop-Jordanova, Nada, Pyrkosz‐Pacyna, Joanna, Quta, Sameir, Ravis, TamilSelvan, Rani, Nitya, Redersdorff, Sandrine, Régner, Isabelle, Renström, Emma A, Rivera‐Rodriguez, Adrian, Rocha, Sánchez Tania Esmeralda, Ryabichenko, Tatiana, Saab, Rim, Sakata, Kiriko, Samekin, Adil, Sánchez‐Pachecho, Tracy, Scheifele, Carolin, Schulmeyer, Marion K, Sczesny, Sabine, Sirlopú, David, Smith‐Castro, Vanessa, Soo, Kadri, Spaccatini, Federica, Steele, Jennifer R, Steffens, Melanie C, Sucic, Ines, Vandello, Joseph, Velásquez‐Díaz, Laura Maria, Vink, Melissa, Vives, Eva, Zalalam Warkineh, Turuwark, Žeželj, Iris, Zhang, Xiaoxiao, Zhao, Xian, Martiny, Sarah E, Jakšić, Ivana M., Olsson, Maria IT, Olsson, Maria IT, Van Grootel, Sanne, Block, Katharina, Schuster, Karolin, Meeussen, Loes, Van Laar, Collete, Schmader, Toni, Croft, Alyssa, Shuyi Sun, Molly, Ainsaar, Mare, Aarntzen, Lianne, Adamus, Magdalena, Anderson, Joel, Atkinson, Ciara, Avicenna, Mohamed, Bąbel, Przemysław, Barth, Markus, Benson‐Greenwald, Tessa M, Maloku, Edona, Berent, Jacques, Bergsieker, Hilary B, Biernat, Monica, Bîrneanu, Andreea G, Bodinaku, Blerta, Bosak, Janine, Bosson, Jennifer, Branković, Marija, Burkauska, Julius, Čavojová, Vladimíra, Cheryan, Sapna, Choi, Eunsoo, Choi, Incheol, Contreras‐Ibáñez, Carlos C, Coogan, Andrew, Danyliuk, Ivan, Dar‐Nimrod, Ilan, Dasgupta, Nilanjana, de Lemus, Soledad, Devos, Thierry, Diab, Marwan, Diekman, Amanda B, Efremova, Maria, Eisner, Léïla, Eller, Anja, Erentaite, Rasa, Fedáková, Denisa, Franc, Renata, Gartzia, Leire, Gavreliuc, Alin, Gavreliuc, Dana, Gecaite‐Stonciene, Julija, Germano, Adriana L, Giovannelli, Ilaria, Gismondi Diaz, Renzo, Gitikhmayeva, Lyudmila, Menkir Gizaw, Abiy, Gjoneska, Biljana, Martínez González, Omar, González, Roberto, Grijalva, Isaac David, Güngör, Derya, Gustafsson Sendén, Marie, Hall, William, Harb, Charles, Hassan, Bushra, Hässler, Tabea, Hawi, Diala R, Henningsen, Levke, Hoppe, Annedore, Ishii, Keiko, Jasini, Alba, Jurkevičienė, Jurgita, Kelmendi, Kaltrina, Kirby, Teri A, Kitakaji, Yoko, Kosakowska‐Berezecka, Natasza, Kozytska, Inna, Kulich, Klara, Kundtová‐Klocová, Eva, Kunuroglu, Filiz, Lapytskaia Aidy, Christina, Lee, Albert, Lindqvist, Anna, López‐López, Wilson, Luzvinda, Liany, Maricchiolo, Fridanna, Martinot, Delphine, McNamara, Rita Anne, Meister, Alyson, Lemma Melka, Tizita, Mickuviene, Narseta, Miranda‐Orrego, María Isabel, Mkamwa, Thadeus, Morandini, James, Morton, Thomas, Mrisho, David, Nikitin, Jana, Otten, Sabine, Giuseppina Pacilli, Maria, Page‐Gould, Elizabeth, Perandrés, Ana, Pizarro, Jon, Pop-Jordanova, Nada, Pyrkosz‐Pacyna, Joanna, Quta, Sameir, Ravis, TamilSelvan, Rani, Nitya, Redersdorff, Sandrine, Régner, Isabelle, Renström, Emma A, Rivera‐Rodriguez, Adrian, Rocha, Sánchez Tania Esmeralda, Ryabichenko, Tatiana, Saab, Rim, Sakata, Kiriko, Samekin, Adil, Sánchez‐Pachecho, Tracy, Scheifele, Carolin, Schulmeyer, Marion K, Sczesny, Sabine, Sirlopú, David, Smith‐Castro, Vanessa, Soo, Kadri, Spaccatini, Federica, Steele, Jennifer R, Steffens, Melanie C, Sucic, Ines, Vandello, Joseph, Velásquez‐Díaz, Laura Maria, Vink, Melissa, Vives, Eva, Zalalam Warkineh, Turuwark, Žeželj, Iris, Zhang, Xiaoxiao, Zhao, Xian, Martiny, Sarah E, and Jakšić, Ivana M.

