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1. Development of a patient-reported outcomes tool to monitor changes in joint health and wellbeing for young people with haemophilia B

Author: Bladen Melanie, McDonagh Janet, McLaughlin Paul, Gooding Richard, Holder Kerry-Ann, Thind Sharon, Klooster Brittany, Shields Alan, Turner-Bowker Diane M., Chatterton Kaitlin, Leso Allison, Volpi Connor, Sivasubramaniyam Sujan, Abulizi Jiawula, and Khan Nisa
Subjects: haemophilia, joint bleeds, self-monitoring, patient-reported outcomes, quality of life, Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, RC633-647.5
Abstract: Early detection of joint bleeds is challenging yet critical for preserving joint health among individuals with haemophilia. This work explored early indicators of joint bleeds and young people with haemophilia B (YPwHB) self-monitoring practices to develop a joint health patient-reported outcome (PRO) tool for YPwHB aged between 8-25 years.
Published: 2024
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2. CATCH 2023 Meeting Summary: Collaborate & Address Treatment Challenges in Haemophilia

Author: Benson Gary, Curry Nicola, Fletcher Simon, Gregory Will, Harrison Cathy, Laffan Mike, Lowe Gillian, Khair Kate, Kirk Susan, McLaughlin Paul, Percy Charles, Player Denise, and Whitaker Sarah
Subjects: haemophilia, patient care, standard of care, Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, RC633-647.5
Abstract: Access to treatment and healthcare services for people with haemophilia in the United Kingdom (UK) and Republic of Ireland ranks highly by international standards for contemporary haemophilia management. Collaborate & Address Treatment Challenges in Haemophilia (CATCH) is an annual Sobi™ medical education meeting which brings together multidisciplinary haemophilia treaters throughout the UK and Ireland to discuss all aspects of haemophilia management, including associated challenges and unmet need. This report summarises key issues explored and discussed during CATCH 2023, including ‘raising the bar’ in haemophilia care; haemophilia care for women and girls; changing haemophilia treatment paradigms to consider disease impact as well disease severity; bone health and haemophilia; and shared decision-making.
Published: 2024
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3. First search for atmospheric millicharged particles with the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment

Author: Aalbers, J., Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Baker, A., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Bargemann, J. W., Barillier, E. E., Bauer, D., Beattie, K., Benson, T., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Bishop, E., Blockinger, G. M., Boxer, B., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Buuck, M., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Carter, M., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Cherwinka, J. J., Chin, Y. T., Chott, N. I., Converse, M. V., Coronel, R., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Curran, D., Dahl, C. E., Darlington, I., Dave, S., David, A., Delgaudio, J., Dey, S., de Viveiros, L., Di Felice, L., Ding, C., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Dubey, S., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fayer, S., Fearon, N. M., Fieldhouse, N., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T. M. A., Gaitskell, R. J., Geffre, A., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Ghosh, A., Gibbons, R., Gokhale, S., Green, J., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Haiston, J. J., Hall, C. R., Hall, T. J., Han, S., Hartigan-O'Connor, E., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hernandez, M. A., Hertel, S. A., Heuermann, G., Homenides, G. J., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hunt, D., Jacquet, E., James, R. S., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., K., Meghna K., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kim, J., Kim, Y. D., Kingston, J., Kirk, R., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Lawes, C., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lippincott, W. H., Lopes, M. I., Lorenzon, W., Lu, C., Luitz, S., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Maupin, C., McCarthy, M. E., McDowell, G., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., McLaughlin, J. B., McMonigle, R., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murdy, M., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nguyen, A., O'Brien, C. L., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Orpwood, J., Oyulmaz, K. Y, Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Pannifer, N. J., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Piepke, A., Qie, Y., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Richards, A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Ritchey, E., Riyat, H. S., Rosero, R., Rushton, T., Rynders, D., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Sehr, G., Shafer, B., Shaw, S., Shutt, T., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Sinev, G., Siniscalco, J., Smith, R., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tong, Z., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Tripathi, M., Usón, A., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A. C., Valentino, O., Velan, V., Wang, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Weeldreyer, L., Whitis, T. J., Wild, K., Williams, M., Wisniewski, W. J., Wolf, L., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Xia, Q., Xu, J., Xu, Y., Yeh, M., Yeum, D., Zha, W., and Zweig, E. A.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: We report on a search for millicharged particles (mCPs) produced in cosmic ray proton atmospheric interactions using data collected during the first science run of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment. The mCPs produced by two processes -- meson decay and proton bremsstrahlung -- are considered in this study. This search utilized a novel signature unique to liquid xenon (LXe) time projection chambers (TPCs), allowing sensitivity to mCPs with masses ranging from 10 to 1000 MeV/c$^2$ and fractional charges between 0.001 and 0.02 of the electron charge e. With an exposure of 60 live days and a 5.5 tonne fiducial mass, we observed no significant excess over background. This represents the first experimental search for atmospheric mCPs and the first search for mCPs using an underground LXe experiment.
Published: 2024

4. Dark Matter Search Results from 4.2 Tonne-Years of Exposure of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment

Author: Aalbers, J., Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Baker, A., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Bargemann, J. W., Barillier, E. E., Bauer, D., Beattie, K., Benson, T., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Bishop, E., Blockinger, G. M., Boxer, B., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Buuck, M., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Carter, M., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Cherwinka, J. J., Chin, Y. T., Chott, N. I., Converse, M. V., Coronel, R., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Curran, D., Dahl, C. E., Darlington, I., Dave, S., David, A., Delgaudio, J., Dey, S., de Viveiros, L., Di Felice, L., Ding, C., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Dubey, S., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fayer, S., Fearon, N. M., Fieldhouse, N., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T. M. A., Gaitskell, R. J., Geffre, A., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Ghosh, A., Gibbons, R., Gokhale, S., Green, J., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Haiston, J. J., Hall, C. R., Hall, T. J., Han, S., Hartigan-O'Connor, E., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hernandez, M. A., Hertel, S. A., Heuermann, G., Homenides, G. J., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hunt, D., Jacquet, E., James, R. S., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., K., Meghna K., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kim, J., Kim, Y. D., Kingston, J., Kirk, R., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Lawes, C., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lippincott, W. H., Lopes, M. I., Lorenzon, W., Lu, C., Luitz, S., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Maupin, C., McCarthy, M. E., McDowell, G., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., McLaughlin, J. B., McMonigle, R., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murdy, M., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nguyen, A., O'Brien, C. L., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Orpwood, J., Oyulmaz, K. Y, Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Pannifer, N. J., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Piepke, A., Qie, Y., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Richards, A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Ritchey, E., Riyat, H. S., Rosero, R., Rushton, T., Rynders, D., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Sehr, G., Shafer, B., Shaw, S., Shutt, T., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Sinev, G., Siniscalco, J., Smith, R., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tong, Z., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Tripathi, M., Usón, A., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A. C., Valentino, O., Velan, V., Wang, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Weeldreyer, L., Whitis, T. J., Wild, K., Williams, M., Wisniewski, W. J., Wolf, L., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Xia, Q., Xu, J., Xu, Y., Yeh, M., Yeum, D., Zha, W., and Zweig, E. A.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: We report results of a search for nuclear recoils induced by weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter using the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) two-phase xenon time projection chamber. This analysis uses a total exposure of $4.2\pm0.1$ tonne-years from 280 live days of LZ operation, of which $3.3\pm0.1$ tonne-years and 220 live days are new. A technique to actively tag background electronic recoils from $^{214}$Pb $\beta$ decays is featured for the first time. Enhanced electron-ion recombination is observed in two-neutrino double electron capture decays of $^{124}$Xe, representing a noteworthy new background. After removal of artificial signal-like events injected into the data set to mitigate analyzer bias, we find no evidence for an excess over expected backgrounds. World-leading constraints are placed on spin-independent (SI) and spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon cross sections for masses $\geq$9 GeV/$c^2$. The strongest SI exclusion set is $2.1\times10^{-48}$ cm$^{2}$ at the 90% confidence level at a mass of 36 GeV/$c^2$, and the best SI median sensitivity achieved is $5.0\times10^{-48}$ cm$^{2}$ for a mass of 40 GeV/$c^2$., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures. See https://www.hepdata.net/record/155182 for a data release related to this paper
Published: 2024

5. Probing the scalar WIMP-pion coupling with the first LUX-ZEPLIN data

Author: Zweig, EA, Yeh, M, Xu, J, Xiang, X, Xia, Q, Wright, CJ, Woodward, D, Woodford, S, Wolfs, FLH, Wisniewski, WJ, Williams, M, Whitis, TJ, Weeldreyer, L, Webb, RC, Watson, JR, Wang, Y, Wang, JJ, Wang, A, Velan, V, Valentino, O, Vaitkus, AC, Vacheret, A, Tronstad, DR, Tripathi, M, Trask, M, Tranter, J, Tovey, DR, Tong, Z, Timalsina, M, Tiedt, DR, Taylor, WC, Szydagis, M, Sumner, TJ, Suerfu, B, Stifter, K, Stevens, A, Stancu, I, Soria, J, Sorensen, P, Solovov, VN, Smith, R, Siniscalco, J, Sinev, G, Silva, C, Silk, JJ, Shutt, T, Shaw, S, Schnee, RW, Sazzad, ABMR, Santone, D, Rynders, D, Rushton, T, Rosero, R, Riyat, HS, Rischbieter, GRC, Riffard, Q, Rhyne, CA, Reichenbacher, J, Qie, Y, Piepke, A, Pershing, T, Perry, E, Pereira, G, Penning, B, Patton, SJ, Parveen, N, Pannifer, NJ, Palmer, J, Palladino, KJ, Orpwood, J, Oliver-Mallory, KC, Olcina, I, Nikoleyczik, JA, Nguyen, A, Neves, F, Nelson, HN, Naylor, A, Murphy, ASJ, Murdy, M, Mount, BJ, Morrison, E, Morales Mendoza, JD, Monzani, ME, Monte, A, Mizrachi, E, Miller, EH, McMonigle, R, McLaughlin, JB, McLaughlin, J, McKinsey, DN, McDowell, G, McCarthy, ME, Maupin, C, Mannino, RL, Manalaysay, A, Majewski, PA, Luitz, S, Lu, C, Lorenzon, W, and Lopes, MI
Subjects: Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Particle and High Energy Physics, Physical Sciences, Engineering, Mathematical sciences, Physical sciences
Abstract: Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) may interact with a virtual pion that is exchanged between nucleons. This interaction channel is important to consider in models where the spin-independent isoscalar channel is suppressed. Using data from the first science run of the LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter experiment, containing 60 live days of data in a 5.5 tonne fiducial mass of liquid xenon, we report the results on a search for WIMP-pion interactions. We observe no significant excess and set an upper limit of 1.5 × 10−46 cm2 at a 90% confidence level for a WIMP mass of 33 GeV/c2 for this interaction.
Published: 2024

6. Scintillation Bandwidth Measurements from 23 Pulsars from the AO327 Survey

Author: Sheikh, Sofia Z., Brown, Grayce C., MacTaggart, Jackson, Nguyen, Thomas, Fletcher, William D., Jones, Brenda L., Koller, Emma, Petrus, Veronica, Pighini, Katie F., Rosario, Gray, Smedile, Vincent A., Stone, Adam T., You, Shawn, McLaughlin, Maura A., Turner, Jacob E., Deneva, Julia S., Lam, Michael T., and Shapiro-Albert, Brent J.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: A pulsar's scintillation bandwidth is inversely proportional to the scattering delay, making accurate measurements of scintillation bandwidth critical to characterize unmitigated delays in efforts to measure low-frequency gravitational waves with pulsar timing arrays. In this pilot work, we searched for a subset of known pulsars within $\sim$97% of the data taken with the PUPPI instrument for the AO327 survey with the Arecibo telescope, attempting to measure the scintillation bandwidths in the dataset by fitting to the 2D autocorrelation function of their dynamic spectra. We successfully measured 38 bandwidths from 23 pulsars (six without prior literature values), finding that: almost all of the measurements are larger than the predictions from NE2001 and YMW16 (two popular galactic models); NE2001 is more consistent with our measurements than YMW16; Gaussian fits to the bandwidth are more consistent with both electron density models than Lorentzian ones; and for the 17 pulsars with prior literature values, the measurements between various sources often vary by factors of a few. The success of Gaussian fits may be due to the use of Gaussian fits to train models in previous work. The variance of literature values over time could relate to the scaling factor used to compare measurements, but also seems consistent with time-varying interstellar medium parameters. This work can be extended to the rest of AO327 to further investigate these trends, highlighting the continuing importance of large archival datasets for projects beyond their initial conception., Comment: 21 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables
Published: 2024
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7. Law of Large Numbers and Central Limit Theorem for random sets of solitons of the focusing nonlinear Schr\'odinger equation

Author: Girotti, Manuela, Grava, Tamara, McLaughlin, Ken D. T-R, and Najnudel, Joseph
Subjects: Mathematical Physics, Mathematics - Analysis of PDEs, Mathematics - Probability, Nonlinear Sciences - Pattern Formation and Solitons, Nonlinear Sciences - Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems
Abstract: We study a random configuration of $N$ soliton solutions $\psi_N(x,t;\boldsymbol{\lambda})$ of the cubic focusing Nonlinear Schr\"odinger (fNLS) equation in one space dimension. The $N$ soliton solutions are parametrized by a $N$-dimension complex vector $\boldsymbol{\lambda}$ whose entries are the eigenvalues of the Zakharov-Shabat linear spectral problem and by $N$ nonzero complex norming constants. The randomness is obtained by choosing the complex eigenvalues i.i.d. random variables sampled from a probability distribution with compact support on the complex plane. The corresponding norming constants are interpolated by a smooth function of the eigenvalues. Then we consider the Zakharov-Shabat linear problem for the expectation of the random measure associated to the spectral data. We denote the corresponding solution of the fNLS equation by $\psi_\infty(x,t)$. This solution can be interpreted as a soliton gas solution. We prove a Law of Large Numbers and a Central Limit Theorem for the differences $\psi_N(x,t;\boldsymbol{\lambda})-\psi_\infty(x,t)$ and $|\psi_N(x,t;\boldsymbol{\lambda})|^2-|\psi_\infty(x,t)|^2$ when $(x,t)$ are in a compact set of $\mathbb R \times \mathbb R^+$; we additionally compute the correlation functions., Comment: 24 pages, 1 figure
Published: 2024

