Search

Urocitellus parryii(Richardson, 1825) Arctic Ground Squirrel Arctomys parryii Richardson, 1825:316. No type locality designated, restricted to ���Five Hawser Bay, Lyon Inlet, Melville Peninsula, [Hudson Bay, Nunavut,] Canada ��� by Preble (1902:46). Spermophilus parryii: Lesson, 1827:244. Name combination. Arctomys parryi var. phaeognatha Richardson, 1829:161. Type locality ���Hudson���s Bay,��� Canada. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Arctomys parryii Richardson, 1825. Spermophilus leucostictus Brandt, 1844:379. Type locality ���regionibus versus Ochotam et Uth fluvium valde aestimatae.��� (= Khabarovsk Region, Okhotsk District, Ohota River), Eastern Siberia, Russia (translated by Pavlinov and Rossolimo 1987). Spermophilus brunniceps von Kittlitz, 1858:337. Type locality ��� Kamchatka.��� Nomen nudum. A [rctomys]. kennicottii Ross, 1861:434. Type locality ���Fort Good Hope, Mackenzie,��� Northwest Territories, Canada. Spermophilus parryi var. parryi: Allen, 1874:292. Name combination. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Arctomys parryii Richardson, 1825. Spermophilus parryi var. kodiacensis Allen, 1874:292. Type locality originally given as ���Island of Kodiac,��� Alaska, USA; restricted to ���Kodiak Island, Alaska,��� USA, based on designation of lectotype by Howell (1938:103). Incorrect subsequent spelling of Arctomys parryii Richardson, 1825. Spermophilus empetra: Allen, 1877:839. Name combination. [Spermophilus empetra] var. empetra: Allen, 1877:839. Name combination. [Spermophilus empetra] var. kodiacensis: Allen, 1877:839. Name combination. Spermophilus osgoodi Merriam, 1900:18. Type locality ���Fort Yukon, Alaska,��� USA. Spermophilus barrowensis Merriam, 1900:19. Type locality: ���Point Barrow, Alaska,��� USA. Spermophilus beringensis Merriam, 1900:20. Type locality: ���Cape Lisbourne (Coal Veins), Alaska,��� USA. Spermophilus empetra plesius Osgood, 1900:29. Type locality ���Bennett City, head of Lake Bennett, British Columbia,��� Canada. Citellus buxtoni Allen, 1903a:139. Type locality ���Gichiga, west coast of Okhotsk sea, [Magadan Oblast,] Siberia,��� Russia. Citellus stejnegeri Allen, 1903a:142. Type locality ���Near Petropaulski, southeastern Kamchatka,��� Russia. Citellus stonei Allen, 1903b:537. Type locality ���Wrangel, Alaska, ��� USA; corrected to ��� Stevana Flats, near Port Muller, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska,��� USA, by Allen (1903b:xvii). Citellus parryii: Miller and Rehn, 1903:75. Name combination. C [itellus]. plesius: Osgood, 1903:25. Name combination. Citellus plesius ablusus Osgood, 1903:25. Type locality ���Nushagak, Alaska,��� USA. C [itellus]. barrowensis: Osgood, 1903:25. Name combination. C [itellus]. kodiacensis: Osgood, 1903:26. Name combination. Citellus nebulicola Osgood, 1903:26. Type locality ���Nagai Island, Shumagin Islands, Alaska,��� USA. [Citellus] osgoodi: Osgood, 1903:27. Name combination. [Citellus parryi] kadiacensis: Trouessart, 1904:338. Name combination. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Arctomys parryii Richardson, 1825 and Spermophilus parryii var. kodiacensis Allen, 1874. [Citellus parryi] plesius: Trouessart, 1904:338. Name combination. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Arctomys parryii Richardson, 1825. [Citellus] beringensis: Trouessart, 1904:338. Name combination. Citellus (Colobotis) parryi kennicotti: Preble, 1908:162. Name combination. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Arctomys parryii Richardson, 1825 and A [rctomys]. kennicottii Ross, 1861. Colobotis buxtoni: Ognev, 1926:93. Name combination. Citellus lyratus Hall and Gilmore, 1932:396. Type locality ���Iviktook Lagoon, about 35 miles northwest of Northeast Cape, St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea, Alaska,��� USA. Citellus eversmanni leucostictus: Chaworth-Musters, 1934:557. Name combination. Citellus (Urocitellus) eversmanni stejnegeri: Ognev, 1937:331. Name combination. Citellus (Urocitellus) eversmanni janensis Ognev, 1937:332. Type locality ���Mestnost��� Ken��r��h, v verhov��h r. ��ny, dolina reki, Verho��nskij okrug.��� Citellus parryii parryii: Howell, 1938:91. Name combination. Citellus parryii barrowensis: Howell, 1938:95. Name combination. Citellus parryii ablusus: Howell, 1938:98. Name combination. Citellus parryii buxtoni: Howell, 1938:100. Name combination. Citellus parryii nebulicola: Howell, 1938:100. Name combination. Citellus parryii lyratus: Howell, 1938:101. Name combination. [Citellus parryii] osgoodi: Heptner, 1941:25. Name combination. [Citellus parryii] leucostictus: Heptner, 1941:25. Name combination. [Citellus parryii] steinegeri: Heptner, 1941:26. Name combination. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Citellus stejnegeri Allen, 1903a. [Citellus parryii] janensis: Heptner, 1941:26. Name combination. Citellus (Urocitellus) undulatus buxtoni: Ognev, 1947:213. Name combination. Citellus (Urocitellus) undulatus stejnegeri: Ognev, 1947:214. Name combination. Citellus (Urocitellus) undulatus janensis: Ognev, 1947:215. Name combination. C [itellus]. undulatus leucostictus: Rausch, 1953:121. Name combination. Citellus undulatus parryii: Rausch, 1953:121. Name combination. Citellus undulatus barrowensis: Rausch, 1953:122. Name combination. Citellus undulatus osgoodi: Rausch, 1953:123. Name combination. Citellus undulatus plesius: Rausch, 1953:123. Name combination. Citellus undulatus ablusus: Rausch, 1953:123. Name combination. Citellus undulatus kodiacensis: Rausch, 1953:124. Name combination. Citellus undulatus lyratus: Rausch, 1953:125. Name combination. Spermophilus undulatus kennicottii: Bee and Hall, 1956:43. Name combination. Spermophilus undulatus parryii: Harper, 1956:17. Name combination. Spermophilus undulatus ablusus: Hall and Kelson, 1959:343. Name combination. Spermophilus undulatus kodiacensis: Hall and Kelson, 1959:343. Name combination. Spermophilus undulatus lyratus: Hall and Kelson, 1959:343. Name combination. Spermophilus undulatus nebulicola: Hall and Kelson, 1959:343. Name combination. Spermophilus undulatus osgoodi: Hall and Kelson, 1959:343. Name combination. Spermophilus undulatus plesius: Hall and Kelson, 1959:343. Name combination. Citellus undulatus coriakorum Portenko et al., 1963:96. Type locality ���Kamčatska�� oblast���, Kor��kskij AO, r. Ačajva��m.��� (= Russia, Kamchatka Region, Kor��kskij Autonomous District, Ačajva��m River���translated by Pavlinov and Rossolimo 1987). Citellus parryi coriacorum: Gromov et al., 1965:187. Name combination. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Arctomys parryii Richardson, 1825 and Citellus undulatus coriakorum Portenko et al., 1963. Citellus parryi tschuktschorum Chernyavsky, 1972:210. Type locality: ���sred. teč. r. Amgu��ma, Vost. Čukotka.��� (= middle reaches of the Amguema River, eastern Chukotka Peninsula, Russia���translated by Baranova and Gromov 2003). Incorrect subsequent spelling of Arctomys parryii Richardson, 1825. S [permophilus]. p [arryii]. osgoodi: Nadler et al., 1973:34. Name combination. S [permophilus]. p [arryii]. plesius: Nadler et al., 1973:34. Name combination. S [permophilus]. p [arryii]. ablusus: Nadler et al., 1973:34. Name combination. S [permophilus]. p [arryii]. lyratus: Nadler et al., 1973:34. Name combination. S [permophilus]. p [arryii]. steinegeri: Nadler et al., 1973:35. Name combination. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Citellus stejnegeri Allen, 1903a. S [permophilus]. p [arryii]. leucostictus: Nadler et al., 1973:35. Name combination. S [permophilus]. p [arryii]. janensis: Nadler et al., 1973:35. Name combination. Spermophilus parryii kennicotti: Robinson, 1973:1. Name combination. Incorrect subsequent spelling of A [rctomys]. kennicottii Ross, 1861. S [permophilus]. p [arryii]. nebulicola: Nadler and Hoffmann, 1977:748. Name combination. Urocitellus parryii: Helgen et al., 2009:297. First use of current name combination. CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Order Rodentia, suborder Sciuromorpha, family Sciuridae, subfamily Xerinae, tribe Marmotini. The following 10 subspecies and their synonyms are recognized (Helgen et al. 2009): U. p. ablusus (Osgood, 1903:25). See above; stonei (Allen) is a synonym. U. p. kennicottii (Ross, 1861:434). See above; barrowensis (Merriam) and beringensis (Merriam) are synonyms. U. p. kodiacensis (Allen, 1874:292). See above. U. p. leucostictus (Brandt, 1844:379). See above; buxtoni (Allen) and tschuktschorum (Chernyavsky) are synonyms. U. p. lyratus (Hall and Gilmore, 1932:396). See above. U. p. nebulicola (Osgood, 1903:26). See above. U. p. osgoodi (Merriam, 1900:18). See above. U. p. parryii (Richardson, 1825:316). See above; phaeognatha (Richardson) is a synonym. U. p. plesius (Osgood, 1900:29). See above. U. p. stejnegeri (Allen, 1903a:142). See above; brunniceps (von Kittlitz), coriakorum (Portenko) and janensis (Ognev) are synonyms. DIAGNOSIS Urocitellus parryii (Fig. 1) is the northernmost species within the family Sciuridae and the only sciurid with a Holarctic distribution. A quintessential high-latitude mammal and the largest species in the genus Urocitellus, U. parryii is a member of the bigeared species group of Urocitellus, all of which are larger-bodied, more mesic-adapted and have greater latitudinal distributions than their congeners. In pelage, U. parryii is the most intensely and variably colored of its congeners (except possibly U. columbianus, Columbian ground squirrel). The dorsum varies in color from pale buff or grizzled buff to ochre or rich chestnut and is more deeply colored than the unmarked venter, being noticeably flecked with white spots in all color phases. U. parryii has a more colorful head than body, with forehead darker than cheeks; shoulders, forelimbs, and hindlimbs that are