Abstract

Despite global commitments and efforts, a gender-based division of paid and unpaid work persists. To identify how psychological factors, national policies, and the broader sociocultural context contribute to this inequality, we assessed parental-leave intentions in young adults (18–30 years old) planning to have children (N = 13,942; 8,880 identified as women; 5,062 identified as men) across 37 countries that varied in parental-leave policies and societal gender equality. In all countries, women intended to take longer leave than men. National parental-leave policies and women's political representation partially explained cross-national variations in the gender gap. Gender gaps in leave intentions were paradoxically larger in countries with more gender-egalitarian parental-leave policies (i.e., longer leave available to both fathers and mothers). Interestingly, this cross-national variation in the gender gap was driven by cross-national variations in women's (rather than men's) leave intentions. Financially generous leave and gender-egalitarian policies (linked to men's higher uptake in prior research) were not associated with leave intentions in men. Rather, men's leave intentions were related to their individual gender attitudes. Leave intentions were inversely related to career ambitions. The potential for existing policies to foster gender equality in paid and unpaid work is discussed.

Published
2023

24. Is all Harm Judged Equally?

Author

Altemus, Melanie Kea and McNamara, Rita Anne

Abstract

This project explores varying patterns of moral judgment across four cultures with unique social norms. By manipulating harm domains and intent conditions of each moral violation vignette, we were able to examine the variation of judgment in Māori, Pasifika, Pākehā, and iTaukei Fijian groups. This is significant because existing academic moral judgment theories are suggesting morality is universal. However, our data suggests societal norms, including Opacity of the Mind norms, may influence judgment of various violation types.

Published
2023
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25. Gender Gap in Parental Leave Intentions: Evidence from 37 Countries