8. The NANOGrav 15 year Data Set: Removing pulsars one by one from the pulsar timing array

Author: Agazie, Gabriella, Anumarlapudi, Akash, Archibald, Anne M., Arzoumanian, Zaven, Baier, Jeremy G., Baker, Paul T., Becsy, Bence, Blecha, Laura, Brazier, Adam, Brook, Paul R., Burke-Spolaor, Sarah, Casey-Clyde, J. Andrew, Charisi, Maria, Chatterjee, Shami, Cohen, Tyler, Cordes, James M., Cornish, Neil J., Crawford, Fronefield, Cromartie, H. Thankful, Crowter, Kathryn, DeCesar, Megan E., Demorest, Paul B., Deng, Heling, Dey, Lankeswar, Dolch, Timothy, Ferrara, Elizabeth C., Fiore, William, Fonseca, Emmanuel, Freedman, Gabriel E., Gardiner, Emiko C., Garver-Daniels, Nate, Gentile, Peter A., Gersbach, Kyle A., Glaser, Joseph, Good, Deborah C., Guertin, Lydia, Gultekin, Kayhan, Hazboun, Jeffrey S., Jennings, Ross J., Johnson, Aaron D., Jones, Megan L., Kaiser, Andrew R., Kaplan, David L., Kelley, Luke Zoltan, Kerr, Matthew, Key, Joey S., Laal, Nima, Lam, Michael T., Lamb, William G., Larsen, Bjorn, Lazio, T. Joseph W., Lewandowska, Natalia, Liu, Tingting, Lorimer, Duncan R., Luo, Jing, Lynch, Ryan S., Ma, Chung-Pei, Madison, Dustin R., McEwen, Alexander, McKee, James W., McLaughlin, Maura A., McMann, Natasha, Meyers, Bradley W., Meyers, Patrick M., Middleton, Hannah, Mingarelli, Chiara M. F., Mitridate, Andrea, Moore, Christopher J., Ng, Cherry, Nice, David J., Ocker, Stella Koch, Olum, Ken D., Pennucci, Timothy T., Perera, Benetge B. P., Pol, Nihan S., Radovan, Henri A., Ransom, Scott M., Ray, Paul S., Romano, Joseph D., Runnoe, Jessie C., Saffer, Alexander, Sardesai, Shashwat C., Schmiedekamp, Ann, Schmiedekamp, Carl, Schmitz, Kai, Shapiro-Albert, Brent J., Siemens, Xavier, Simon, Joseph, Siwek, Magdalena S., Fiscella, Sophia V. Sosa, Stairs, Ingrid H., Stinebring, Daniel R., Stovall, Kevin, Susobhanan, Abhimanyu, Swiggum, Joseph K., Taylor, Stephen R., Turner, Jacob E., Unal, Caner, Vallisneri, Michele, Vecchio, Alberto, Vigeland, Sarah J., Wahl, Haley M., Witt, Caitlin A., Wright, David, and Young, Olivia
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: Evidence has emerged for a stochastic signal correlated among 67 pulsars within the 15-year pulsar-timing data set compiled by the NANOGrav collaboration. Similar signals have been found in data from the European, Indian, Parkes, and Chinese PTAs. This signal has been interpreted as indicative of the presence of a nanohertz stochastic gravitational wave background. To explore the internal consistency of this result we investigate how the recovered signal strength changes as we remove the pulsars one by one from the data set. We calculate the signal strength using the (noise-marginalized) optimal statistic, a frequentist metric designed to measure correlated excess power in the residuals of the arrival times of the radio pulses. We identify several features emerging from this analysis that were initially unexpected. The significance of these features, however, can only be assessed by comparing the real data to synthetic data sets. After conducting identical analyses on simulated data sets, we do not find anything inconsistent with the presence of a stochastic gravitational wave background in the NANOGrav 15-year data. The methodologies developed here can offer additional tools for application to future, more sensitive data sets. While this analysis provides an internal consistency check of the NANOGrav results, it does not eliminate the necessity for additional investigations that could identify potential systematics or uncover unmodeled physical phenomena in the data., Comment: 21 pages, 11 figures, 2 tables
Published: 2024

9. The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Harmonic Analysis of the Pulsar Angular Correlations

Author: Agazie, Gabriella, Baier, Jeremy G., Baker, Paul T., Becsy, Bence, Blecha, Laura, Boddy, Kimberly K., Brazier, Adam, Brook, Paul R., Burke-Spolaor, Sarah, Burnette, Rand, Casey-Clyde, J. Andrew, Charisi, Maria, Chatterjee, Shami, Cohen, Tyler, Cordes, James M., Cornish, Neil J., Crawford, Fronefield, Cromartie, H. Thankful, DeCesar, Megan E., Demorest, Paul B., Deng, Heling, Dey, Lankeswar, Dolch, Timothy, Ferrara, Elizabeth C., Fiore, William, Fonseca, Emmanuel, Freedman, Gabriel E., Gardiner, Emiko C., Gersbach, Kyle A., Glaser, Joseph, Good, Deborah C., Gultekin, Kayhan, Hazboun, Jeffrey S., Jennings, Ross J., Johnson, Aaron D., Kaplan, David L., Kelley, Luke Zoltan, Key, Joey S., Laal, Nima, Lam, Michael T., Lamb, William G., Larsen, Bjorn, Lazio, T. Joseph W., Lewandowska, Natalia, Liu, Tingting, Luo, Jing, Lynch, Ryan S., Ma, Chung-Pei, Madison, Dustin R., McEwen, Alexander, McKee, James W., McLaughlin, Maura A., Meyers, Patrick M., Mingarelli, Chiara M. F., Mitridate, Andrea, Nay, Jonathan, Nice, David J., Ocker, Stella Koch, Olum, Ken D., Pennucci, Timothy T., Petrov, Polina, Pol, Nihan S., Radovan, Henri A., Ransom, Scott M., Ray, Paul S., Runnoe, Jessie C., Saffer, Alexander, Sardesai, Shashwat C., Schmitz, Kai, Siemens, Xavier, Simon, Joseph, Siwek, Magdalena S., Smith, Tristan L., Fiscella, Sophia V. Sosa, Stairs, Ingrid H., Stinebring, Daniel R., Susobhanan, Abhimanyu, Swiggum, Joseph K., Taylor, Jacob, Taylor, Stephen R., Turner, Jacob E., Unal, Caner, Vallisneri, Michele, van Haasteren, Rutger, Verbiest, Joris, Vigeland, Sarah J., Witt, Caitlin A., Wright, David, and Young, Olivia
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract: Pulsar timing array observations have found evidence for an isotropic gravitational wave background with the Hellings-Downs angular correlations, expected from general relativity. This interpretation hinges on the measured shape of the angular correlations, which is predominately quadrupolar under general relativity. Here we explore a more flexible parameterization: we expand the angular correlations into a sum of Legendre polynomials and use a Bayesian analysis to constrain their coefficients with the 15-year pulsar timing data set collected by the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav). When including Legendre polynomials with multipoles $\ell \geq 2$, we only find a significant signal in the quadrupole with an amplitude consistent with general relativity and non-zero at the $\sim 95\%$ confidence level and a Bayes factor of 200. When we include multipoles $\ell \leq 1$, the Bayes factor evidence for quadrupole correlations decreases by more than an order of magnitude due to evidence for a monopolar signal at approximately 4 nHz which has also been noted in previous analyses of the NANOGrav 15-year data. Further work needs to be done in order to better characterize the properties of this monopolar signal and its effect on the evidence for quadrupolar angular correlations., Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures
Published: 2024

10. The NANOGrav 12.5-Year Data Set: Probing Interstellar Turbulence and Precision Pulsar Timing with PSR J1903+0327

Author: Geiger, Abra, Cordes, James M., Lam, Michael T., Ocker, Stella Koch, Chatterjee, Shami, Arzoumanian, Zaven, Battaglia, Ava L., Blumer, Harsha, Brook, Paul R., Combs, Olivia A., Cromartie, H. Thankful, DeCesar, Megan E., Demorest, Paul B., Dolch, Timothy, Ellis, Justin A., Ferdman, Robert D., Ferrara, Elizabeth C., Fonseca, Emmanuel, Garver-Daniels, Nate, Gentile, Peter A., Good, Deborah C., Jones, Megan L., Lorimer, Duncan R., Luo, Jing, Lynch, Ryan S., McLaughlin, Maura A., Ng, Cherry, Nice, David J., Pennucci, Timothy T., Pol, Nihan S., Ransom, Scott M., Spiewak, Renée, Stairs, Ingrid H., Stovall, Kevin, Swiggum, Joseph K., and Vigeland, Sarah J.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: Free electrons in the interstellar medium refract and diffract radio waves along multiple paths, resulting in angular and temporal broadening of radio pulses that limits pulsar timing precision. We determine multifrequency, multi-epoch scattering times for the large dispersion measure millisecond pulsar J1903+0327 by developing a three component model for the emitted pulse shape that is convolved with a best fit pulse broadening function (PBF) identified from a family of thin-screen and extended-media PBFs. We show that the scattering time, $\tau$, at a fiducial frequency of 1500 MHz changes by approximately 10% over a 5.5yr span with a characteristic timescale of approximately 100 days. We also constrain the spectral index and inner scale of the wavenumber spectrum of electron density variations along this line of sight. We find that the scaling law for $\tau$ vs. radio frequency is strongly affected by any mismatch between the true and assumed PBF or between the true and assumed intrinsic pulse shape. We show using simulations that refraction is a plausible cause of the epoch dependence of $\tau$, manifesting as changes in the PBF shape and $1/e$ time scale. Finally, we discuss the implications of our scattering results on pulsar timing including time of arrival delays and dispersion measure misestimation., Comment: 16 pages, 14 figures, submitted to ApJ
Published: 2024

11. Mass measurements of neutron-rich nuclides using the Canadian Penning Trap to inform predictions in the $r$-process rare-earth peak region

Author: Ray, D., Vassh, N., Liu, B., Valverde, A. A., Brodeur, M., Clark, J. A., McLaughlin, G. C., Mumpower, M. R., Orford, R., Porter, W. S., Savard, G., Sharma, K. S., Surman, R., Buchinger, F., Burdette, D. P., Callahan, N., Gallant, A. T., Hoff, D. E. M., Kolos, K., Kondev, F. G., Morgan, G. E., Rivero, F., Santiago-Gonzalez, D., Scielzo, N. D., Varriano, L., Weber, C. M., Wilson, G. E., and Yan, X. L.
Subjects: Nuclear Experiment, Nuclear Theory
Abstract: Studies aiming to determine the astrophysical origins of nuclei produced by the rapid neutron capture process ($r$ process) rely on nuclear properties as inputs for simulations. The solar abundances can be used as a benchmark for such calculations, with the $r$-process rare-earth peak (REP) around mass number ($A$) 164 being of special interest due to its presently unknown origin. With the advancement of rare isotope beam production over the last decade and improvement in experimental sensitivities, many of these REP nuclides have become accessible for measurement. Masses are one of the most critical inputs as they impact multiple nuclear properties, namely the neutron-separation energies, neutron capture rates, $\beta$-decay rates, and $\beta$-delayed neutron emission probabilities. In this work, we report masses of 20 neutron-rich nuclides (along the Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Gd, Dy and Ho isotopic chains) produced at the CAlifornium Rare Isotope Breeder Upgrade (CARIBU) facility at Argonne National Laboratory. The masses were measured with the Canadian Penning trap (CPT) mass spectrometer using the Phase-Imaging Ion-Cyclotron-Resonance (PI-ICR) technique. We then use these new masses along with previously published CPT masses to inform predictions for a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) procedure aiming to identify the astrophysical conditions consistent with both solar data and mass measurements. We show that the MCMC responds to this updated mass information, producing refined results for both mass predictions and REP abundances., Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures
Published: 2024

12. Galaxy Tomography with the Gravitational Wave Background from Supermassive Black Hole Binaries

Author: Chen, Yifan, Daniel, Matthias, D'Orazio, Daniel J., Mitridate, Andrea, Sagunski, Laura, Xue, Xiao, Agazie, Gabriella, Baier, Jeremy G., Baker, Paul T., Bécsy, Bence, Blecha, Laura, Brazier, Adam, Brook, Paul R., Burke-Spolaor, Sarah, Burnette, Rand, Casey-Clyde, J. Andrew, Charisi, Maria, Chatterjee, Shami, Cohen, Tyler, Cordes, James M., Cornish, Neil J., Crawford, Fronefield, Cromartie, H. Thankful, DeCesar, Megan E., Demorest, Paul B., Deng, Heling, Dey, Lankeswar, Dolch, Timothy, Ferrara, Elizabeth C., Fiore, William, Fonseca, Emmanuel, Freedman, Gabriel E., Gardiner, Emiko C., Gersbach, Kyle A., Glaser, Joseph, Good, Deborah C., Gültekin, Kayhan, Hazboun, Jeffrey S., Jennings, Ross J., Johnson, Aaron D., Kaplan, David L., Kelley, Luke Zoltan, Key, Joey S., Laal, Nima, Lam, Michael T., Lamb, William G., Larsen, Bjorn, Lazio, T. Joseph W., Lewandowska, Natalia, Liu, Tingting, Luo, Jing, Lynch, Ryan S., Ma, Chung-Pei, Madison, Dustin R., McEwen, Alexander, McKee, James W., McLaughlin, Maura A., Meyers, Patrick M., Mingarelli, Chiara M. F., Nice, David J., Ocker, Stella Koch, Olum, Ken D., Pennucci, Timothy T., Petrov, Polina, Pol, Nihan S., Radovan, Henri A., Ransom, Scott M., Ray, Paul S., Romano, Joseph D., Runnoe, Jessie C., Saffer, Alexander, Sardesai, Shashwat C., Schmitz, Kai, Siemens, Xavier, Simon, Joseph, Siwek, Magdalena S., Fiscella, Sophia V. Sosa, Stairs, Ingrid H., Stinebring, Daniel R., Susobhanan, Abhimanyu, Swiggum, Joseph K., Taylor, Jacob, Taylor, Stephen R., Turner, Jacob E., Unal, Caner, Vallisneri, Michele, van Haasteren, Rutger, Verbiest, Joris, Vigeland, Sarah J., Witt, Caitlin A., Wright, David, and Young, Olivia
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract: The detection of a stochastic gravitational wave background by pulsar timing arrays suggests the presence of a supermassive black hole binary population. Although the observed spectrum generally aligns with predictions from orbital evolution driven by gravitational wave emission in circular orbits, there is a discernible preference for a turnover at the lowest observed frequencies. This turnover could indicate a significant hardening phase, transitioning from early environmental influences to later stages predominantly influenced by gravitational wave emission. In the vicinity of these binaries, the ejection of stars or dark matter particles through gravitational three-body slingshots efficiently extracts orbital energy, leading to a low-frequency turnover in the spectrum. By analyzing the NANOGrav 15-year data, we assess how the gravitational wave spectrum depends on the initial inner galactic profile prior to disruption by binary ejections, accounting for a range of initial binary eccentricities. Our findings suggest a parsec-scale galactic center density around $10^6\,M_\odot/\textrm{pc}^3$ across most of the parameter space, offering insights into the environmental effects on black hole evolution and combined matter density near galaxy centers., Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures
Published: 2024

13. Personalized Federated Learning via Feature Distribution Adaptation

Author: Mclaughlin, Connor J. and Su, Lili
Subjects: Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence
Abstract: Federated learning (FL) is a distributed learning framework that leverages commonalities between distributed client datasets to train a global model. Under heterogeneous clients, however, FL can fail to produce stable training results. Personalized federated learning (PFL) seeks to address this by learning individual models tailored to each client. One approach is to decompose model training into shared representation learning and personalized classifier training. Nonetheless, previous works struggle to navigate the bias-variance trade-off in classifier learning, relying solely on limited local datasets or introducing costly techniques to improve generalization. In this work, we frame representation learning as a generative modeling task, where representations are trained with a classifier based on the global feature distribution. We then propose an algorithm, pFedFDA, that efficiently generates personalized models by adapting global generative classifiers to their local feature distributions. Through extensive computer vision benchmarks, we demonstrate that our method can adjust to complex distribution shifts with significant improvements over current state-of-the-art in data-scarce settings., Comment: 38th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), 2024
Published: 2024