unmarked but more colorfully washed than the venter; and a relatively long-haired tail that is grizzled or dark above and buffy, ochre or reddish below. Urocitellus parryii is easily distinguished from members of the small-eared group of Urocitellus based on its much greater head���body length (> 200mm) and weight (the latter approaching an order of magnitude in some individuals); longer tail (> 60 mm) and hind feet (> 40 mm); and longer, denser, and more colorful pelage. Individuals of most subspecies (except U. p. plesius) can be distinguished from other Nearctic big-eared Urocitellus (except U. columbianus) by greater weight (usually> 450 g) and longer head���body length (usually> 340 mm); darker and more colorful pelage with dorsal flecking; and longer, bushier tail. From U. columbianus, it can be distinguished primarily by its more buffy (and less reddish) coloration, but U. parryii also averages slightly larger than U. columbianus in total length (245 versus 233 mm, respectively) and tail length (55 versus 50 mm, respectively). From the Palearctic U. undulatus, long-tailed ground squirrel, with which it was formerly considered conspecific and resembles most closely, U. parryii is distinguished by a more richly colored head, bolder dorsal flecking, and greater color contrast between head and back (Krystufek and Vohralik 2013), as well as a slightly larger average total length (245 mm in U. parryii versus 220 mm in U. undulatus, respectively). U. parryii has a karyotype of 2 n = 34, distinguishing it from all other Urocitellus except for U. elegans (Wyoming ground squirrel) and U. armatus (Uinta ground squirrel). U. parryii is also easily distinguished based on geography, being nowhere sympatric with any congener. GENERAL CHARACTERS Urocitellus parryii (Fig. 1) resembles other true ground squirrels in gross external morphology in having a semicylindrical body plan, dorsoventrally compressed cranium, shortened pinnae, relatively short but stout limbs, and relatively elongated manus, pes, and digits with sharp claws. The posture of U. parryii is plantigrade; forelimbs and hindlimbs possess 4 and 5 digits, respectively. Membranous cheek pouches are present. Tail length is typically 35���50% of head���body length. Ranges of external measurements (mm) for mainland subspecies excluding U. p. plesius are as follows: total length, 340���495; tail length, 88���165; hind foot length, 52���68. Ranges of the same measurements (mm) from the more diminutive U. p. plesius are as follows: total length, 300���363; tail length, 85���105; hind foot length, 50���57. Ear length in U. parryii ranges from 10 to 21 mm. Adult weights from 450 to 1,000 g are possible, and average greater in northern than southern populations. Weights exceeding 1 kg have occasionally been reported in U. p. parryii, U. p. kennicottii, U. p. osgoodi, and U. p. leucostictus (Howell 1938; Batzli and Sobaski 1980; Buck and Barnes 1999a; Krystufek and Vohralik 2013). Sexual dimorphism exists; males average 2���4% greater in cranial dimensions (Pearson 1981), 4���10% greater in external linear measurements, and occasionally up to 10% greater in body mass than females. However, Mayer (1953) described ear lengths greater in female than in male U. p. kennicottii. Urocitellus parryii shows significant variation in pelage color across its range, which in several instances is unreflective of phylogeny. Extremes of dorsal hue are the pale buff of U. p. lyratus and some U. p. leucostictus and the dark ochre and rich chestnut of U. p. parryii and U. p. osgoodi, respectively. Amounts of dorsal flecking range from marked to diffuse; variation along this continuum can also be observed within some subspecies. The heels of U. parryii are partially to densely haired. Tail coloration is darkest in U. p. kodiacensis, U. p. parryii, and U. p. osgoodi, being nearly completely black above in some populations of the latter. Howell (1938) and Rausch (1953) gave additional pelage descriptions for most subspecies. Melanism occurs in U. p. osgoodi, U. p. plesius, and U. p. kennicottii (and possibly additional subspecies). Howell (1938) reported that about 20% of U. p. osgoodi specimens examined were melanistic. Guthrie (1967) interpreted this trait as fire melanism and suggested it was maintained by balancing selection due to the high frequency of wildfires in central Alaska. Howell (1938) detailed the distinguishing craniodental morphological characters of U. parryii. The skull (Fig. 2) is more robust and angular than in other Urocitellus, with a broader and heavier zygomatic arch, heavier postorbital processes, broader nasals, broader and more inflated auditory bullae, and a welldeveloped posterior loph of M3. Greatest length of skull and zygomatic breadth for subspecies (excluding U. p. plesius) range from 53.2 to 65.8 mm and 33.2 to 44.3 mm, respectively. Ranges of the same measurements in U. p. plesius are 50.7���56.4 