Author

Olsson, Maria I. T., primary, van Grootel, Sanne, additional, Block, Katharina, additional, Schuster, Carolin, additional, Meeussen, Loes, additional, Van Laar, Colette, additional, Schmader, Toni, additional, Croft, Alyssa, additional, Sun, Molly Shuyi, additional, Ainsaar, Mare, additional, Aarntzen, Lianne, additional, Adamus, Magdalena, additional, Anderson, Joel, additional, Atkinson, Ciara, additional, Avicenna, Mohamad, additional, Bąbel, Przemysław, additional, Barth, Markus, additional, Benson‐Greenwald, Tessa M., additional, Maloku, Edona, additional, Berent, Jacques, additional, Bergsieker, Hilary B., additional, Biernat, Monica, additional, Bîrneanu, Andreea G., additional, Bodinaku, Blerta, additional, Bosak, Janine, additional, Bosson, Jennifer, additional, Branković, Marija, additional, Burkauskas, Julius, additional, Čavojová, Vladimíra, additional, Cheryan, Sapna, additional, Choi, Eunsoo, additional, Choi, Incheol, additional, Contreras‐Ibáñez, Carlos C., additional, Coogan, Andrew, additional, Danyliuk, Ivan, additional, Dar‐Nimrod, Ilan, additional, Dasgupta, Nilanjana, additional, de Lemus, Soledad, additional, Devos, Thierry, additional, Diab, Marwan, additional, Diekman, Amanda B., additional, Efremova, Maria, additional, Eisner, Léïla, additional, Eller, Anja, additional, Erentaite, Rasa, additional, Fedáková, Denisa, additional, Franc, Renata, additional, Gartzia, Leire, additional, Gavreliuc, Alin, additional, Gavreliuc, Dana, additional, Gecaite‐Stonciene, Julija, additional, Germano, Adriana L., additional, Giovannelli, Ilaria, additional, Diaz, Renzo Gismondi, additional, Gitikhmayeva, Lyudmila, additional, Gizaw, Abiy Menkir, additional, Gjoneska, Biljana, additional, González, Omar Martínez, additional, González, Roberto, additional, Grijalva, Isaac David, additional, Güngör, Derya, additional, Sendén, Marie Gustafsson, additional, Hall, William, additional, Harb, Charles, additional, Hassan, Bushra, additional, Hässler, Tabea, additional, Hawi, Diala R., additional, Henningsen, Levke, additional, Hoppe, Annedore, additional, Ishii, Keiko, additional, Jakšić, Ivana, additional, Jasini, Alba, additional, Jurkevičienė, Jurgita, additional, Kelmendi, Kaltrina, additional, Kirby, Teri A., additional, Kitakaji, Yoko, additional, Kosakowska‐Berezecka, Natasza, additional, Kozytska, Inna, additional, Kulich, Clara, additional, Kundtová‐Klocová, Eva, additional, Kunuroglu, Filiz, additional, Aidy, Christina Lapytskaia, additional, Lee, Albert, additional, Lindqvist, Anna, additional, López‐López, Wilson, additional, Luzvinda, Liany, additional, Maricchiolo, Fridanna, additional, Martinot, Delphine, additional, McNamara, Rita Anne, additional, Meister, Alyson, additional, Melka, Tizita Lemma, additional, Mickuviene, Narseta, additional, Miranda‐Orrego, María Isabel, additional, Mkamwa, Thadeus, additional, Morandini, James, additional, Morton, Thomas, additional, Mrisho, David, additional, Nikitin, Jana, additional, Otten, Sabine, additional, Pacilli, Maria Giuseppina, additional, Page‐Gould, Elizabeth, additional, Perandrés, Ana, additional, Pizarro, Jon, additional, Pop‐Jordanova, Nada, additional, Pyrkosz‐Pacyna, Joanna, additional, Quta, Sameir, additional, Ramis, TamilSelvan, additional, Rani, Nitya, additional, Redersdorff, Sandrine, additional, Régner, Isabelle, additional, Renström, Emma A., additional, Rivera‐Rodriguez, Adrian, additional, Rocha, Sánchez Tania Esmeralda, additional, Ryabichenko, Tatiana, additional, Saab, Rim, additional, Sakata, Kiriko, additional, Samekin, Adil, additional, Sánchez‐Pachecho, Tracy, additional, Scheifele, Carolin, additional, Schulmeyer, Marion K., additional, Sczesny, Sabine, additional, Sirlopú, David, additional, Smith‐Castro, Vanessa, additional, Soo, Kadri, additional, Spaccatini, Federica, additional, Steele, Jennifer R., additional, Steffens, Melanie C., additional, Sucic, Ines, additional, Vandello, Joseph, additional, Velásquez‐Díaz, Laura Maria, additional, Vink, Melissa, additional, Vives, Eva, additional, Warkineh, Turuwark Zalalam, additional, Žeželj, Iris, additional, Zhang, Xiaoxiao, additional, Zhao, Xian, additional, and Martiny, Sarah E., additional

Published
2023
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26. Moralistic gods, supernatural punishment and the expansion of human sociality

Author

Purzycki, Benjamin Grant, Apicella, Coren, Atkinson, Quentin D., Cohen, Emma, McNamara, Rita Anne, Willard, Aiyana K., Xygalatas, Dimitris, Norenzayan, Ara, and Henrich, Joseph

Subjects
Socialization -- Analysis, Social norms -- Social aspects, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Since the origins of agriculture, the scale of human cooperation and societal complexity has dramatically expanded (1,2). This fact challenges standard evolutionary explanations of prosociality because well-studied mechanisms of cooperation [...]