14. CurateGPT: A flexible language-model assisted biocuration tool

Author: Caufield, Harry, Kroll, Carlo, O'Neil, Shawn T, Reese, Justin T, Joachimiak, Marcin P, Hegde, Harshad, Harris, Nomi L, Krishnamurthy, Madan, McLaughlin, James A, Smedley, Damian, Haendel, Melissa A, Robinson, Peter N, and Mungall, Christopher J
Subjects: Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Databases, Quantitative Biology - Quantitative Methods
Abstract: Effective data-driven biomedical discovery requires data curation: a time-consuming process of finding, organizing, distilling, integrating, interpreting, annotating, and validating diverse information into a structured form suitable for databases and knowledge bases. Accurate and efficient curation of these digital assets is critical to ensuring that they are FAIR, trustworthy, and sustainable. Unfortunately, expert curators face significant time and resource constraints. The rapid pace of new information being published daily is exceeding their capacity for curation. Generative AI, exemplified by instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs), has opened up new possibilities for assisting human-driven curation. The design philosophy of agents combines the emerging abilities of generative AI with more precise methods. A curator's tasks can be aided by agents for performing reasoning, searching ontologies, and integrating knowledge across external sources, all efforts otherwise requiring extensive manual effort. Our LLM-driven annotation tool, CurateGPT, melds the power of generative AI together with trusted knowledge bases and literature sources. CurateGPT streamlines the curation process, enhancing collaboration and efficiency in common workflows. Compared to direct interaction with an LLM, CurateGPT's agents enable access to information beyond that in the LLM's training data and they provide direct links to the data supporting each claim. This helps curators, researchers, and engineers scale up curation efforts to keep pace with the ever-increasing volume of scientific data.
Published: 2024

15. Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay Sensitivity of the XLZD Rare Event Observatory

Author: XLZD Collaboration, Aalbers, J., Abe, K., Adrover, M., Maouloud, S. Ahmed, Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Althueser, L., Amaral, D. W. P., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Andrieu, B., Angelides, N., Angelino, E., Antunovic, B., Aprile, E., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Babicz, M., Bajpai, D., Baker, A., Balzer, M., Bang, J., Barberio, E., Bargemann, J. W., Barillier, E., Basharina-Freshville, A., Baudis, L., Bauer, D., Bazyk, M., Beattie, K., Beaupere, N., Bell, N. F., Bellagamba, L., Benson, T., Bhatti, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Biondi, R., Biondi, Y., Birch, H. J., Bishop, E., Bismark, A., Boehm, C., Boese, K., Bolotnikov, A., Brás, P., Braun, R., Breskin, A., Brew, C. A. J., Brommer, S., Brown, A., Bruni, G., Budnik, R., Burdin, S., Cai, C., Capelli, C., Carini, G., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Carter, M., Chauvin, A., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Cherwinka, J. J., Chin, Y. T., Chott, N. I., Chavez, A. P. Cimental, Clark, K., Colijn, A. P., Colling, D. J., Conrad, J., Converse, M. V., Coronel, R., Costanzo, D., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Cuenca-García, J. J., Curran, D., Cussans, D., D'Andrea, V., Garcia, L. C. Daniel, Darlington, I., Dave, S., David, A., Davies, G. J., Decowski, M. P., Deisting, A., Delgaudio, J., Dey, S., Di Donato, C., Di Felice, L., Di Gangi, P., Diglio, S., Ding, C., Dobson, J. E. Y., Doerenkamp, M., Drexlin, G., Druszkiewicz, E., Dunbar, C. L., Eitel, K., Elykov, A., Engel, R., Eriksen, S. R., Fayer, S., Fearon, N. M., Ferella, A. D., Ferrari, C., Fieldhouse, N., Fischer, H., Flaecher, H., Flehmke, T., Flierman, M., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T. M. A., Fujikawa, K., Fulgione, W., Fuselli, C., Gaemers, P., Gaior, R., Gaitskell, R. J., Gallice, N., Galloway, M., Gao, F., Garroum, N., Geffre, A., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Ghosh, S., Giacomobono, R., Gibbons, R., Girard, F., Glade-Beucke, R., Glück, F., Gokhale, S., Grandi, L., Green, J., Grigat, J., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Größle, R., Guan, H., Guida, M., Gyorgy, P., Haiston, J. J., Hall, C. R., Hall, T., Hammann, R., Hannen, V., Hansmann-Menzemer, S., Hargittai, N., Hartigan-O'Connor, E., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hernandez, M., Hertel, S. A., Higuera, A., Hils, C., Hiraoka, K., Hoetzsch, L., Hoferichter, M., Homenides, G. J., Hood, N. F., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hughes, S., Hunt, D., Iacovacci, M., Itow, Y., Jacquet, E., Jakob, J., James, R. S., Joerg, F., Jones, S., Kaboth, A. C., Kahlert, F., Kamaha, A. C., Kaminaga, Y., Kara, M., Kavrigin, P., Kazama, S., Keller, M., Kemp-Russell, P., Khaitan, D., Kharbanda, P., Kilminster, B., Kim, J., Kirk, R., Kleifges, M., Klute, M., Kobayashi, M., Kodroff, D., Koke, D., Kopec, A., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., von Krosigk, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Kuger, F., Kurita, N., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Lawes, C., Lee, J., Lehnert, B., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levinson, L., Li, A., Li, I., Li, S., Liang, S., Liang, Z., Lin, J., Lin, Y. -T., Lindemann, S., Linden, S., Lindner, M., Lindote, A., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, K., Loizeau, J., Lombardi, F., Lopes, J. A. M., Lopes, M. I., Lorenzon, W., Loutit, M., Lu, C., Lucchetti, G. M., Luce, T., Luitz, S., Ma, Y., Macolino, C., Mahlstedt, J., Maier, B., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Mancuso, A., Manenti, L., Mannino, R. L., Marignetti, F., Marley, T., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Martens, K., Masbou, J., Masson, E., Mastroianni, S., Maupin, C., McCabe, C., McCarthy, M. E., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J. B., Melchiorre, A., Menéndez, J., Messina, M., Miller, E. H., Milosovic, B., Milutinovic, S., Miuchi, K., Miyata, R., Mizrachi, E., Molinario, A., Monteiro, C. M. B., Monzani, M. E., Morå, K., Moriyama, S., Morrison, E., Morteau, E., Mosbacher, Y., Mount, B. J., Müller, J., Murdy, M., Murphy, A. St. J., Murra, M., Naylor, A., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Newstead, J. L., Nguyen, A., Ni, K., O'Hare, C., Oberlack, U., Obradovic, M., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Orpwood, J., Ostrowskiy, I., Ouahada, S., Oyulmaz, K., Paetsch, B., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Pan, Y., Pandurovic, M., Pannifer, N. J., Paramesvaran, S., Patton, S. J., Pellegrini, Q., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Peres, R., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Piastra, F., Pienaar, J., Piepke, A., Pierre, M., Plante, G., Pollmann, T. R., Principe, L., Qi, J., Qiao, K., Qie, Y., Qin, J., Radeka, S., Radeka, V., Rajado, M., García, D. Ramírez, Ravindran, A., Razeto, A., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Richards, A., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Riyat, H. S., Rosero, R., Roy, A., Rushton, T., Rynders, D., Saakyan, R., Sanchez, L., Sanchez-Lucas, P., Santone, D., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sartorelli, G., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Scaffidi, A., Schnee, R. W., Schreiner, J., Schulte, P., Schulze, H., Eißing, Schumann, M., Schwenck, A., Schwenk, A., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Semeria, F., Shagin, P., Sharma, S., Shaw, S., Shen, W., Sherman, L., Shi, S., Shi, S. Y., Shimada, T., Shutt, T., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Simgen, H., Sinev, G., Singh, R., Siniscalco, J., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Song, Z., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stanley, O., Steidl, M., Stenhouse, T., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Sumner, T. J., Takeda, A., Tan, P. -L., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, W. C., Thers, D., Thümmler, T., Tiedt, D. R., Tönnies, F., Tong, Z., Toschi, F., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Trinchero, G., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Trotta, R., Tunnell, C. D., Urquijo, P., Usón, A., Utoyama, M., Vaitkus, A. C., Valentino, O., Valerius, K., Vecchi, S., Velan, V., Vetter, S., de Viveiros, L., Volta, G., Vorkapic, D., Wang, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Waters, D., Weerman, K. M., Weinheimer, C., Weiss, M., Wenz, D., Whitis, T. J., Wild, K., Williams, M., Wilson, M., Wilson, S. T., Wittweg, C., Wolf, J., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Worcester, M., Wright, C. J., Wu, V. H. S., üstling, S. W, Wurm, M., Xia, Q., Xing, Y., Xu, D., Xu, J., Xu, Y., Xu, Z., Yamashita, M., Yang, L., Ye, J., Yeh, M., Yu, B., Zavattini, G., Zha, W., Zhong, M., and Zuber, K.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The XLZD collaboration is developing a two-phase xenon time projection chamber with an active mass of 60 to 80 t capable of probing the remaining WIMP-nucleon interaction parameter space down to the so-called neutrino fog. In this work we show that, based on the performance of currently operating detectors using the same technology and a realistic reduction of radioactivity in detector materials, such an experiment will also be able to competitively search for neutrinoless double beta decay in $^{136}$Xe using a natural-abundance xenon target. XLZD can reach a 3$\sigma$ discovery potential half-life of 5.7$\times$10$^{27}$ yr (and a 90% CL exclusion of 1.3$\times$10$^{28}$ yr) with 10 years of data taking, corresponding to a Majorana mass range of 7.3-31.3 meV (4.8-20.5 meV). XLZD will thus exclude the inverted neutrino mass ordering parameter space and will start to probe the normal ordering region for most of the nuclear matrix elements commonly considered by the community., Comment: 29 pages, 7 figures
Published: 2024

16. The XLZD Design Book: Towards the Next-Generation Liquid Xenon Observatory for Dark Matter and Neutrino Physics

Author: XLZD Collaboration, Aalbers, J., Abe, K., Adrover, M., Maouloud, S. Ahmed, Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Althueser, L., Amaral, D. W. P., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Andrieu, B., Angelides, N., Angelino, E., Antunovic, B., Aprile, E., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Babicz, M., Bajpai, D., Baker, A., Balzer, M., Bang, J., Barberio, E., Bargemann, J. W., Barillier, E., Basharina-Freshville, A., Baudis, L., Bauer, D., Bazyk, M., Beattie, K., Beaupere, N., Bell, N. F., Bellagamba, L., Benson, T., Bhatti, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Biondi, R., Biondi, Y., Birch, H. J., Bishop, E., Bismark, A., Boehm, C., Boese, K., Bolotnikov, A., Brás, P., Braun, R., Breskin, A., Brew, C. A. J., Brommer, S., Brown, A., Bruni, G., Budnik, R., Burdin, S., Cai, C., Capelli, C., Carini, G., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Carter, M., Chauvin, A., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Cherwinka, J. J., Chin, Y. T., Chott, N. I., Chavez, A. P. Cimental, Clark, K., Colijn, A. P., Colling, D. J., Conrad, J., Converse, M. V., Coronel, R., Costanzo, D., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Cuenca-García, J. J., Curran, D., Cussans, D., D'Andrea, V., Garcia, L. C. Daniel, Darlington, I., Dave, S., David, A., Davies, G. J., Decowski, M. P., Deisting, A., Delgaudio, J., Dey, S., Di Donato, C., Di Felice, L., Di Gangi, P., Diglio, S., Ding, C., Dobson, J. E. Y., Doerenkamp, M., Drexlin, G., Druszkiewicz, E., Dunbar, C. L., Eitel, K., Elykov, A., Engel, R., Eriksen, S. R., Fayer, S., Fearon, N. M., Ferella, A. D., Ferrari, C., Fieldhouse, N., Fischer, H., Flaecher, H., Flehmke, T., Flierman, M., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T. M. A., Fujikawa, K., Fulgione, W., Fuselli, C., Gaemers, P., Gaior, R., Gaitskell, R. J., Gallice, N., Galloway, M., Gao, F., Garroum, N., Geffre, A., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Ghosh, S., Giacomobono, R., Gibbons, R., Girard, F., Glade-Beucke, R., Glück, F., Gokhale, S., Grandi, L., Green, J., Grigat, J., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Größle, R., Guan, H., Guida, M., Gyorgy, P., Haiston, J. J., Hall, C. R., Hall, T., Hammann, R., Hannen, V., Hansmann-Menzemer, S., Hargittai, N., Hartigan-O'Connor, E., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hernandez, M., Hertel, S. A., Higuera, A., Hils, C., Hiraoka, K., Hoetzsch, L., Hoferichter, M., Homenides, G. J., Hood, N. F., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hughes, S., Hunt, D., Iacovacci, M., Itow, Y., Jacquet, E., Jakob, J., James, R. S., Joerg, F., Jones, S., Kaboth, A. C., Kahlert, F., Kamaha, A. C., Kaminaga, Y., Kara, M., Kavrigin, P., Kazama, S., Keller, M., Kemp-Russell, P., Khaitan, D., Kharbanda, P., Kilminster, B., Kim, J., Kirk, R., Kleifges, M., Klute, M., Kobayashi, M., Kodroff, D., Koke, D., Kopec, A., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., von Krosigk, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Kuger, F., Kurita, N., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Lawes, C., Lee, J., Lehnert, B., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levinson, L., Li, A., Li, I., Li, S., Liang, S., Liang, Z., Lin, J., Lin, Y. -T., Lindemann, S., Linden, S., Lindner, M., Lindote, A., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, K., Loizeau, J., Lombardi, F., Lopes, J. A. M., Lopes, M. I., Lorenzon, W., Loutit, M., Lu, C., Lucchetti, G. M., Luce, T., Luitz, S., Ma, Y., Macolino, C., Mahlstedt, J., Maier, B., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Mancuso, A., Manenti, L., Mannino, R. L., Marignetti, F., Marley, T., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Martens, K., Masbou, J., Masson, E., Mastroianni, S., Maupin, C., McCabe, C., McCarthy, M. E., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J. B., Melchiorre, A., Menéndez, J., Messina, M., Miller, E. H., Milosovic, B., Milutinovic, S., Miuchi, K., Miyata, R., Mizrachi, E., Molinario, A., Monteiro, C. M. B., Monzani, M. E., Morå, K., Moriyama, S., Morrison, E., Morteau, E., Mosbacher, Y., Mount, B. J., Müller, J., Murdy, M., Murphy, A. St. J., Murra, M., Naylor, A., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Newstead, J. L., Nguyen, A., Ni, K., O'Hare, C., Oberlack, U., Obradovic, M., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Orpwood, J., Ostrowskiy, I., Ouahada, S., Oyulmaz, K., Paetsch, B., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Pan, Y., Pandurovic, M., Pannifer, N. J., Paramesvaran, S., Patton, S. J., Pellegrini, Q., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Peres, R., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Piastra, F., Pienaar, J., Piepke, A., Pierre, M., Plante, G., Pollmann, T. R., Principe, L., Qi, J., Qiao, K., Qie, Y., Qin, J., Radeka, S., Radeka, V., Rajado, M., García, D. Ramírez, Ravindran, A., Razeto, A., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Richards, A., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Riyat, H. S., Rosero, R., Roy, A., Rushton, T., Rynders, D., Saakyan, R., Sanchez, L., Sanchez-Lucas, P., Santone, D., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sartorelli, G., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Scaffidi, A., Schnee, R. W., Schreiner, J., Schulte, P., Schulze, H., Eißing, Schumann, M., Schwenck, A., Schwenk, A., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Semeria, F., Shagin, P., Sharma, S., Shaw, S., Shen, W., Sherman, L., Shi, S., Shi, S. Y., Shimada, T., Shutt, T., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Simgen, H., Sinev, G., Singh, R., Siniscalco, J., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Song, Z., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stanley, O., Steidl, M., Stenhouse, T., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Sumner, T. J., Takeda, A., Tan, P. -L., Taylor, D. J., Taylor, W. C., Thers, D., Thümmler, T., Tiedt, D. R., Tönnies, F., Tong, Z., Toschi, F., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Trinchero, G., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Trotta, R., Tunnell, C. D., Urquijo, P., Usón, A., Utoyama, M., Vaitkus, A. C., Valentino, O., Valerius, K., Vecchi, S., Velan, V., Vetter, S., de Viveiros, L., Volta, G., Vorkapic, D., Wang, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Waters, D., Weerman, K. M., Weinheimer, C., Weiss, M., Wenz, D., Whitis, T. J., Wild, K., Williams, M., Wilson, M., Wilson, S. T., Wittweg, C., Wolf, J., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Worcester, M., Wright, C. J., Wu, V. H. S., üstling, S. W, Wurm, M., Xia, Q., Xing, Y., Xu, D., Xu, J., Xu, Y., Xu, Z., Yamashita, M., Yang, L., Ye, J., Yeh, M., Yu, B., Zavattini, G., Zha, W., Zhong, M., and Zuber, K.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: This report describes the experimental strategy and technologies for a next-generation xenon observatory sensitive to dark matter and neutrino physics. The detector will have an active liquid xenon target mass of 60-80 tonnes and is proposed by the XENON-LUX-ZEPLIN-DARWIN (XLZD) collaboration. The design is based on the mature liquid xenon time projection chamber technology of the current-generation experiments, LZ and XENONnT. A baseline design and opportunities for further optimization of the individual detector components are discussed. The experiment envisaged here has the capability to explore parameter space for Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) dark matter down to the neutrino fog, with a 3$\sigma$ evidence potential for the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon cross sections as low as $3\times10^{-49}\rm cm^2$ (at 40 GeV/c$^2$ WIMP mass). The observatory is also projected to have a 3$\sigma$ observation potential of neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe at a half-life of up to $5.7\times 10^{27}$ years. Additionally, it is sensitive to astrophysical neutrinos from the atmosphere, sun, and galactic supernovae., Comment: 32 pages, 14 figures
Published: 2024