mm and 32.3���35.5 mm, respectively. Additional cranial measurements (mm; mean and ranges for 6 males���Howell 1938) for the nominal subspecies U. p. parryii are as follows: cranial breadth (= breadth of braincase), 24.7 (23.5���25.5); palatal length, 31.2 (30.3���32.5); interorbital breadth, 13.4 (12.9���13.8); postorbital breadth, 13.4 (12.7���14.1); length of nasals, 23.6 (21.9���25.1); length of maxillary toothrow, 13.6 (13.2���14.1). Aging can result in cranial modification, including bone thickening, more pronounced postorbital constriction, and increased ossification of incisive foramina (Pearson 1981). Robinson and Hoffmann (1975) analyzed cranial morphology of big-eared Urocitellus in a multivariate context; although their study included only 2 subspecies of U. parryii (U. p. kennicottii and U. p. leucostictus), cluster analyses recovered greater shape differences between those subspecies than among some species pairs of big-eared Urocitellus. Cranial size, pronouncement of temporal ridges, length of nasals, and relative development of the posterior loph of M3 are variable among some subspecies of U. parryii (Howell 1938); a list of other variable mensural characters can be found in Pearson (1981). The skull characters that best distinguish U. p. kennicottii from the Palearctic U. p. leucostictus were given by Robinson (1973). Interspecific variation in cranial morphology of big-eared Urocitellus is strongly allometric and also correlated with latitude (Robinson and Hoffmann 1975). Similarly, intraspecific cranial variation among Nearctic U. parryii is broadly correlated with latitude, as well as with temperature and precipitation (Pearson 1981); larger forms are found in coolest and driest conditions. No significant cranial variability was found in Siberian U. parryii (Vorontsov et al. 1984). Cranial size in male (but not female) U. parryii is negatively correlated with elevation (Pearson 1981). Cranial size in female (but not male) U. parryii on islands is positively correlated with island area, temperature, and precipitation (Pearson 1981). U. parryii appears to have experienced rapid rates of evolution in molariform tooth size and shape relative to other marmotine ground squirrels (Goodwin 2009). FORM AND FUNCTION Form. ��� Urocitellus parr, Published as part of Mclean, Bryan S., 2018, Urocitellus parryii (Rodentia: Sciuridae), pp. 84-99 in Mammalian Species 50 (964) on pages 84-96, DOI: 10.1093/mspecies/sey011, http://zenodo.org/record/4573557, {"references":["RICHARDSON, J. 1825. Appendix to Captain Parry's Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, performed in His Majesty's ships Fury and Hecla, in the years 1821 - 22 - 23. John Murray, London, United Kingdom.","PREBLE, E. A. 1902. A biological investigation of the Hudson Bay region. North American Fauna 22. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.","LESSON, R. - P. 1827. Manuel de Mammalogie, ou Histoire Naturelle des Mammiferes. Roret, Paris, France.","RICHARDSON, J. 1829. Fauna Boreali-Americana, or, The Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America. John Murray, London, United Kingdom.","BRANDT, J. F. 1844. Observations sur les differentes especes de sousliks de Russie, suivies de remarques sur l'arrangement et la distribution geographique du genre Spermophilus, anse que sur la classification de la familie des ecureuils (Sciurina) en general. Bulletin Scientifique l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg 1 - 2: 357 - 382.","VON KITTLITZ, F. H. 1858. Denkwurdigkeiten einer Reise nach dem russischen Amerika, nach Mikronesien und durch Kamtschatka. Justus Perthes Verlag, Gotha, Germany.","ROSS, B. R. 1861. An account of the animals useful in an economic point of view to the various Chipewyan tribes. The Canadian Naturalist and Geologist 6: 433 - 441.","ALLEN, J. A. 1874. On geographical variation in color among North American squirrels, with a list of the species and varieties of the American Sciuridae occurring north of Mexico. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 16: 276 - 294.","HOWELL, A. H. 1938. Revision of the North American ground squirrels, with a classification of the North American Sciuridae. North American Fauna 56: 1 - 256.","ALLEN, J. A. 1877. Sciuridae. Pp. 631 - 939 in Monographs of North American Rodentia (E. Coues and J. A. Allen, coauthors). United States Geological Survey of the Territories 11. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.","MERRIAM, C. H. 1900. Descriptions of twenty-six new mammals from Alaska and British North America. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences 2: 13 - 30.","OSGOOD, W. H. 1900. Results of a biological reconoissance of the Yukon River Region. North American Fauna 19. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.","ALLEN, J. A. 1903 a. Report on the mammals collected in northeastern Siberia by the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, with itinerary and field notes, by N. G. Buxton. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 19: 101 - 184.","ALLEN, J. A. 1903 b. Mammals collected in Alaska and northern British Columbia by the Andrew J. Stone expedition of 1902. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 19: 521 - 567.","OSGOOD, W. H. 1903. Two new spermophiles from Alaska. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 16: 25 - 28.","TROUESSART, E. L. 1904. Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilium [1897 - 1905]. Quinquennale supplementum anno 1904, fascic. 2. R. Friedlander and Sohn, Berlin.","PREBLE, E. A. 1908. A biological investigation of the Athabaska-Mackenzie region. North American Fauna 27. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.","OGNEV, S. I. 1926. Mlekopitayushchie Severo-vostochnoi Sibiri [Mammals of Northeast Siberia]. Vladivostok.","OGNEV, S. I. 1937. Materialy po sistematike palearkticeskih suslikov [Materials on the systematics of Palaearctic sousliks] Pp 324 - 337 in Pamati akademika Mihaila Aleksandrovica Menzbira [In Memory of Academician Mihail AleksandrovicMenzbir] (Anonymous, ed.). Izdatel'stvo AN SSSR, Moscow & Leningrad, Russia.","HEPTNER, V. G. 1941. Taxonomic and zoogeographical interrelations of some Asiatic and North-American ground-squirrels. Zoogeographica 4: 21 - 27.","OGNEV, S. I. 1947. Zveri SSSR i prilezhashchikh stran: Gryzuny (prodolzhenie): Zveri vostochnoi Evropy i severnoi Azii [Mammals of USSR and adjacent countries: rodents (continued): mammals of eastern Europe and northern Asia]. 5 th ed. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Russia.","RAUSCH, R. L. 1953. On the status of some Arctic mammals. Arctic 6: 91 - 148.","HARPER, F. 1956. The Mammals of Keewatin. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publications 12. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.","PORTENKO, L. A., A. A. KISHCHINSKY, AND F. B. CHERNYAVSKY. 1963. Mlekopitausie Korackogo Nagora [Mammals of the Koryak Highlands]. Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Russia.","GROMOV, I. M., D. I. BIBIKOV, N. I. KALABUKHOV, AND M. N. N. MEIER. 1965. Fauna SSSR, Mlekopitayushchie tom. 3, vyp. 2: Nazemnye belich'e [Fauna of the U. S. S. R., Mammals Vol. 3, No. 2: ground squirrels]. Nauka, Moscow-Leningrad, Russia.","CHERNYAVSKY, F. B. 1972. O rasprostranenii i geograficheskoi izmenchivosti Amerikanskovo dlinnokhvostovo suslika (Citellus parryi Rich., 1827) severo-vostochnoi Sibiri [On the distribution and geographic variation of the American long-tailed souslik (Citellus parryi Rich., 1827) in north-eastern Siberia]. P. 255 in Osnovnye problemy teriologii [Fundamental Problems of Theriology] (A. A. Nasimovich, ed.). Nauka, Moscow, Russia.","NADLER, C. F., N. N. VORONTSOV, R. S. HOFFMANN, I. I. FORMICHOVA, AND C. F. NADLER, Jr. 1973. Zoogeography of transferrins in Arctic and long-tailed ground squirrel populations. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 44: 33 - 40.","ROBINSON, J. W. 1973. Geographical and interspecific cranial variation in big-eared ground squirrels (Spermophilus): a multivariate study. M. A. thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence.","HELGEN, K. M., F. R. COLE, L. E. HELGEN, AND D. E. WILSON. 2009. Generic revision in the Holarctic ground squirrel genus Spermophilus. Journal of Mammalogy 90: 270 - 305.","PEARSON, T. 1981. Geographic and intraspecific cranial variation in North American Arctic ground squirrels. M. A. thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence.","MAYER, W. V. 1953. A preliminary study of the barrow ground squirrel, Citellus parryi barrowensis. Journal of Mammalogy 34: 334 - 345.","GUTHRIE, R. D. 1967. Fire melanism among mammals. The American Midland Naturalist 77: 227 - 230.","VORONTSOV, N. N., L. V FRISMAN, E. A. LYAPUNOVA, O. N. MEZHOVA, V. A. SERDYUK, AND I. I. FOMICHEVA. 1984. The effect of isolation on the morphological and genetical divergence of populations. Genetica 52 - 53: 339 - 359.","GOODWIN, H. T. 2009. Odontometric patterns in the radiation of extant ground-dwelling squirrels within Marmotini (Sciuridae: Xerini). Journal of Mammalogy 90: 1009 - 1019.","BUTTERWORTH, B. B. 1958. Molt patterns in the barrow ground squirrel. Journal of Mammalogy 39: 92 - 97.","IWANIUK, A. N. 2001. Interspecific variation in sexual dimorphism in brain size in Nearctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus spp.). Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 759 - 765.","SHERIFF, M. J., R. W. FRIDINGER, O. TOIEN, B. M. BARNES, AND C. L. BUCK. 2013. Metabolic rate and prehibernation fattening in free-living Arctic ground squirrels. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 86: 515 - 527.","HATTON, J. J., T. J. STEVENSON, C. L. BUCK, AND K. N. DUDDLESTON. 