Published
2016

29. Positive stereotypes; Pākehā attitudes and Māori men’s experiences

Author

Ruben, Anna-Frances, McNamara, Rita, and Neha, Tia

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, Social Psychology, Psychology, Quantitative Psychology, Positive Stereotypes, Social and Behavioral Sciences
Abstract

This research explores positive stereotypes about Māori men in New Zealand. Positive stereotypes are beliefs that Māori men have specific skills or advantages based on their ethnic group membership. We are focusing on two in particular that have been discussed in previous literature: that Māori men are natural sportsmen, and that they are practical-minded. The aim of this study is to measure Pākehā endorsement of these two positive stereotypes, and test how these beliefs are associated with advice given to a hypothetical Māori and Pākehā student, i.e. does the advice differ for a Māori and Pākehā male in terms of the domains deemed most important for their future success?

Published
2022
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38. Material insecurity predicts greater commitment to moralistic and less commitment to local deities: a cross-cultural investigation

Author

Baimel, Adam, primary, Apicella, Coren, additional, Atkinson, Quentin, additional, Bolyanatz, Alex, additional, Cohen, Emma, additional, Handley, Carla, additional, Henrich, Joseph, additional, Kundtová Klocová, Eva, additional, Lang, Martin, additional, Lesogorol, Carolyn, additional, Mathew, Sarah, additional, McNamara, Rita, additional, Moya, Cristina, additional, Norenzayan, Ara, additional, Placek, Caitlyn D., additional, Soler, Monserrat, additional, Vardy, Thomas, additional, Weigel, Jonathan, additional, Willard, Aiyana, additional, Xygalatas, Dimitris, additional, and Purzycki, Benjamin, additional

Published
2022
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39. The moralization bias of gods’ minds: a cross-cultural test

Author

Purzycki, Benjamin Grant, primary, Willard, Aiyana K., additional, Klocová, Eva Kundtová, additional, Apicella, Coren, additional, Atkinson, Quentin, additional, Bolyanatz, Alexander, additional, Cohen, Emma, additional, Handley, Carla, additional, Henrich, Joseph, additional, Lang, Martin, additional, Lesorogol, Carolyn, additional, Mathew, Sarah, additional, McNamara, Rita A., additional, Moya, Cristina, additional, Norenzayan, Ara, additional, Placek, Caitlyn, additional, Soler, Montserrat, additional, Vardy, Tom, additional, Weigel, Jonathan, additional, Xygalatas, Dimitris, additional, and Ross, Cody T., additional

Published
2022
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43. Building sustainable global collaborative networks: Recommendations from music studies and the social sciences

Author

Savage, Patrick E., primary, Jacoby, Nori, additional, Margulis, Elizabeth Hellmuth, additional, Daikoku, Hideo, additional, Anglada-Tort, Manuel, additional, Castelo-Branco, Salwa El-Sawan, additional, Nweke, Florence Ewomazino, additional, Fujii, Shinya, additional, Hegde, Shantala, additional, Chuan-Peng, Hu, additional, Jabbour, Jason, additional, Lew-Williams, Casey, additional, Mangalagiu, Diana, additional, McNamara, Rita Anne, additional, Müllensiefen, Daniel, additional, Opondo, Patricia, additional, Patel, Aniruddh D., additional, and Schippers, Huib, additional

Published
2021
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44. God's mind on morality

Author

McNamara, Rita Anne, primary, Senanayake, Rebekah, additional, Willard, Aiyana K., additional, and Henrich, Joseph, additional

Published
2021
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45. God's Mind on Morality

Author

McNamara, Rita Anne, primary, Senanayake, Rebekah, additional, Willard, Aiyana Koka, additional, and Henrich, Joseph, additional

Published
2020
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47. Belief, Belonging, or Both? The Interaction Between Supernatural Belief and Identity Fusion, and their Influence on Cooperative Behaviour