17. Coherent Driving of a Single Nitrogen Vacancy Center by a Resonant Magnetic Tunnel Junction

Author: Yan, Gerald Q., McLaughlin, Nathan, Yamamoto, Tatsuya, Li, Senlei, Nozaki, Takayuki, Yuasa, Shinji, Du, Chunhui Rita, and Wang, Hailong
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Abstract: Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers, atomic spin defects in diamond, represent an active contender for advancing transformative quantum information science (QIS) and innovations. One of the major challenges for designing NV-based hybrid systems for QIS applications results from the difficulty of realizing local control of individual NV spin qubits in a scalable and energyefficient way. To address this bottleneck, we introduce magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) devices to establish coherent driving of an NV center by a resonant MTJ with voltage controlled magnetic anisotropy. We show that the oscillating magnetic stray field produced by a resonant micromagnet can be utilized to effectively modify and drive NV spin rotations when the NV frequency matches the corresponding resonance conditions of the MTJ. Our results present a new pathway to achieve all-electric control of an NV spin qubit with reduced power consumption and improved solid-state scalability for implementing cutting-edge QIS technological applications.
Published: 2024

18. CUDLE: Learning Under Label Scarcity to Detect Cannabis Use in Uncontrolled Environments

Author: Azghan, Reza Rahimi, Glodosky, Nicholas C., Sah, Ramesh Kumar, Cuttler, Carrie, McLaughlin, Ryan, Cleveland, Michael J., and Ghasemzadeh, Hassan
Subjects: Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract: Wearable sensor systems have demonstrated a great potential for real-time, objective monitoring of physiological health to support behavioral interventions. However, obtaining accurate labels in free-living environments remains difficult due to limited human supervision and the reliance on self-labeling by patients, making data collection and supervised learning particularly challenging. To address this issue, we introduce CUDLE (Cannabis Use Detection with Label Efficiency), a novel framework that leverages self-supervised learning with real-world wearable sensor data to tackle a pressing healthcare challenge: the automatic detection of cannabis consumption in free-living environments. CUDLE identifies cannabis consumption moments using sensor-derived data through a contrastive learning framework. It first learns robust representations via a self-supervised pretext task with data augmentation. These representations are then fine-tuned in a downstream task with a shallow classifier, enabling CUDLE to outperform traditional supervised methods, especially with limited labeled data. To evaluate our approach, we conducted a clinical study with 20 cannabis users, collecting over 500 hours of wearable sensor data alongside user-reported cannabis use moments through EMA (Ecological Momentary Assessment) methods. Our extensive analysis using the collected data shows that CUDLE achieves a higher accuracy of 73.4%, compared to 71.1% for the supervised approach, with the performance gap widening as the number of labels decreases. Notably, CUDLE not only surpasses the supervised model while using 75% less labels, but also reaches peak performance with far fewer subjects., Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, 1 table
Published: 2024

19. Quantum Closures for Neutrino Moment Transport

Author: Kneller, James P., Froustey, Julien, Grohs, Evan B., Foucart, Francois, McLaughlin, Gail C., and Richers, Sherwood
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Nuclear Theory
Abstract: A computationally efficient method for calculating the transport of neutrino flavor in simulations is to use angular moments of the neutrino one-body reduced density matrix, i.e., `quantum moments'. As with any moment-based radiation transport method, a closure is needed if the infinite tower of moment evolution equations is truncated. We derive a general parameterization of a quantum closure and the limits the parameters must satisfy in order for the closure to be physical. We then derive from multi-angle calculations the evolution of the closure parameters in two test cases which we then progressively insert into a moment evolution code and show how the parameters affect the moment results until the full multi-angle results are reproduced. This parameterization paves the way to setting prescriptions for genuine quantum closures adapted to neutrino transport in a range of situations., Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures
Published: 2024

20. Two-neutrino double electron capture of $^{124}$Xe in the first LUX-ZEPLIN exposure

Author: Aalbers, J., Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Baker, A., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Bargemann, J. W., Barillier, E. E., Beattie, K., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Bishop, E., Blockinger, G. M., Boxer, B., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Buuck, M., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Carter, M., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Chin, Y. T., Chott, N. I., Converse, M. V., Coronel, R., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Curran, D., Dahl, C. E., David, A., Delgaudio, J., Dey, S., de Viveiros, L., Di Felice, L., Ding, C., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Dubey, S., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fearon, N. M., Fieldhouse, N., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T. M. A., Gaitskell, R. J., Geffre, A., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibbons, R., Gokhale, S., Green, J., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Haiston, J. J., Hall, C. R., Han, S., Hartigan-O'Connor, E., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hernandez, M. A., Hertel, S. A., Heuermann, G., Homenides, G. J., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hunt, D., Jacquet, E., James, R. S., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Kannichankandy, M., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kim, J., Kim, Y. D., Kingston, J., Kirk, R., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Lippincott, W. H., Lopes, M. I., Lorenzon, W., Lu, C., Luitz, S., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Maupin, C., McCarthy, M. E., McDowell, G., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., McLaughlin, J. B., McMonigle, R., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murdy, M., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nguyen, A., O'Brien, C. L., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Orpwood, J., Oyulmaz, K. Y, Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Pannifer, N. J., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Piepke, A., Qie, Y., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Ritchey, E., Riyat, H. S., Rosero, R., Rushton, T., Rynders, D., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Sehr, G., Shafer, B., Shaw, S., Shutt, T., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Sinev, G., Siniscalco, J., Smith, R., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tong, Z., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Tripathi, M., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A. C., Valentino, O., Velan, V., Wang, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Weeldreyer, L., Whitis, T. J., Wild, K., Williams, M., Wisniewski, W. J., Wolf, L., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Xia, Q., Xu, J., Xu, Y., Yeh, M., Yeum, D., Zha, W., and Zweig, E. A.
Subjects: Nuclear Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: The broad physics reach of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment covers rare phenomena beyond the direct detection of dark matter. We report precise measurements of the extremely rare decay of $^{124}$Xe through the process of two-neutrino double electron capture (2$\nu$2EC), utilizing a $1.39\,\mathrm{kg} \times \mathrm{yr}$ isotopic exposure from the first LZ science run. A half-life of $T_{1/2}^{2\nu2\mathrm{EC}} = (1.09 \pm 0.14_{\text{stat}} \pm 0.05_{\text{sys}}) \times 10^{22}\,\mathrm{yr}$ is observed with a statistical significance of $8.3\,\sigma$, in agreement with literature. First empirical measurements of the KK capture fraction relative to other K-shell modes were conducted, and demonstrate consistency with respect to recent signal models at the $1.4\,\sigma$ level., Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures
Published: 2024

21. Exploring the Changing Modes of Learning and Teaching in Campus-Based Curricula during and Post-COVID-19

Author: Aisling Keane, Kathyrn McFerran, Blaise Acton, Samantha Taylor, and Declan McLaughlin
Abstract: The rise in technology-rich learning environments is reflective of a global trend in higher education (HE), recently accelerated because of necessary digital teaching and assessment practices embraced during the COVID-19 pandemic. This qualitative study facilitated through focus groups and an interview explores the teaching and learning experiences of tertiary level students in the COVID-19 era. Data from 24 students based within a UK Higher Education Institution highlights how an expanded digital environment can optimise conditions for some students to independently practise and apply what they are learning at their own pace. Digitally enhanced opportunities to interact with teaching staff and learning resources also increased the options for these students to experience themselves as competent members of the HE community. This was particularly relevant for first-year students new to the processes and practices of tertiary education. In contrast, third year students with more experience of HE appeared less reliant on the provision of online learning resources. Participants also identified some potential problems associated with the enhanced flexibility of online teaching and learning resources in relation to students' ability to be self-regulated. This paper rationalises the need for educators and educational and learning developers who teach and undertake scholarship in teaching and learning to consider the sociocultural context of the student and their learning environment when designing teaching activities and curricula. The data presented here highlight the need for a clearly defined framework to underpin the integration of digital technologies with on-campus activities.
Published: 2024

22. Exploring the Professional Identity Development and Leadership Capacities of a Doctor of Occupational Therapy

Author: Sarah Bream and Julie McLaughlin Gray
Abstract: Occupational therapy literature contains little evidence of the added value of clinical doctorate education, the professional identity of a Doctor of Occupational Therapy, or distinctions between master's-prepared and doctorate-prepared occupational therapists. This study is intended to add to the literature base through the systematic and in-depth exploration of the experiences of graduates from a post-professional clinical doctorate program in occupational therapy. The goal of this study was to examine the professional identity transformation experienced by occupational therapists completing a doctorate degree, and to better understand the Doctor of Occupational Therapy identity. The study followed a qualitative descriptive design, including participant focus group interviews and document review. Participants included sixteen recent graduates, two male and fourteen female, of a post-professional doctorate program in occupational therapy. Data analysis revealed recent graduates' perceptions of the leadership characteristics and capacities they developed throughout their learning experiences in the program and contributing to their professional identities as Doctors of Occupational Therapy. Results may have implications for the capacity for leadership within the profession. Further study is warranted to examine the impact of occupational therapy doctoral education on professional identity and capacities.
Published: 2024

23. Design Thinking in Higher Education: Opportunities and Challenges for Decolonized Learning

Author: Danielle Lake, Wen Guo, Elizabeth Chen, and Jacqui McLaughlin
Abstract: This article builds upon current research to understand the value and limitations of teaching and learning design thinking (DT) in higher education. We implemented a mixed-methods study with faculty and students across 23 diverse courses in four higher education institutions in the United States. Findings showed that following structured learning processes, engaging in active listening, and focusing on others' perspectives were the most valued DT practices across disciplines. In contrast, prototyping and experimentation were the least used DT practices, with widely varying understandings across disciplines. Additionally, we found consistent evidence that DT can support liberatory teaching and learning practices that decolonize students' perceptions of power, encourage situated and action-oriented empathy, and provide opportunities for co-creation. This is particularly true when faculty intentionally encourage collaboration and project framing focused on critically analyzing dominant ways of knowing and power structures. Our analysis further revealed the challenges and importance of prototyping and conducting experiments with project partners. Ultimately, this approach can significantly enhance liberatory project outcomes and facilitate decolonized learning experiences. Given our findings, we point out limitations and challenges across current DT pedagogical practices and provide recommendations for integrating DT practices across disciplines in ways that center on issues of systemic oppression, social identity, and humanenvironmental relationships.
Published: 2024

24. A modular platform for bioluminescent RNA tracking.

Author: Halbers, Lila, Cole, Kyle, Ng, Kevin, Fuller, Erin, Chan, Christelle, Callicoatte, Chelsea, Metcalfe, Mariajose, Chen, Claire, Barhoosh, Ahfnan, Reid-McLaughlin, Edison, Kent, Alexandra, Torrey, Zachary, Steward, Oswald, Lupták, Andrej, and Prescher, Jennifer
Subjects: Animals, Humans, RNA, Luminescent Measurements, Luciferases, Mice
Abstract: A complete understanding of RNA biology requires methods for tracking transcripts in vivo. Common strategies rely on fluorogenic probes that are limited in sensitivity, dynamic range, and depth of interrogation, owing to their need for excitation light and tissue autofluorescence. To overcome these challenges, we report a bioluminescent platform for serial imaging of RNAs. The RNA tags are engineered to recruit light-emitting luciferase fragments (termed RNA lanterns) upon transcription. Robust photon production is observed for RNA targets both in cells and in live animals. Importantly, only a single copy of the tag is necessary for sensitive detection, in sharp contrast to fluorescent platforms requiring multiple repeats. Overall, this work provides a foundational platform for visualizing RNA dynamics from the micro to the macro scale.
Published: 2024