2017. Diet affects Arctic ground squirrel gut microbial metatranscriptome independent of community structure. Environmental Microbiology 19: 1518 - 1535.","BOONSTRA, R., A. J. BRADLEY, AND B. DELEHANTY. 2011. Preparing for hibernation in ground squirrels: adrenal androgen production in summer linked to environmental severity in winter. Functional Ecology 25: 1348 - 1359.","MITCHELL, O. G. 1959. The reproductive cycle of the male Arctic ground squirrel. Journal of Mammalogy 40: 45 - 53.","BOONSTRA, R., K. MO, AND D. A. MONKS. 2014. Managing anabolic steroids in pre-hibernating Arctic ground squirrels: obtaining their benefits and avoiding their costs. Biology Letters 10: 20140734.","BOONSTRA, R., A. H. HUBBS, E. A. LACEY, AND C. J. MCCOLL. 2001 a. Seasonal changes in glucocorticoid and testosterone concentrations in free-living Arctic ground squirrels from the boreal forest of the Yukon. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 49 - 58.","BOONSTRA, R., C. J. MCCOLL, AND T. J. KARELS. 2001 b. Reproduction at all costs: the adaptive stress response on male Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 82: 1930 - 1946.","HIK, D. S., C. J. MCCOLL, AND R. BOONSTRA. 2001. Why are Arctic ground squirrels more stressed in the boreal forest than in alpine meadows? Ecoscience 8: 275 - 288.","CHAPPELL, M. A. 1981. Standard operative temperatures and cost of thermoregulation in the Arctic ground squirrel, Spermophilus undulatus. Oecologia 49: 397 - 403.","LONG, R. A., T. J. MARTIN, AND B. M. BARNES. 2005. Body temperature and activity patterns in free-living Arctic ground squirrels. Journal of Mammalogy 86: 314 - 322.","KARPOVICH, S. A., O. TOIEN, C. L. BUCK, AND B. M. BARNES. 2009. Energetics of arousal episodes in hibernating Arctic ground squirrels. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 179: 691 - 700.","WILLIAMS, C. T., B. M. BARNES, AND C. L. BUCK. 2012 a. Daily body temperature rhythms persist under the midnight sun but are absent during hibernation in free-living Arctic ground squirrels. Biology Letters 8: 31 - 34.","BARNES, B. M. 1989. Freeze avoidance in a mammal: body temperatures below 0 ° C in an Arctic hibernator. Science 244: 1593 - 1595.","WILLIAMS, C. T., B. M. BARNES, M. RICHTER, AND C. L. BUCK. 2012 b. Hibernation and circadian rhythms of body temperature in free-living arctic ground squirrels. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 85: 397 - 404.","SHERIFF, M. J., C. T. WILLIAMS, G. J. KENAGY, C. L. BUCK, AND B. M. BARNES. 2012. Thermoregulatory changes anticipate hibernation onset by 45 days: data from free-living Arctic ground squirrels. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 182: 841 - 847.","LEE, T. N., F. KOHL, C. L. BUCK, AND B. M. BARNES. 2016. Hibernation strategies and patterns in sympatric Arctic species, the Alaska marmot and the Arctic ground squirrel. Journal of Mammalogy 97: 135 - 144.","FRANK, C. L., S. KARPOVICH, AND B. M. BARNES. 2008. Dietary fatty acid composition and the hibernation patterns in free-ranging Arctic ground squirrels. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 81: 486 - 495.","HALL, E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2 nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York.","COOK, J. A., A. A. EDDINGSAAS, J. L. LOXTERMAN, S. EBBERT, AND S. O. MACDONALD. 2010. Insular Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii) of the North Pacific: indigenous or exotic? Journal of Mammalogy 91: 1401 - 1412.","WEST, C., C. A. HOFMAN, S. EBBERT, J. MARTIN, S. SHIRAZI, S. DUNNING, AND J. E. MALDONADO. 2017. Integrating archaeology and ancient DNA analysis to address invasive species colonization in the Gulf of Alaska. Conservation Biology 31: 1163 - 1172.","REPENNING, C. A., E. M. BROUWERS, L. D. CARTER, L. MARINCOVICH, Jr., AND T. A. AGER. 1987. The Beringian ancestry of Phenacomys (Rodentia: Cricetidae) and the beginning of the modern Arctic Ocean borderland biota. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1687. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.","MCLEAN, B. S., D. J. JACKSON, AND J. A. COOK. 2016. Rapid divergence and gene flow at high latitudes shape the history of Holarctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 102: 174 - 188.","JOPLING, A. V., W. N. IRVING, AND B. F. BEEBE. 1981. Stratigraphic, sedimentological and faunal evidence for the occurrence of pre-Sangamonian artefacts in northern Yukon. Arctic 34: 3 - 33.","HARINGTON, C. R. 2011. Pleistocene vertebrates of the Yukon Territory. Quaternary Science Reviews 30: 2341 - 2354.","ZAZULA, G. D., D. G. FROESE, S. A. E LIAS, S. KUZMINA, AND R. W. MATHEWES. 2007. Arctic ground squirrels of the mammoth-steppe: paleoecology of Late Pleistocene middens (~ 24000 - 29450 14 C yr BP), Yukon Territory, Canada. Quaternary Science Reviews 26: 979 - 1003.","FAERMAN, M., ET AL. 2017. DNA analysis of a 30,000 - year-old Urocitellus glacialis from northeastern Siberia reveals phylogenetic relationships between ancient and present-day Arctic ground squirrels. Scientific Reports 7: 1 - 10.","VINOGRADOV, B. S. 1948. On the discovery of carcasses of fossil Arctic ground squirrels from the permafrost of the Indigirka river basin. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 62: 553 - 556.","CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413.","LACEY, E. A., J. R. WIECZOREK, AND P. K. TUCKER. 1997. Male mating behaviour and patterns of sperm precedence in Arctic ground squirrels. Animal Behaviour 53: 767 - 779.","MCLEAN, I. G. 1982. The association of female kin in the Arctic ground squirrel Spermophilus parryii. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 10: 91 - 99.","SHERIFF, M. J., ET AL. 2011. Phenological variation in annual timing of hibernation and breeding in nearby populations of Arctic ground squirrels. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278: 2369 - 2375.","WILLIAMS, C. T., C. L. BUCK, M. J. SHERIFF, M. M. RICHTER, J. S. KRAUSE, AND B. M. BARNES. 2017. Sex-dependent phenological plasticity in an arctic hibernator. American Naturalist 190: 854 - 859.","GEIST, O. W. 1933. Habits of the ground squirrel Citellus lyratus on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 14: 306 - 308.","BYROM, A. E., T. J. KARELS, C. J. KREBS, AND R. BOONSTRA. 2000. Experimental manipulation of predation and food supply of Arctic ground squirrels in the boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 1309 - 1319.","WERNER, J. R., C. J. KREBS, S. A. DONKER, R. BOONSTRA, AND M. J. SHERIFF. 2015. Arctic ground squirrel population collapse in the boreal forests of the Southern Yukon. Wildlife Research 42: 176 - 184.","BOUTIN, S., ET AL. 1995. Population changes of the vertebrate community during a snowshoe hare cycle in Canada's boreal forest. Oikos 74: 69 - 80.","BOONSTRA, R., AND C. J. MCCOLL. 2000. Contrasting stress response of male Arctic ground squirrels and red squirrels. Journal of Experimental Zoology 286: 390 - 404.","QUAY, W. B. 1951. Observations on mammals of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 32: 88 - 99.","MCLEAN, I. G. 1985. Seasonal patterns and sexual differences in the feeding ecology of Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii plesius). Canadian Journal of Zoology 63: 1298 - 1301.","HOBBIE, E. A., ET AL. 2017. Stable isotopes and radiocarbon assess variable importance of plants and fungi in diets of Arctic ground squirrels. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 49: 487 - 500.","BOONSTRA, R., C. J. KREBS, AND M. KANTER. 1990. Arctic ground squirrel predation on collared lemmings. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 757 - 760.","CADE, T. 1951. Carnivorous ground squirrels on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 32: 358 - 360.","O'DONOGHUE, M. 1994. Early survival of juvenile snowshoe hares. Ecology 75: 1582 - 1592.","STEINER, A. L. 1972. Mortality resulting from intraspecific fighting in some ground squirrel populations. Journal of Mammalogy 53: 601 - 603.","HOLMES, W. G. 1977. Cannibalism in the Arctic ground squirrel (Spermophilus parryii). Journal of Mammalogy 58: 437 - 438.","MUSACCHIA, X. J. 1954. Cannibalism and other observations of captive ground squirrels. Journal of Mammalogy 35: 445 - 447.","HAAS, G. E., R. E. BARRETT, AND N. WILSON. 1978. Siphonaptera from mammals in Alaska. Canadian Journal of Zoology 56: 333 - 338.","LEWIS, R. E. 2002. A review of the North American species of Oropsylla Wagner and Ioff, 1926 (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae: Ceratophyllinae). Journal of Vector Ecology 27: 184 - 206.","WEBER, N. A. 1950. A survey of the insects and related arthropods of Arctic Alaska. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 76: 147 - 206.","TINER, J. D. 1951. The morphology of Ascaris laevis Leidy 1856, and notes on ascarids in rodents. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 18: 126 - 131.","RAUSCH, R. L. 1954. Studies on the helminth fauna of Alaska. XXII. Paranoplocephala wigginsi n. sp., a cestode from an Arctic ground squirrel. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 73: 380 - 383.","THOMAS, L. J., B. B. BABERO, V. GALLICCHIO, AND R. J. LACEY. 1954. Echinococcosis onSt. LawrenceIsland, Alaska. Science 120: 1102 - 1103.","SAMPSON, J. R. 1969. Eimeria yukonensis n. sp. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the Arctic ground squirrel Spermophilus undulatus. Journal of Protozoology 16: 45 - 46.","SEVILLE, R. S., C. E. OLIVER, A. J. LYNCH, M. C. BRYANT, AND D. W. DUSZYNSKI. 2005. Eimeria species (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii) and red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) in Alaska and in Siberia, Russia. Journal of Parasitology 91: 857 - 862.","CHESEMORE, D. L. 1968. Notes on the food habits of Arctic foxes in northern Alaska. Canadian Journal of Zoology 46: 1127 - 1130.","REID, D. G., C. J. KREBS, AND A. J. KENNEY. 