Author

McNamara, Rita, Twitchin, Samuel, McNamara, Rita, and Twitchin, Samuel

Abstract

Research within the psychology of religion has illustrated the importance of both religious belief and religious belonging for facilitating cooperative behaviour. Specifically, the supernatural punishment hypothesis (Johnson, 2016; Johnson & Krüger, 2004) and identity fusion (Swann et al., 2009; Whitehouse, 2018) discuss belief and belonging, respectively. This thesis examines the connection of these two areas, with a focus on the understudied religious concept of karma. In Study 1, 193 participants took part in an online questionnaire, with a five-condition between subjects design, that investigated the content of religious belief by using karma and god related religious priming stimuli (images and vignettes) to influence individual’s belief. None of the four experimental conditions were found to change responses on belief in supernatural agents or karma. Belief in god/karma was associated with endorsement of both a punitive and benevolent god/karma. However, when both endorsements were included in the model, only benevolent endorsement was significant. In Study 2, 402 participants took part in a three-condition mixed-methods design with six repeated trials of a voluntary contribution task, which investigated how karma and god related religious priming stimuli (vignettes) influenced cooperative behaviour. Mixed methods analysis revealed that those in the karma condition had higher cooperative tendencies than those in the neutral condition, but did not differ from the god condition. Belief in supernatural agents did not affect how individuals were affected by the god condition. However, those with higher belief in supernatural agents and higher identity fusion were the least cooperative within the karma condition. Contrary to what was predicted, increased belief in karma predicted un-cooperative behaviour in the karma condition. These and other important findings are discussed with focus on the New Zealand context and how the findings from this thesis contributes to

Published
2020

48. Fear Deciding Fate: How Fear Influences Moral Decision-Making

Author

McNamara, Rita, Strojny, Sophia, McNamara, Rita, and Strojny, Sophia

Abstract

Moral dilemmas require individuals to make a life-altering choice. Due to the severity of the choice, we argue that there is a degree of fear in moral decision-making. We aimed to see how prevailing fears in each individual predicts moral decision-making habits. We looked into the emotional and physical divisions of fear to deem which dimension of fear is more dominant in each participant. Then analysed these results against reported deontological or utilitarian moral inclinations to see if higher reports of fear impact moral decision-making. Additionally, we included two secondary variables that are most prevalent in fear research (gender and thinking styles) as well as the impact of burden on moral choice. We found that our research was supported; fear tendencies are linked to individual behaviours and burden of moral decisions was influenced by what we fear and affected moral choices.

Published
2020

50. Do Minds Switch Bodies? Dualist interpretations across ages and societies_postprint

Author

Chudek, Maciej, McNamara, Rita, Birch, Susan, Bloom, Paul, and Henrich, Joseph

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, Cognition and Perception, Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Personality and Social Contexts, Psychology, Experimental Analysis of Behavior, Multicultural Psychology, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Theory and Philosophy
Abstract

Researchers explain cultural phenomena ranging from cognitive biases to widespread religious beliefs by assuming intuitive dualism: humans imagine minds and bodies as distinct and separable. We examine dualist intuition development across two societies that differ in normative focus on thinking about minds. We use a new method that measures people’s tendency to interpret ambiguous stimuli using mind-body dualist thinking. We recruit 180 Canadian children (2-10 yrs.) along with 42 Indigenous iTuakei Fijian children (5-13 yrs.) and 38 Indigenous iTaukei Fijian adults (27-79 yrs.) from a remote island community. Participants tracked a named character within ambiguous animations that could be interpreted as a mind-body switch. Animations vary ‘agency cues’ participants might rely on for dualistic interpretations. Results indicate early emerging dualistic inclinations across populations and reliance on ‘agency cues’ of body proximity and appearance of eyes. ‘Agency cues’ increase dualist interpretations from 10% to 70%, though eyes mattered more for Westernized participants. Overall, statistical models positing dualist interpretations ‘emerge early and everywhere’ fit our data better than models positing dualism ‘develops gradually with exposure to Western cultural traditions.’ Fijian participants, who normatively avoid focus on minds, offered even more dualistic interpretations when they had less Western cultural exposure (via formal education).

Published
2018
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