25. The persistent DDT footprint of ocean disposal, and ecological controls on bioaccumulation in fishes.

Author: McGill, Lillian, Sleugh, Toni, Petrik, Colleen, Schiff, Kenneth, McLaughlin, Karen, Aluwihare, Lihini, and Semmens, Brice
Subjects: DDT, Fish, marine, sediment, spatiotemporal modeling, DDT, Animals, Fishes, Geologic Sediments, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Ecosystem, Bioaccumulation, California, Oceans and Seas, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: Globally, ocean dumping of chemical waste is a common method of disposal and relies on the assumption that dilution, diffusion, and dispersion at ocean scales will mitigate human exposure and ecosystem impacts. In southern California, extensive dumping of agrochemical waste, particularly chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants such as DDT, via sewage outfalls and permitted offshore barging occurred for most of the last century. This study compiled a database of existing sediment and fish DDT measurements to examine how this unique legacy of regional ocean disposal translates into the contemporary contamination of the coastal ocean. We used spatiotemporal modeling to derive continuous estimates of sediment DDT contamination and show that the spatial signature of disposal (i.e., high loadings near historic dumping sites) is highly conserved in sediments. Moreover, we demonstrate that the proximity of fish to areas of high sediment loadings explained over half of the variation in fish DDT concentrations. The relationship between sediment and fish contamination was mediated by ecological predictors (e.g., species, trophic ecology, habitat use), and the relative influence of each predictor was context-dependent, with habitat exhibiting greater importance in heavily contaminated areas. Thus, despite more than half a century since the cessation of industrial dumping in the region, local ecosystem contamination continues to mirror the spatial legacy of dumping, suggesting that sediment can serve as a robust predictor of fish contamination, and general ecological characteristics offer a predictive framework for unmeasured species or locations.
Published: 2024

26. Modeling the effects of a lightbridge on oscillations in a solar pore

Author: Schiavo, Luiz A. C. A., Gordovskyy, Mykola, Browning, Philippa K., Silva, Suzana S. A., Verth, Gary, Ballai, Istvan, Shelyag, Sergiy, Ruzheinikov, Sergey N., McLaughlin, James A., and Fedun, Viktor
Subjects: Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract: Solar pores are ideal magnetic structures for wave propagation and transport of energy radially-outwards across the upper layers of the solar atmosphere. We aim to model the excitation and propagation of magnetohydrodynamic waves in a pore with a lightbridge modelled as two interacting magnetic flux tubes separated by a thin, weaker field, layer. We solve the three-dimensional MHD equations numerically and calculate the circulation as a measure of net torsional motion. We find that the interaction between flux tubes results in the natural excitation of propagating torsional Alfv\'{e}n waves, but find no torsional waves in the model with a single flux tube. The torsional Alfv\'{e}n waves propagate with wave speeds matching the local Alfv\'en speed where wave amplitude peaks.
Published: 2024
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27. Self-similar solutions of oscillatory reconnection: parameter study of magnetic field strength and background temperature

Author: Schiavo, Luiz A. C. A., Botha, Gert J. J., and McLaughlin, James A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Physics - Plasma Physics, Physics - Space Physics
Abstract: Oscillatory reconnection is a specific type of time-dependent reconnection which involves periodic changes in the magnetic topology of a null point. The mechanism has been reported for a variety of magnetic field strengths and configurations, background temperatures and densities. All these studies report an oscillation in the current density at the null point, but also report a variety of periods, amplitudes and overall behaviors. We conduct a parametric study for equilibrium magnetic field strength and initial background temperature, solving 2D resistive MHD equations around a magnetic X-point. We introduce a parameter space for the ratio of internal-to-magnetic energy and find self-similar solutions for simulations where this ratio is below 0.1 (which represents a magnetically-dominated environment or, equivalently, a low-beta plasma). Self-similarity can be seen in oscillations in the current density at the null (including amplitude and period), Ohmic heating and the temperature generated via reconnection jets. The parameter space of energy ratios also allows us to contextualize previous studies of the oscillatory reconnection mechanism and bring those different studies together into a single unified understanding.
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

28. Sherpa: An Open Source Python Fitting Package

Author: Siemiginowska, Aneta, Burke, Douglas, Günther, Hans Moritz, Lee, Nicholas P., McLaughlin, Warren, Principe, David A., Cheer, Harlan, Fruscione, Antonella, Laurino, Omar, McDowell, Jonathan, and Terrell, Marie
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: We present an overview of Sherpa, an open source Python project, and discuss its development history, broad design concepts and capabilities. Sherpa contains powerful tools for combining parametric models into complex expressions that can be fit to data using a variety of statistics and optimization methods. It is easily extensible to include user-defined models, statistics, and optimization methods. It provides a high-level User Interface for interactive data-analysis, such as within a Jupyter notebook, and it can also be used as a library component, providing fitting and modeling capabilities to an application. We include a few examples of Sherpa applications to multiwavelength astronomical data. The code is available GitHub: https://github.com/sherpa/sherpa, Comment: accepted by the Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 12 pages, 11 figures
Published: 2024

29. Quantum maximum entropy closure for small flavor coherence

Author: Froustey, Julien, Kneller, James P., and McLaughlin, Gail C.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: Quantum angular moment transport schemes are an important avenue toward describing neutrino flavor mixing phenomena in dense astrophysical environments such as supernovae and merging neutron stars. Successful implementation will require new closure relations that go beyond those used in classical transport. In this paper, we derive the first analytic expression for a quantum M1 closure, valid in the limit of small flavor coherence, based on the maximum entropy principle. We verify that the resulting closure relation has the appropriate limits and characteristic speeds in the diffusive and free-streaming regimes. We then use this new closure in a moment linear stability analysis to search for fast flavor instabilities in a binary neutron star merger simulation and find better results as compared with previously designed, ad hoc, semi-classical closures., Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure (Supp. Material: 4 pages, 2 figures)
Published: 2024

30. UnLearning from Experience to Avoid Spurious Correlations

Author: Mitchell, Jeff, del Rincón, Jesús Martínez, and McLaughlin, Niall
Subjects: Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract: While deep neural networks can achieve state-of-the-art performance in many tasks, these models are more fragile than they appear. They are prone to learning spurious correlations in their training data, leading to surprising failure cases. In this paper, we propose a new approach that addresses the issue of spurious correlations: UnLearning from Experience (ULE). Our method is based on using two classification models trained in parallel: student and teacher models. Both models receive the same batches of training data. The student model is trained with no constraints and pursues the spurious correlations in the data. The teacher model is trained to solve the same classification problem while avoiding the mistakes of the student model. As training is done in parallel, the better the student model learns the spurious correlations, the more robust the teacher model becomes. The teacher model uses the gradient of the student's output with respect to its input to unlearn mistakes made by the student. We show that our method is effective on the Waterbirds, CelebA, Spawrious and UrbanCars datasets., Comment: 10 pages
Published: 2024

31. Diffusion-limited settling of highly porous particles in density-stratified fluids

Author: Hunt, Robert, Camassa, Roberto, McLaughlin, Richard M., and Harris, Daniel M.
Subjects: Physics - Fluid Dynamics
Abstract: The vertical transport of solid material in a stratified medium is fundamental to a number of environmental applications, with implications for the carbon cycle and nutrient transport in marine ecosystems. In this work, we study the diffusion-limited settling of highly porous particles in a density-stratified fluid through a combination of experiment, analysis, and numerical simulation. By delineating and appealing to the diffusion-limited regime wherein buoyancy effects due to mass adaptation dominate hydrodynamic drag, we derive a simple expression for the steady settling velocity of a sphere as a function of the density, size, and diffusivity of the solid, as well as the density gradient of the background fluid. In this regime, smaller particles settle faster, in contrast with most conventional hydrodynamic drag mechanisms. Furthermore, we outline a general mathematical framework for computing the steady settling speed of a body of arbitrary shape in this regime and compute exact results for the case of general ellipsoids. Using hydrogels as a highly porous model system, we validate the predictions with laboratory experiments in linear stratification for a wide range of parameters. Lastly, we show how the predictions can be applied to arbitrary slowly varying background density profiles and demonstrate how a measured particle position over time can be used to reconstruct the background density profile.
Published: 2024

32. FUSE (Fusion Synthesis Engine): A Next Generation Framework for Integrated Design of Fusion Pilot Plants

Author: Meneghini, O., Slendebroek, T., Lyons, B. C., McLaughlin, K., McClenaghan, J., Stagner, L., Harvey, J., Neiser, T. F., Ghiozzi, A., Dose, G., Guterl, J., Zalzali, A., Cote, T., Shi, N., Weisberg, D., Smith, S. P., Grierson, B. A., and Candy, J.
Subjects: Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract: The Fusion Synthesis Engine (FUSE) is a state-of-the-art software suite designed to revolutionize fusion power plant design. FUSE integrates first-principle models, machine learning, and reduced models into a unified framework, enabling comprehensive simulations that go beyond traditional 0D systems studies. FUSE's modular structure supports a hierarchy of model fidelities, from steady-state to time-dependent simulations, allowing for both pre-conceptual design and operational scenario development. This framework accelerates the design process by enabling self-consistent solutions across physics, engineering, and control systems, minimizing the need for iterative expert evaluations. Leveraging modern software practices and parallel computing, FUSE also provides multi-objective optimization, balancing cost, efficiency, and operational constraints. Developed in Julia, FUSE is fully open-source under the Apache 2.0 license, promoting transparency and collaboration within the fusion research community.
Published: 2024

33. Benchmarking the design of the cryogenics system for the underground argon in DarkSide-20k

Author: Collaboration, DarkSide-20k, Acerbi, F., Adhikari, P., Agnes, P., Ahmad, I., Albergo, S., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Alexander, T., Alton, A. K., Amaudruz, P., Angiolilli, M., Aprile, E., Ardito, R., Corona, M. Atzori, Auty, D. J., Ave, M., Avetisov, I. C., Azzolini, O., Back, H. O., Balmforth, Z., Olmedo, A. Barrado, Barrillon, P., Batignani, G., Bhowmick, P., Blua, S., Bocci, V., Bonivento, W., Bottino, B., Boulay, M. G., Buchowicz, A., Bussino, S., Busto, J., Cadeddu, M., Cadoni, M., Calabrese, R., Camillo, V., Caminata, A., Canci, N., Capra, A., Caravati, M., Cárdenas-Montes, M., Cargioli, N., Carlini, M., Castellani, A., Castello, P., Cavalcante, P., Cebrian, S., Ruiz, J. Cela, Chashin, S., Chepurnov, A., Cifarelli, L., Cintas, D., Citterio, M., Cleveland, B., Coadou, Y., Cocco, V., Colaiuda, D., Vilda, E. Conde, Consiglio, L., Costa, B. S., Czubak, M., D'Aniello, M., D'Auria, S., Rolo, M. D. Da Rocha, Darbo, G., Davini, S., De Cecco, S., De Guido, G., Dellacasa, G., Derbin, A. V., Devoto, A., Di Capua, F., Di Ludovico, A., Di Noto, L., Di Stefano, P., Dias, L. K., Mairena, D. Díaz, Ding, X., Dionisi, C., Dolganov, G., Dordei, F., Dronik, V., Elersich, A., Ellingwood, E., Erjavec, T., Diaz, M. Fernandez, Ficorella, A., Fiorillo, G., Franchini, P., Franco, D., Gatti, H. Frandini, Frolov, E., Gabriele, F., Gahan, D., Galbiati, C., Galiński, G., Gallina, G., Gallus, G., Garbini, M., Abia, P. Garcia, Gawdzik, A., Gendotti, A., Ghisi, A., Giovanetti, G. K., Casanueva, V. Goicoechea, Gola, A., Grandi, L., Grauso, G., di Cortona, G. Grilli, Grobov, A., Gromov, M., Guerzoni, M., Gulino, M., Guo, C., Hackett, B. R., Hallin, A., Hamer, A., Haranczyk, M., Harrop, B., Hessel, T., Hill, S., Horikawa, S., Hu, J., Hubaut, F., Hucker, J., Hugues, T., Hungerford, E. V., Ianni, A., Ippolito, V., Jamil, A., Jillings, C., Jois, S., Kachru, P., Keloth, R., Kemmerich, N., Kemp, A., Kendziora, C. L., Kimura, M., Kish, A., Kondo, K., Korga, G., Kotsiopoulou, L., Koulosousas, S., Kubankin, A., Kunzé, P., Kuss, M., Kuźniak, M., Kuzwa, M., La Commara, M., Lai, M., Guirriec, E. Le, Leason, E., Leoni, A., Lidey, L., Lissia, M., Luzzi, L., Lychagina, O., Macfadyen, O., Machulin, I. N., Manecki, S., Manthos, I., Mapelli, L., Marasciulli, A., Mari, S. M., Mariani, C., Maricic, J., Martinez, M., Martoff, C. J., Matteucci, G., Mavrokoridis, K., McDonald, A. B., Mclaughlin, J., Merzi, S., Messina, A., Milincic, R., Minutoli, S., Mitra, A., Moharana, A., Moioli, S., Monroe, J., Moretti, E., Morrocchi, M., Mroz, T., Muratova, V. N., Murphy, M., Murra, M., Muscas, C., Musico, P., Nania, R., Nessi, M., Nieradka, G., Nikolopoulos, K., Nikoloudaki, E., Nowak, J., Olchanski, K., Oleinik, A., Oleynikov, V., Organtini, P., de Solórzano, A. Ortiz, Pallavicini, M., Pandola, L., Pantic, E., Paoloni, E., Papi, D., Pastuszak, G., Paternoster, G., Peck, A., Pegoraro, P. A., Pelczar, K., Pellegrini, L. A., Perez, R., Perotti, F., Pesudo, V., Piacentini, S. I., Pino, N., Plante, G., Pocar, A., Poehlmann, M., Pordes, S., Pralavorio, P., Price, D., Puglia, S., Bazetto, M. Queiroga, Ragusa, F., Ramachers, Y., Ramirez, A., Ravinthiran, S., Razeti, M., Renshaw, A. L., Rescigno, M., Retiere, F., Rignanese, L. P., Rivetti, A., Roberts, A., Roberts, C., Rogers, G., Romero, L., Rossi, M., Rubbia, A., Rudik, D., Sabia, M., Salomone, P., Samoylov, O., Sandford, E., Sanfilippo, S., Santone, D., Santorelli, R., Santos, E. M., Savarese, C., Scapparone, E., Schillaci, G., Schuckman II, F. G., Scioli, G., Semenov, D. A., Shalamova, V., Sheshukov, A., Simeone, M., Skensved, P., Skorokhvatov, M. D., Smirnov, O., Smirnova, T., Smith, B., Sotnikov, A., Spadoni, F., Spangenberg, M., Stefanizzi, R., Steri, A., Stornelli, V., Stracka, S., Sulis, S., Sung, A., Sunny, C., Suvorov, Y., Szelc, A. M., Taborda, O., Tartaglia, R., Taylor, A., Taylor, J., Tedesco, S., Testera, G., Thieme, K., Thompson, A., Thorpe, T. N., Tonazzo, A., Torres-Lara, S., Tricomi, A., Unzhakov, E. V., Vallivilayil, T. J., Van Uffelen, M., Velazquez-Fernandez, L., Viant, T., Viel, S., Vishneva, A., Vogelaar, R. B., Vossebeld, J., Vyas, B., Wada, M., Walczak, M. B., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Westerdale, S., Williams, L., Wojaczyński, R., Wojcik, M., Wojcik, M. M., Wright, T., Xiao, X., Xie, Y., Yang, C., Yin, J., Zabihi, A., Zakhary, P., Zani, A., Zhang, Y., Zhu, T., Zichichi, A., Zuzel, G., and Zykova, M. P.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: DarkSide-20k (DS-20k) is a dark matter detection experiment under construction at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) in Italy. It utilises ~100 t of low radioactivity argon from an underground source (UAr) in its inner detector, with half serving as target in a dual-phase time projection chamber (TPC). The UAr cryogenics system must maintain stable thermodynamic conditions throughout the experiment's lifetime of >10 years. Continuous removal of impurities and radon from the UAr is essential for maximising signal yield and mitigating background. We are developing an efficient and powerful cryogenics system with a gas purification loop with a target circulation rate of 1000 slpm. Central to its design is a condenser operated with liquid nitrogen which is paired with a gas heat exchanger cascade, delivering a combined cooling power of >8 kW. Here we present the design choices in view of the DS-20k requirements, in particular the condenser's working principle and the cooling control, and we show test results obtained with a dedicated benchmarking platform at CERN and LNGS. We find that the thermal efficiency of the recirculation loop, defined in terms of nitrogen consumption per argon flow rate, is 95 % and the pressure in the test cryostat can be maintained within $\pm$(0.1-0.2) mbar. We further detail a 5-day cool-down procedure of the test cryostat, maintaining a cooling rate typically within -2 K/h, as required for the DS-20k inner detector. Additionally, we assess the circuit's flow resistance, and the heat transfer capabilities of two heat exchanger geometries for argon phase change, used to provide gas for recirculation. We conclude by discussing how our findings influence the finalisation of the system design, including necessary modifications to meet requirements and ongoing testing activities., Comment: 45 pages, 24 figures
Published: 2024