1997. Patterns of predation on noncyclic lemmings. Ecological Monographs 67: 89 - 108.","PRICE, L. W. 1971. Geomorphic effect of the Arctic ground squirrel in an alpine environment. Geografiska Annaler Series A: Physical Geography 53: 100 - 106.","IKENO, T., C. T. WILLIAMS, C. L. BUCK, B. M. BARNES, AND L. YAN. 2017. Clock gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of hibernating Arctic ground squirrels. Journal of Biological Rhythms 32: 246 - 256.","NADLER, C. F., E. A. LYAPUNOVA, R. S. HOFFMANN, N. N. VORONTSOV, L. L. SHAITAROVA, AND Y. M. BORISOV. 1984. Chromosomal evolution in Holarctic ground squirrels II. Giemsa-band homologies of chromosomes and the tempo of evolution. Zeitschrift Fur Saugetierkunde 49: 78 - 90.","HARRISON, R. G., S. M. BOGDANOWICZ, R. S. HOFFMANN, E. YENSEN, AND P. W. SHERMAN. 2003. Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the ground squirrels (Rodentia: Marmotinae). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 10: 249 - 276.","NADLER, C. F. 1968. The serum proteins and transferrins of the ground squirrel subgenus Spermophilus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 27: 487 - 503.","EDDINGSAAS, A. A., B. K. JACOBSEN, E. P. LESSA, AND J. A. COOK. 2004. Evolutionary history of the Arctic ground squirrel (Spermophilus parryii) in Nearctic Beringia. Journal of Mammalogy 85: 601 - 610.","GALBREATH, K. E., J. A. COOK, A. A. E DDINGSAAS, AND E. G. DECHAINE. 2011. Diversity and demography in Beringia: multilocus tests of paleodistribution models reveal the complex history of Arctic ground squirrels. Evolution 65: 1879 - 1896.","CASSOLA, F. 2016. Urocitellus parryii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: eT 20488 A 22262403. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2016 - 3. RLTS. T 20488 A 22262403. en. Accessed 8 May 2018.","DAVIDSON, A. D., J. K. DETLING, AND J. H. BROWN. 2012. Ecological roles and conservation challenges of social, burrowing, herbivorous mammals in the world's grasslands. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10: 477 - 486."]}

As a periodic assessment of the mammal collection resource, the Systematic Collections Committee (SCC) of the American Society of Mammalogists undertakes decadal surveys of the collections held in the Western Hemisphere. The SCC surveyed 429 collections and compiled a directory of 395 active collections containing 5,275,155 catalogued specimens. Over the past decade, 43 collections have been lost or transferred and 38 new or unsurveyed collections were added. Growth in number of total specimens, expansion of genomic resource collections, and substantial gains in digitization and web accessibility were documented, as well as slight shifts in proportional representation of taxonomic groups owing to increasingly balanced geographic representation of collections relative to previous surveys. While we find the overall health of Western Hemisphere collections to be adequate in some areas, gaps in spatial and temporal coverage and clear threats to long-term growth and vitality of these resources have also been identified. Major expansion of the collective mammal collection resource along with a recommitment to appropriate levels of funding will be required to meet the challenges ahead for mammalogists and other users, and to ensure samples are broad and varied enough that unanticipated future needs can be powerfully addressed.Aproximadamente cada 10 años, el Comité de Colecciones Sistemáticas (CCS) de la Sociedad Americana de Mastozoologia, evalúa el estado de las colecciones mastozoológicas del hemisferio occidental. En el último censo, el CCS encuestó un total de 429 colecciones y compiló un directorio de 395 colecciones activas que contenían 5,275,155 especímenes catalogados. En comparación con el censo previo, durante la última década 43 colecciones se han cerrado o han sido absorbidas, pero se agregaron al censo 38 nuevas colecciones. Se documentó un incremento en el número total de especímenes, la expansión de la disponibilidad de colecciones de recursos genómicos, además de avances substanciales en digitalización y accesibilidad a la web. También, se detectaron cambios en las proporciones de grupos taxonómicos debido a la representación geográfica cada vez más equilibrada de las colecciones en comparación con encuestas anteriores. Si bien consideramos que las colecciones del hemisferio occidental estan en buen estado en algunas áreas, también identificamos brechas claras en la cobertura espacial y temporal, así como amenazas al crecimiento y vitalidad de estos recursos a largo plazo. Un crecimiento substancial, acompañado de compromisos de adecuado financiamiento, serán necesarios para asegurar que las colecciones incluyan muestras lo suficientemente amplias y variadas como para permitir a mastozoologos y otros científicos abordar las necesidades, muchas de ellas imprevistas, que traerá el futuro.