34. The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Running of the Spectral Index

Author: Agazie, Gabriella, Anumarlapudi, Akash, Archibald, Anne M., Arzoumanian, Zaven, Baier, Jeremy George, Baker, Paul T., Bécsy, Bence, Blecha, Laura, Brazier, Adam, Brook, Paul R., Burke-Spolaor, Sarah, Casey-Clyde, J. Andrew, Charisi, Maria, Chatterjee, Shami, Cohen, Tyler, Cordes, James M., Cornish, Neil J., Crawford, Fronefield, Cromartie, H. Thankful, Crowter, Kathryn, DeCesar, Megan E., Demorest, Paul B., Deng, Heling, Dey, Lankeswar, Dolch, Timothy, Esmyol, David, Ferrara, Elizabeth C., Fiore, William, Fonseca, Emmanuel, Freedman, Gabriel E., Gardiner, Emiko C., Garver-Daniels, Nate, Gentile, Peter A., Gersbach, Kyle A., Glaser, Joseph, Good, Deborah C., Gültekin, Kayhan, Hazboun, Jeffrey S., Jennings, Ross J., Johnson, Aaron D., Jones, Megan L., Kaplan, David L., Kelley, Luke Zoltan, Kerr, Matthew, Key, Joey S., Laal, Nima, Lam, Michael T., Lamb, William G., Larsen, Bjorn, Lazio, T. Joseph W., Lewandowska, Natalia, Santos, Rafael R. Lino dos, Liu, Tingting, Lorimer, Duncan R., Luo, Jing, Lynch, Ryan S., Ma, Chung-Pei, Madison, Dustin R., McEwen, Alexander, McKee, James W., McLaughlin, Maura A., McMann, Natasha, Meyers, Bradley W., Meyers, Patrick M., Mingarelli, Chiara M. F., Mitridate, Andrea, Ng, Cherry, Nice, David J., Ocker, Stella Koch, Olum, Ken D., Pennucci, Timothy T., Perera, Benetge B. P., Pol, Nihan S., Radovan, Henri A., Ransom, Scott M., Ray, Paul S., Romano, Joseph D., Runnoe, Jessie C., Saffer, Alexander, Sardesai, Shashwat C., Schmiedekamp, Ann, Schmiedekamp, Carl, Schmitz, Kai, Schröder, Tobias, Shapiro-Albert, Brent J., Siemens, Xavier, Simon, Joseph, Siwek, Magdalena S., Fiscella, Sophia V. Sosa, Stairs, Ingrid H., Stinebring, Daniel R., Stovall, Kevin, Susobhanan, Abhimanyu, Swiggum, Joseph K., Taylor, Stephen R., Turner, Jacob E., Unal, Caner, Vallisneri, Michele, van Haasteren, Rutger, Vigeland, Sarah J., von Eckardstein, Richard, Wahl, Haley M., Witt, Caitlin A., Wright, David, and Young, Olivia
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract: The NANOGrav 15-year data provides compelling evidence for a stochastic gravitational-wave (GW) background at nanohertz frequencies. The simplest model-independent approach to characterizing the frequency spectrum of this signal consists in a simple power-law fit involving two parameters: an amplitude A and a spectral index \gamma. In this paper, we consider the next logical step beyond this minimal spectral model, allowing for a running (i.e., logarithmic frequency dependence) of the spectral index, \gamma_run(f) = \gamma + \beta \ln(f/f_ref). We fit this running-power-law (RPL) model to the NANOGrav 15-year data and perform a Bayesian model comparison with the minimal constant-power-law (CPL) model, which results in a 95% credible interval for the parameter \beta consistent with no running, \beta \in [-0.80,2.96], and an inconclusive Bayes factor, B(RPL vs. CPL) = 0.69 +- 0.01. We thus conclude that, at present, the minimal CPL model still suffices to adequately describe the NANOGrav signal; however, future data sets may well lead to a measurement of nonzero \beta. Finally, we interpret the RPL model as a description of primordial GWs generated during cosmic inflation, which allows us to combine our results with upper limits from big-bang nucleosynthesis, the cosmic microwave background, and LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA., Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables
Published: 2024

35. RAVE Checklist: Recommendations for Overcoming Challenges in Retrospective Safety Studies of Automated Driving Systems

Author: Scanlon, John M., Teoh, Eric R., Kidd, David G., Kusano, Kristofer D., Bärgman, Jonas, Chi-Johnston, Geoffrey, Di Lillo, Luigi, Favaro, Francesca, Flannagan, Carol, Liers, Henrik, Lin, Bonnie, Lindman, Magdalena, McLaughlin, Shane, Perez, Miguel, and Victor, Trent
Subjects: Computer Science - Robotics
Abstract: The public, regulators, and domain experts alike seek to understand the effect of deployed SAE level 4 automated driving system (ADS) technologies on safety. The recent expansion of ADS technology deployments is paving the way for early stage safety impact evaluations, whereby the observational data from both an ADS and a representative benchmark fleet are compared to quantify safety performance. In January 2024, a working group of experts across academia, insurance, and industry came together in Washington, DC to discuss the current and future challenges in performing such evaluations. A subset of this working group then met, virtually, on multiple occasions to produce this paper. This paper presents the RAVE (Retrospective Automated Vehicle Evaluation) checklist, a set of fifteen recommendations for performing and evaluating retrospective ADS performance comparisons. The recommendations are centered around the concepts of (1) quality and validity, (2) transparency, and (3) interpretation. Over time, it is anticipated there will be a large and varied body of work evaluating the observed performance of these ADS fleets. Establishing and promoting good scientific practices benefits the work of stakeholders, many of whom may not be subject matter experts. This working group's intentions are to: i) strengthen individual research studies and ii) make the at-large community more informed on how to evaluate this collective body of work.
Published: 2024

36. Kilonova Emissions from Neutron Star Merger Remnants: Implications for Nuclear Equation of State

Author: Lund, Kelsey A., Somasundaram, Rahul, McLaughlin, Gail C., Miller, Jonah M., Mumpower, Matthew R., and Tews, Ingo
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Nuclear Theory
Abstract: Multi-messenger observation of binary neutron-star mergers can provide valuable information on the nuclear equation of state (EoS). Here, we investigate to which extent electromagnetic observations of the associated kilonovae allow us to place constraints on the EoS. For this, we use state-of-the-art three-dimensional general-relativistic magneto-hydrodynamics simulations and detailed nucleosynthesis modeling to connect properties of observed light curves to properties of the accretion disk, and hence, the EoS. Using our general approach, we use multi-messenger observations of GW170817/AT2017gfo to study the impact of various sources of uncertainty on inferences of the EoS. We constrain the radius of a $\rm{1.4 M_\odot}$ neutron star to lie within $\rm{10.19\leq R_{1.4}\leq 13.0}$~km and the maximum mass to be $\rm{M_{TOV}\leq 3.06 M_\odot}$., Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures. Comments welcome!
Published: 2024

37. CLVR Ordering of Transactions on AMMs

Author: McLaughlin, Robert, Chemaya, Nir, Liu, Dingyue, and Malkhi, Dahlia
Subjects: Computer Science - Computer Science and Game Theory, Quantitative Finance - Mathematical Finance, Quantitative Finance - Trading and Market Microstructure
Abstract: Trading on decentralized exchanges via an Automated Market Maker (AMM) mechanism has been massively adopted, with a daily trading volume reaching $1B. This trading method has also received close attention from researchers, central banks, and financial firms, who have the potential to adopt it to traditional financial markets such as foreign exchanges and stock markets. A critical challenge of AMM-powered trading is that transaction order has high financial value, so a policy or method to order transactions in a "good" (optimal) manner is vital. We offer economic measures of both price stability (low volatility) and inequality that inform how a "social planner" should pick an optimal ordering. We show that there is a trade-off between achieving price stability and reducing inequality, and that policymakers must choose which to prioritize. In addition, picking the optimal order can often be costly, especially when performing an exhaustive search over trade orderings (permutations). As an alternative we provide a simple algorithm, Clever Look-ahead Volatility Reduction (CLVR). This algorithm constructs an ordering which approximately minimizes price volatility with a small computation cost. We also provide insight into the strategy changes that may occur if traders are subject to this sequencing algorithm.
Published: 2024

38. The NANOGrav 15 yr data set: Posterior predictive checks for gravitational-wave detection with pulsar timing arrays

Author: Agazie, Gabriella, Anumarlapudi, Akash, Archibald, Anne M., Arzoumanian, Zaven, Baier, Jeremy George, Baker, Paul T., Bécsy, Bence, Blecha, Laura, Brazier, Adam, Brook, Paul R., Burke-Spolaor, Sarah, Casey-Clyde, J. Andrew, Charisi, Maria, Chatterjee, Shami, Chatziioannou, Katerina, Cohen, Tyler, Cordes, James M., Cornish, Neil J., Crawford, Fronefield, Cromartie, H. Thankful, Crowter, Kathryn, DeCesar, Megan E., Demorest, Paul B., Deng, Heling, Dey, Lankeswar, Dolch, Timothy, Ferrara, Elizabeth C., Fiore, William, Fonseca, Emmanuel, Freedman, Gabriel E., Gardiner, Emiko C., Garver-Daniels, Nate, Gentile, Peter A., Gersbach, Kyle A., Glaser, Joseph, Good, Deborah C., Gültekin, Kayhan, Hazboun, Jeffrey S., Jennings, Ross J., Johnson, Aaron D., Jones, Megan L., Kaiser, Andrew R., Kaplan, David L., Kelley, Luke Zoltan, Kerr, Matthew, Key, Joey S., Laal, Nima, Lam, Michael T., Lamb, William G., Larsen, Bjorn, Lazio, T. Joseph W., Lewandowska, Natalia, Liu, Tingting, Lorimer, Duncan R., Luo, Jing, Lynch, Ryan S., Ma, Chung-Pei, Madison, Dustin R., McEwen, Alexander, McKee, James W., McLaughlin, Maura A., McMann, Natasha, Meyers, Bradley W., Meyers, Patrick M., Mingarelli, Chiara M. F., Mitridate, Andrea, Ng, Cherry, Nice, David J., Ocker, Stella Koch, Olum, Ken D., Pennucci, Timothy T., Perera, Benetge B. P., Pol, Nihan S., Radovan, Henri A., Ransom, Scott M., Ray, Paul S., Romano, Joseph D., Runnoe, Jessie C., Saffer, Alexander, Sardesai, Shashwat C., Schmiedekamp, Ann, Schmiedekamp, Carl, Schmitz, Kai, Shapiro-Albert, Brent J., Siemens, Xavier, Simon, Joseph, Siwek, Magdalena S., Fiscella, Sophia V. Sosa, Stairs, Ingrid H., Stinebring, Daniel R., Stovall, Kevin, Susobhanan, Abhimanyu, Swiggum, Joseph K., Taylor, Stephen R., Turner, Jacob E., Unal, Caner, Vallisneri, Michele, Vigeland, Sarah J., Wahl, Haley M., Witt, Caitlin A., Wright, David, and Young, Olivia
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract: Pulsar-timing-array experiments have reported evidence for a stochastic background of nanohertz gravitational waves consistent with the signal expected from a population of supermassive--black-hole binaries. Those analyses assume power-law spectra for intrinsic pulsar noise and for the background, as well as a Hellings--Downs cross-correlation pattern among the gravitational-wave--induced residuals across pulsars. These assumptions are idealizations that may not be realized in actuality. We test them in the NANOGrav 15 yr data set using Bayesian posterior predictive checks: after fitting our fiducial model to real data, we generate a population of simulated data-set replications, and use them to assess whether the optimal-statistic significance, inter-pulsar correlations, and spectral coefficients assume extreme values for the real data when compared to the replications. We confirm that the NANOGrav 15 yr data set is consistent with power-law and Hellings--Downs assumptions. We also evaluate the evidence for the stochastic background using posterior-predictive versions of the frequentist optimal statistic and of Bayesian model comparison, and find comparable significance (3.2\ $\sigma$ and 3\ $\sigma$ respectively) to what was previously reported for the standard statistics. We conclude with novel visualizations of the reconstructed gravitational waveforms that enter the residuals for each pulsar. Our analysis strengthens confidence in the identification and characterization of the gravitational-wave background as reported by NANOGrav., Comment: 20 pages, 14 Figures
Published: 2024

39. Improving Pulsar Timing Precision with Single Pulse Fluence Clustering

Author: Fiscella, Sofia V. Sosa, Lam, Michael T., and McLaughlin, Maura A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: Traditional pulsar timing techniques involve averaging large numbers of single pulses to obtain a high signal-to-noise (S/N) profile, which is matched to a template to measure a time of arrival (TOA). However, the morphology of individual single pulses varies greatly due to pulse jitter. Pulses of different fluence contribute differently to the S/N of the pulse average. Our study proposes a method that accounts for these variations by identifying a range of states and timing each separately. We selected two 1-hour observations of PSR J2145-0750, each in a different frequency band with the Green Bank Telescope. We normalized the pulse amplitudes to account for scintillation effects and probed different excision algorithms to reduce radio-frequency interference. We then measured four pulse parameters (amplitude, position, width, and energy) to classify the single pulses using automated clustering algorithms. For each cluster, we calculated an average pulse profile and template and used both to obtain a TOA and TOA error. Finally, we computed the weighted average TOA and TOA error, the latter as a metric of the total timing precision for the epoch. The TOA is shifted relative to the one obtained without clustering, and we can estimate the shift with this weighting using the same data. For the 820 MHz and 1400 MHz bands, we obtained TOA uncertainties of 0.057 microseconds and 0.46 microseconds, compared to 0.066 microseconds and 0.74 microseconds when no clustering is applied. We conclude that tailoring this method could help improve the timing precision for certain bright pulsars in NANOGrav's dataset.
Published: 2024

40. A Statistical Analysis of Crab Pulsar Giant Pulse Rates

Author: Doskoch, Graham M., Basuroski, Andrea, Halley, Kriisa, Sookram, Avinash, Rodriguez-Ramos, Iliomar, Nahata, Valmik, Rahman, Zahi, Zhang, Maureen, Uhlmann, Ashish, Lynch, Abby, Lewandowska, Natalia, Miranda, Nohely, Schmiedekamp, Ann, Schmiedekamp, Carl, McLaughlin, Maura A., Reichart, Daniel E., Haislip, Joshua B., Kouprianov, Vladimir V., White, Steve, Ghigo, Frank, and Heatherly, Sue Ann
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: A small number of pulsars are known to emit giant pulses, single pulses much brighter than average. Among these is PSR J0534+2200, also known as the Crab pulsar, a young pulsar with high giant pulse rates. Long-term monitoring of the Crab pulsar presents an excellent opportunity to perform statistical studies of its giant pulses and the processes affecting them, potentially providing insight into the behavior of other neutron stars that emit bright single pulses. Here, we present an analysis of a set of 24,985 Crab giant pulses obtained from 88 hours of daily observations at a center frequency of 1.55 GHz by the 20-meter telescope at the Green Bank Observatory, spread over 461 days. We study the effects of refractive scintillation at higher frequencies than previous studies and compare methods of correcting for this effect. We also search for deterministic patterns seen in other single-pulse sources, possible periodicities seen in several rotating radio transients and fast radio bursts, and clustering of giant pulses like that seen in the repeating fast radio burst FRB121102., Comment: 21 pages, 14 figures, accepted to ApJ
Published: 2024
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41. 3D-printed axicon enables extended depth-of-focus intravascular optical coherence tomography

Author: Ruchka, Pavel, Kushwaha, Alok, Marathe, Jessica A., Xiang, Lei, Chen, Rouyan, Kirk, Rodney, Tan, Joanne T. M., Bursill, Christina A., Verjans, Johan, Thiele, Simon, Fitridge, Robert, McLaughlin, Robert A., Psaltis, Peter J., Giessen, Harald, and Li, Jiawen
Subjects: Physics - Optics, Physics - Biological Physics, Physics - Medical Physics
Abstract: A fundamental challenge in endoscopy is how to fabricate a small fiber-optic probe that can achieve comparable function to probes with large, complicated optics (e.g., high resolution and extended depth of focus). To achieve high resolution over an extended depth of focus (DOF), the application of needle-like beams has been proposed. However, existing methods using miniaturized needle beam designs fail to adequately correct astigmatism and other monochromatic aberrations, limiting the resolution of at least one axis. Here, we describe a novel approach to realize freeform beam-shaping endoscopic probes via two-photon direct laser writing, also known as micro 3D-printing. We present a design achieving approximately 8-micron resolution with a DOF of >0.8 mm at a central wavelength of 1310 nm. The probe has a diameter of 0.25 mm (without the catheter sheaths) and is fabricated using a single printing step directly on the optical fiber. We demonstrate our device in intravascular imaging of living atherosclerotic pigs at multiple time points, as well as human arteries with plaques ex vivo. This is the first step to enable beam-tailoring endoscopic probes which achieve diffraction-limited resolution over a large DOF.
Published: 2024

42. DarkSide-20k sensitivity to light dark matter particles

Author: Collaboration, DarkSide-20k, Acerbi, F., Adhikari, P., Agnes, P., Ahmad, I., Albergo, S., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Alexander, T., Alton, A. K., Amaudruz, P., Angiolilli, M., Aprile, E., Ardito, R., Corona, M. Atzori, Auty, D. J., Ave, M., Avetisov, I. C., Azzolini, O., Back, H. O., Balmforth, Z., Olmedo, A. Barrado, Barrillon, P., Batignani, G., Bhowmick, P., Blua, S., Bocci, V., Bonivento, W., Bottino, B., Boulay, M. G., Buchowicz, A., Bussino, S., Busto, J., Cadeddu, M., Cadoni, M., Calabrese, R., Camillo, V., Caminata, A., Canci, N., Capra, A., Caravati, M., Cárdenas-Montes, M., Cargioli, N., Carlini, M., Castellani, A., Castello, P., Cavalcante, P., Cebrian, S., Ruiz, J. M. Cela, Chashin, S., Chepurnov, A., Cifarelli, L., Cintas, D., Citterio, M., Cleveland, B., Coadou, Y., Cocco, V., Colaiuda, D., Vilda, E. Conde, Consiglio, L., Costa, B. S., Czubak, M., D'Aniello, M., D'Auria, S., Rolo, M. D. Da Rocha, Darbo, G., Davini, S., De Cecco, S., De Guido, G., Dellacasa, G., Derbin, A. V., Devoto, A., Di Capua, F., Di Ludovico, A., Di Noto, L., Di Stefano, P., Dias, L. K., Mairena, D. Díaz, Ding, X., Dionisi, C., Dolganov, G., Dordei, F., Dronik, V., Elersich, A., Ellingwood, E., Erjavec, T., Diaz, M. Fernandez, Ficorella, A., Fiorillo, G., Franchini, P., Franco, D., Gatti, H. Frandini, Frolov, E., Gabriele, F., Gahan, D., Galbiati, C., Galiński, G., Gallina, G., Gallus, G., Garbini, M., Abia, P. Garcia, Gawdzik, A., Gendotti, A., Ghisi, A., Giovanetti, G. K., Casanueva, V. Goicoechea, Gola, A., Grandi, L., Grauso, G., di Cortona, G. Grilli, Grobov, A., Gromov, M., Guerzoni, M., Gulino, M., Guo, C., Hackett, B. R., Hallin, A., Hamer, A., Haranczyk, M., Harrop, B., Hessel, T., Hill, S., Horikawa, S., Hu, J., Hubaut, F., Hucker, J., Hugues, T., Hungerford, E. V., Ianni, A., Ippolito, V., Jamil, A., Jillings, C., Jois, S., Kachru, P., Keloth, R., Kemmerich, N., Kemp, A., Kendziora, C. L., Kimura, M., Kondo, K., Korga, G., Kotsiopoulou, L., Koulosousas, S., Kubankin, A., Kunzé, P., Kuss, M., Kuźniak, M., Kuzwa, M., La Commara, M., Lai, M., Guirriec, E. Le, Leason, E., Leoni, A., Lidey, L., Lissia, M., Luzzi, L., Lychagina, O., Macfadyen, O., Machulin, I. N., Manecki, S., Manthos, I., Mapelli, L., Marasciulli, A., Mari, S. M., Mariani, C., Maricic, J., Martinez, M., Martoff, C. J., Matteucci, G., Mavrokoridis, K., McDonald, A. B., Mclaughlin, J., Merzi, S., Messina, A., Milincic, R., Minutoli, S., Mitra, A., Moioli, S., Monroe, J., Moretti, E., Morrocchi, M., Mroz, T., Muratova, V. N., Murphy, M., Murra, M., Muscas, C., Musico, P., Nania, R., Nessi, M., Nieradka, G., Nikolopoulos, K., Nikoloudaki, E., Nowak, J., Olchanski, K., Oleinik, A., Oleynikov, V., Organtini, P., de Solórzano, A. Ortiz, Pallavicini, M., Pandola, L., Pantic, E., Paoloni, E., Papi, D., Pastuszak, G., Paternoster, G., Peck, A., Pegoraro, P. A., Pelczar, K., Pellegrini, L. A., Perez, R., Perotti, F., Pesudo, V., Piacentini, S. I., Pino, N., Plante, G., Pocar, A., Poehlmann, M., Pordes, S., Pralavorio, P., Price, D., Puglia, S., Bazetto, M. Queiroga, Ragusa, F., Ramachers, Y., Ramirez, A., Ravinthiran, S., Razeti, M., Renshaw, A. L., Rescigno, M., Retiere, F., Rignanese, L. P., Rivetti, A., Roberts, A., Roberts, C., Rogers, G., Romero, L., Rossi, M., Rubbia, A., Rudik, D., Sabia, M., Salomone, P., Samoylov, O., Sandford, E., Sanfilippo, S., Santone, D., Santorelli, R., Santos, E. M., Savarese, C., Scapparone, E., Schillaci, G., Schuckman II, F. G., Scioli, G., Semenov, D. A., Shalamova, V., Sheshukov, A., Simeone, M., Skensved, P., Skorokhvatov, M. D., Smirnov, O., Smirnova, T., Smith, B., Sotnikov, A., Spadoni, F., Spangenberg, M., Stefanizzi, R., Steri, A., Stornelli, V., Stracka, S., Sulis, S., Sung, A., Sunny, C., Suvorov, Y., Szelc, A. M., Taborda, O., Tartaglia, R., Taylor, A., Taylor, J., Tedesco, S., Testera, G., Thieme, K., Thompson, A., Tonazzo, A., Torres-Lara, S., Tricomi, A., Unzhakov, E. V., Vallivilayil, T. J., Van Uffelen, M., Velazquez-Fernandez, L., Viant, T., Viel, S., Vishneva, A., Vogelaar, R. B., Vossebeld, J., Vyas, B., Walczak, M. B., Wang, Y., Wang, H., Westerdale, S., Williams, L., Wojaczyński, R., Wojcik, M., Wojcik, M. M., Wright, T., Xie, Y., Yang, C., Yin, J., Zabihi, A., Zakhary, P., Zani, A., Zhang, Y., Zhu, T., Zichichi, A., Zuzel, G., and Zykova, M. P.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The dual-phase liquid argon time projection chamber is presently one of the leading technologies to search for dark matter particles with masses below 10 GeV/c$^2$. This was demonstrated by the DarkSide-50 experiment with approximately 50 kg of low-radioactivity liquid argon as target material. The next generation experiment DarkSide-20k, currently under construction, will use 1,000 times more argon and is expected to start operation in 2027. Based on the DarkSide-50 experience, here we assess the DarkSide-20k sensitivity to models predicting light dark matter particles, including Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) and sub-GeV/c$^2$ particles interacting with electrons in argon atoms. With one year of data, a sensitivity improvement to dark matter interaction cross-sections by at least one order of magnitude with respect to DarkSide-50 is expected for all these models. A sensitivity to WIMP--nucleon interaction cross-sections below $1\times10^{-42}$ cm$^2$ is achievable for WIMP masses above 800 MeV/c$^2$. With 10 years exposure, the neutrino fog can be reached for WIMP masses around 5 GeV/c$^2$., Comment: submitted to Nature Communications
Published: 2024

43. The Anomalous Acceleration of PSR J2043+1711: Long-Period Orbital Companion or Stellar Flyby?

Author: Donlon II, Thomas, Chakrabarti, Sukanya, Lam, Michael T., Huber, Daniel, Hey, Daniel, Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico, Shappee, Benjamin, Kaplan, David L., Agazie, Gabriella, Anumarlapudi, Akash, Archibald, Anne M., Arzoumanian, Zaven, Baker, Paul T., Brook, Paul R., Cromartie, H. Thankful, Crowter, Kathryn, DeCesar, Megan E., Demorest, Paul B., Dolch, Timothy, Ferrara, Elizabeth C., Fiore, William, Fonseca, Emmanuel, Freedman, Gabriel E., Garver-Daniels, Nate, Gentile, Peter A., Glaser, Joseph, Good, Deborah C., Hazboun, Jeffrey S., Huber, Mark, Jennings, Ross J., Jones, Megan L., Kerr, Matthew, Lorimer, Duncan R., Luo, Jing, Lynch, Ryan S., McEwen, Alexander, McLaughlin, Maura A., McMann, Natasha, Meyers, Bradley W., Ng, Cherry, Nice, David J., Pennucci, Timothy T., Perera, Benetge B. P., Pol, Nihan S., Radovan, Henri A., Ransom, Scott M., Ray, Paul S., Schmiedekamp, Ann, Schmiedekamp, Carl, Shapiro-Albert, Brent J., Stairs, Ingrid H., Stovall, Kevin, Susobhanan, Abhimanyu, Swiggum, Joseph K., Tucker, Michael A., and Wahl, Haley M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: Based on the rate of change of its orbital period, PSR J2043+1711 has a substantial peculiar acceleration of 3.5 $\pm$ 0.8 mm/s/yr, which deviates from the acceleration predicted by equilibrium Milky Way models at a $4\sigma$ level. The magnitude of the peculiar acceleration is too large to be explained by disequilibrium effects of the Milky Way interacting with orbiting dwarf galaxies ($\sim$1 mm/s/yr), and too small to be caused by period variations due to the pulsar being a redback. We identify and examine two plausible causes for the anomalous acceleration: a stellar flyby, and a long-period orbital companion. We identify a main-sequence star in \textit{Gaia} DR3 and Pan-STARRS DR2 with the correct mass, distance, and on-sky position to potentially explain the observed peculiar acceleration. However, the star and the pulsar system have substantially different proper motions, indicating that they are not gravitationally bound. However, it is possible that this is an unrelated star that just happens to be located near J2043+1711 along our line of sight (chance probability of 1.6\%). Therefore, we also constrain possible orbital parameters for a circumbinary companion in a hierarchical triple system with J2043+1711; the changes in the spindown rate of the pulsar are consistent with an outer object that has an orbital period of 80 kyr, a companion mass of 0.3 $M_\odot$ (indicative of a white dwarf or low-mass star), and a semi-major axis of 2000 AU. Continued timing and/or future faint optical observations of J2043+1711 may eventually allow us to differentiate between these scenarios.
Published: 2024

44. Probing the Scalar WIMP-Pion Coupling with the first LUX-ZEPLIN data

Author: Aalbers, J., Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Baker, A., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Barillier, E. E., Bargemann, J. W., Beattie, K., Benson, T., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Bishop, E. J., Blockinger, G. M., Boxer, B., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Buuck, M., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Carter, M., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Cherwinka, J. J., Chin, Y. T., Chott, N. I., Converse, M. V., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Curran, D., Dahl, C. E., David, A., Delgaudio, J., Dey, S., deViveiros, L., DiFelice, L., Ding, C., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fearon, N. M., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T. M. A., Gaitskell, R. J., Geffre, A., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibbons, R., Gokhale, S., Green, J., vanderGrinten, M. G. D., Haiston, J. J., Hall, C. R., Han, S., Hartigan-O'Connor, E., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hernandez, M. A., Hertel, S. A., Heuermann, G., Homenides, G. J., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hunt, D., Jacquet, E., James, R. S., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Kannichankandy, M., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., DKim, J., Kim, J., Kingston, J., Kirk, R., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Lopes, M. I., Lorenzon, W., Lu, C., Luitz, S., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Maupin, C., McCarthy, M. E., McDowell, G., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., McLaughlin, J. B., McMonigle, R., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murdy, M., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nguyen, A., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Orpwood, J., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Pannifer, N. J., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Piepke, A., Qie, Y., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Riyat, H. S., Rosero, R., Rushton, T., Rynders, D., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Shaw, S., Shutt, T., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Sinev, G., Siniscalco, J., Smith, R., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, W. C., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tong, Z., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A. C., Valentino, O., Velan, V., Wang, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., Weeldreyer, L., Whitis, T. J., Williams, M., Wisniewski, W. J., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Xia, Q., Xiang, X., Xu, J., Yeh, M., and Zweig, E. A.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) may interact with a virtual pion that is exchanged between nucleons. This interaction channel is important to consider in models where the spin-independent isoscalar channel is suppressed. Using data from the first science run of the LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter experiment, containing 60 live days of data in a 5.5~tonne fiducial mass of liquid xenon, we report the results on a search for WIMP-pion interactions. We observe no significant excess and set an upper limit of $1.5\times10^{-46}$~cm$^2$ at a 90\% confidence level for a WIMP mass of 33~GeV/c$^2$ for this interaction.
Published: 2024
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45. The Data Acquisition System of the LZ Dark Matter Detector: FADR

Author: Aalbers, J., Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Baker, A., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Barillier, E. E., Bargemann, J. W., Beattie, K., Benson, T., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Bishop, E., Blockinger, G. M., Boxer, B., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Buckley, J. H., Burdin, S., Buuck, M., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Carter, M., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Cherwinka, J. J., Chin, Y. T., Chott, N. I., Converse, M. V., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Curran, D., Dahl, C. E., David, A., Delgaudio, J., Dey, S., de Viveiros, L., Di Felice, L., Dimino, T., Ding, C., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fearon, N. M., Fieldhouse, N., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T. M. A., Gaitskell, R. J., Geffre, A., Gelfand, R., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibbons, R., Gokhale, S., Green, J., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Haiston, J. J., Hall, C. R., Han, S., Hartigan-O'Connor, E., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hernandez, M. A., Hertel, S. A., Heuermann, G., Homenides, G. J., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hunt, D., Jacquet, E., James, R. S., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Kannichankandy, M., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kim, J., Kim, Y. D., Kingston, J., Kirk, R., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Koyuncu, M., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Loniewski, C., Lopes, M. I., Lorenzon, W., Lu, C., Luitz, S., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Maupin, C., McCarthy, M. E., McDowell, G., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Mclaughlin, J. B., McMonigle, R., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Moongweluwan, M., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murdy, M., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nguyen, A., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Oh, H., Olcina, I., Olevitch, M. A., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Orpwood, J., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Pannifer, N. J., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Piepke, A., Qie, Y., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Riyat, H. S., Rosero, R., Rushton, T., Rynders, D., Santone, D., Sarkis, R., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Shaw, S., Shutt, T., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Sinev, G., Siniscalco, J., Skulski, W., Smith, R., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, W. C., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tong, Z., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A. C., Vaitkus, J., Valentino, O., Velan, V., Wang, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., Weeldreyer, L., Whitis, T. J., Williams, M., Wisniewski, W. J., Wolfs, F. L. H., Wolfs, J. D., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Xia, Q., Xiang, X., Xu, J., Yeh, M., and Yin, J.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The Data Acquisition System (DAQ) for the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter detector is described. The signals from 745 PMTs, distributed across three subsystems, are sampled with 100-MHz 32-channel digitizers (DDC-32s). A basic waveform analysis is carried out on the on-board Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) to extract information about the observed scintillation and electroluminescence signals. This information is used to determine if the digitized waveforms should be preserved for offline analysis. The system is designed around the Kintex-7 FPGA. In addition to digitizing the PMT signals and providing basic event selection in real time, the flexibility provided by the use of FPGAs allows us to monitor the performance of the detector and the DAQ in parallel to normal data acquisition. The hardware and software/firmware of this FPGA-based Architecture for Data acquisition and Realtime monitoring (FADR) are discussed and performance measurements are described., Comment: 18 pages, 24 figures
Published: 2024

46. The Design, Implementation, and Performance of the LZ Calibration Systems

Author: Aalbers, J., Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Baker, A., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Barillier, E. E., Bargemann, J. W., Beattie, K., Benson, T., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Bishop, E., Blockinger, G. M., Boxer, B., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Buuck, M., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Carter, M., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Cherwinka, J. J., Chin, Y. T., Chott, N. I., Converse, M. V., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Curran, D., Dahl, C. E., David, A., Delgaudio, J., Dey, S., de Viveiros, L., Di Felice, L., Ding, C., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fearon, N. M., Fieldhouse, N., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T. M. A., Gaitskell, R. J., Geffre, A., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibbons, R., Gokhale, S., Green, J., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Haiston, J. J., Hall, C. R., Han, S., Hartigan-O'Connor, E., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hernandez, M. A., Hertel, S. A., Heuermann, G., Homenides, G. J., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hunt, D., Jacquet, E., James, R. S., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Kannichankandy, M., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kim, J., Kim, Y. D., Kingston, J., Kirk, R., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Lopes, M. I., Lorenzon, W., Lu, C., Luitz, S., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Maupin, C., McCarthy, M. E., McDowell, G., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Mclaughlin, J. B., McMonigle, R., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murdy, M., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nguyen, A., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Orpwood, J., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Pannifer, N. J., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Piepke, A., Qie, Y., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Riyat, H. S., Rosero, R., Rushton, T., Rynders, D., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Shaw, S., Shutt, T., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Sinev, G., Siniscalco, J., Smith, R., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, W. C., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tong, Z., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A. C., Valentino, O., Velan, V., Wang, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., Weeldreyer, L., Whitis, T. J., Williams, M., Wisniewski, W. J., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Xia, Q., Xiang, X., Xu, J., and Yeh, M.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a tonne-scale experiment searching for direct dark matter interactions and other rare events. It is located at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, USA. The core of the LZ detector is a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber (TPC), designed with the primary goal of detecting Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) via their induced low energy nuclear recoils. Surrounding the TPC, two veto detectors immersed in an ultra-pure water tank enable reducing background events to enhance the discovery potential. Intricate calibration systems are purposely designed to precisely understand the responses of these three detector volumes to various types of particle interactions and to demonstrate LZ's ability to discriminate between signals and backgrounds. In this paper, we present a comprehensive discussion of the key features, requirements, and performance of the LZ calibration systems, which play a crucial role in enabling LZ's WIMP-search and its broad science program. The thorough description of these calibration systems, with an emphasis on their novel aspects, is valuable for future calibration efforts in direct dark matter and other rare-event search experiments.
Published: 2024
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47. Constraints On Covariant WIMP-Nucleon Effective Field Theory Interactions from the First Science Run of the LUX-ZEPLIN Experiment

Author: Aalbers, J., Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Baker, A., Balashov, S., Bang, J., Barillier, E. E., Bargemann, J. W., Beattie, K., Benson, T., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Bishop, E. J., Blockinger, G. M., Boxer, B., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Buuck, M., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Carter, M., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Cherwinka, J. J., Chin, Y. T., Chott, N. I., Converse, M. V., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Curran, D., Dahl, C. E., David, A., Delgaudio, J., Dey, S., de Viveiros, L., Di Felice, L., Ding, C., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fearon, N. M., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T. M. A., Gaitskell, R. J., Geffre, A., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibbons, R., Gokhale, S., Green, J., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Haiston, J. H., Hall, C. R., Han, S., Hartigan-O'Connor, E., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hernandez, M. A., Hertel, S. A., Heuermann, G., Homenides, G. J., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hunt, D., Ignarra, C. M., Jacquet, E., James, R. S., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Kannichankandy, M., Khaitan, D., Khazov, A., Khurana, I., Kim, J., Kingston, J., Kirk, R., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Lopes, M. I., Lorenzon, W., Lu, C., Luitz, S., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Maupin, C., McCarthy, M. E., McDowell, G., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., McLaughlin, J. B., McMonigle, R., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murdy, M., Murphy, A. St. J., Naylor, A., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nguyen, A., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Orpwood, J., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Pannifer, N. J., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Piepke, A., Qie, Y., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Riyat, H. S., Rosero, R., Rushton, T., Rynders, D., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Shaw, S., Shutt, T., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Sinev, G., Siniscalco, J., Smith, R., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Szydagis, M., Taylor, W. C., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tong, Z., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Vacheret, A., Vaitkus, A. C., Valentino, O., Velan, V., Wang, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., Weeldreyer, L., Whitis, T. J., Williams, M., Wisniewski, W. J., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Xia, Q., Xiang, X., Xu, J., Yeh, M., and Zweig, E. A.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The first science run of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment, a dual-phase xenon time project chamber operating in the Sanford Underground Research Facility in South Dakota, USA, has reported leading limits on spin-independent WIMP-nucleon interactions and interactions described from a non-relativistic effective field theory (NREFT). Using the same 5.5~t fiducial mass and 60 live days of exposure we report on the results of a relativistic extension to the NREFT. We present constraints on couplings from covariant interactions arising from the coupling of vector, axial currents, and electric dipole moments of the nucleon to the magnetic and electric dipole moments of the WIMP which cannot be described by recasting previous results described by an NREFT. Using a profile-likelihood ratio analysis, in an energy region between 0~keV$_\text{nr}$ to 270~keV$_\text{nr}$, we report 90% confidence level exclusion limits on the coupling strength of five interactions in both the isoscalar and isovector bases., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures
Published: 2024
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48. Getting a Grip on How We Talk about Computational Practices in Science in Settings of Teacher Learning

Author: Amy Voss Farris and Gözde McLaughlin
Abstract: Background: Science teachers' understanding of the roles of computing practices in science frame how they enact scientific computational practices in their teaching and how their students perceive the relationship between computational practices and scientific endeavours. Objectives: This critical, integrative review synthesizes teacher learning literature about the role of computational literacy and computing practices in K-12 science teaching. Methods: We examined 54 peer-reviewed articles and analysed the ways the researchers and teacher participants describe the affordances of integrating computational thinking (CT) and other computational practices in science. We characterize how CT and computational practices are framed in relation to scientific learning goals. We identify six primary affordances for integrating computational practices with science that are conveyed to teachers and by teachers, as represented in these studies of teacher learning. Results and Conclusions: These six perspectives include (1) learning computer science principles, (2) developing CT dispositions, (3) engagement and inclusion in science, (4) taking ownership of science, (5) supporting learning science content, and (6) participating in computational practice as a form of scientific epistemic practice. Our analysis indicates that computational thinking and computational practices are often integrated in science in order to teach something about computing (e.g., Perspective 1), rather than to support learners' scientific work. Only the 29 articles coded for the sixth perspective--that is, in service of epistemic aims in science--demonstrate commitment to students' uses of computational ideas and practices as epistemic tools to participate in the sensemaking work of science. Takeaways: Comparison of Perspectives 5 and 6 illustrates the nuance between computational practices in science that reify something students have already "figured out," rather than those that serve epistemic goals. Perspective 6 encapsulates the deep synergy among (1) the reflexive nature of computing with scientific ideas and (2) computing as a central practice in science and engineering. We contend that a more focused message of computational practices in service of scientific sensemaking goals is necessary if we expect teachers to enact CT and related computational practices in their classrooms.
Published: 2024
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49. The Unified Phenotype Ontology (uPheno): A framework for cross-species integrative phenomics

Author: Matentzoglu, Nicolas, Bello, Susan M, Stefancsik, Ray, Alghamdi, Sarah M, Anagnostopoulos, Anna V, Balhoff, James P, Balk, Meghan A, Bradford, Yvonne M, Bridges, Yasemin, Callahan, Tiffany J, Caufield, Harry, Cuzick, Alayne, Carmody, Leigh C, Caron, Anita R, de Souza, Vinicius, Engel, Stacia R, Fey, Petra, Fisher, Malcolm, Gehrke, Sarah, Grove, Christian, Hansen, Peter, Harris, Nomi L, Harris, Midori A, Harris, Laura, Ibrahim, Arwa, Jacobsen, Julius OB, Köhler, Sebastian, McMurry, Julie A, Munoz-Fuentes, Violeta, Munoz-Torres, Monica C, Parkinson, Helen, Pendlington, Zoë M, Pilgrim, Clare, Robb, Sofia Mc, Robinson, Peter N, Seager, James, Segerdell, Erik, Smedley, Damian, Sollis, Elliot, Toro, Sabrina, Vasilevsky, Nicole, Wood, Valerie, Haendel, Melissa A, Mungall, Christopher J, McLaughlin, James A, and Osumi-Sutherland, David
Subjects: Information and Computing Sciences, Biological Sciences, Artificial Intelligence, Genetics, Generic health relevance
Abstract: Phenotypic data are critical for understanding biological mechanisms and consequences of genomic variation, and are pivotal for clinical use cases such as disease diagnostics and treatment development. For over a century, vast quantities of phenotype data have been collected in many different contexts covering a variety of organisms. The emerging field of phenomics focuses on integrating and interpreting these data to inform biological hypotheses. A major impediment in phenomics is the wide range of distinct and disconnected approaches to recording the observable characteristics of an organism. Phenotype data are collected and curated using free text, single terms or combinations of terms, using multiple vocabularies, terminologies, or ontologies. Integrating these heterogeneous and often siloed data enables the application of biological knowledge both within and across species. Existing integration efforts are typically limited to mappings between pairs of terminologies; a generic knowledge representation that captures the full range of cross-species phenomics data is much needed. We have developed the Unified Phenotype Ontology (uPheno) framework, a community effort to provide an integration layer over domain-specific phenotype ontologies, as a single, unified, logical representation. uPheno comprises (1) a system for consistent computational definition of phenotype terms using ontology design patterns, maintained as a community library; (2) a hierarchical vocabulary of species-neutral phenotype terms under which their species-specific counterparts are grouped; and (3) mapping tables between species-specific ontologies. This harmonized representation supports use cases such as cross-species integration of genotype-phenotype associations from different organisms and cross-species informed variant prioritization.
Published: 2024

50. The CCL2-CCR4 axis promotes Regulatory T cell trafficking to canine glioma tissues

Author: Panek, WK, Toedebusch, RG, Mclaughlin, BE, Dickinson, PJ, Van Dyke, JE, Woolard, KD, Berens, ME, Lesniak, MS, Sturges, BK, Vernau, KM, Li, C, Miska, J, and Toedebusch, Christine M
Subjects: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Immunology, Immunotherapy, Brain Cancer, Cancer, Brain Disorders, Rare Diseases, Neurosciences, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Dogs, Animals, Receptors, CCR4, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory, Glioma, Chemokine CCL2, Brain Neoplasms, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Movement, Humans, Dog, Glioblastoma, Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte, CCL2, CCR4, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, Oncology and carcinogenesis
Abstract: PurposeSpontaneously occurring glioma in pet dogs is increasingly recognized as a valuable translational model for human glioblastoma. Canine high-grade glioma and human glioblastomas share many molecular similarities, including the accumulation of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) that inhibit anti-tumor immune responses. Identifying in dog mechanisms responsible for Treg recruitment may afford to target the cellular population driving immunosuppression, the results providing a rationale for translational clinical studies in human patients. Our group has previously identified C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2) as a glioma-derived T-reg chemoattractant acting on chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) in a murine orthotopic glioma model. Recently, we demonstrated a robust increase of CCL2 in the brain tissue of canine patients bearing high-grade glioma.MethodsWe performed a series of in vitro experiments using canine Tregs and patient-derived canine glioma cell lines (GSC 1110, GSC 0514, J3T-Bg, G06A) to interrogate the CCL2-CCR4 signaling axis in the canine.ResultsWe established a flow cytometry gating strategy for identifying and isolating FOXP3+ Tregs in dogs. The canine CD4 + CD25high T-cell population was highly enriched in FOXP3 and CCR4 expression, indicating they are bona fide Tregs. Canine Treg migration was enhanced by CCL2 or by glioma cell line-derived supernatant. Blockade of the CCL2-CCR4 axis significantly reduced migration of canine Tregs. CCL2 mRNA was expressed in all glioma cell lines, and expression increased when exposed to Tregs but not CD4 + helper T-cells.ConclusionOur study validates CCL2-CCR4 as a bi-directional Treg-glioma immunosuppressive and tumor-promoting axis in canine high-grade glioma.
Published: 2024

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