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1. Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Author: Schumacher, AE, Kyu, HH, Antony, CM, Aravkin, AY, Azhar, GS, Bisignano, C, Burkart, K, Cercy, KM, Chung, E, Coberly, K, Comfort, H, Cousin, E, Culbreth, GT, Cunningham, M, Weaver, ND, Degenhardt, L ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8513-2218, Deitesfeld, L, Dirac, MA, Estep, K, Feigin, VL, Flaxman, AD, Flor, LS, Force, LM, Fuller, JE, Gakidou, E, Hay, SI, Ikuta, KS, Jones, DP, Kassebaum, NJ, Kassel, MB, Keller, C, Kinzel, KE, Krohn, KJ, Lozano, R, May, EA, McKowen, ALW, McLaughlin, SA, Mehlman, ML, Mestrovic, T, Mokdad, AH, Mosser, JF, Mougin, V, Naghavi, M, Nesbit, OD, Novotney, A, Ozten, Y, Pease, SA, Pigott, DM, Reiner, RC, Robinson-Oden, HE, Shaw, DH, Slepak, ELN, Sorensen, RJD, Verghese, NA, Vollset, SE, Vongpradith, A, Vos, T, Wang, D, Watson, S, Weaver, MR, Wells, KM, Wilson, S, Wool, EE, Zheng, P, Lim, SS, Murray, CJL, Boyko, EJ, Chahine, Y, Kalani, R, Krishnamoorthy, V, Khalil, IA, Minja, NW, Morrison, SD, Nafukho, FM, Olivas-Martinez, A, Orellana, ER, Tram, KH, Aali, A, Rahnavard, N, Ahmadzade, AM, Mohammad-Pour, S, Morovatdar, N, Pourali, G, Zafari, N, Abbafati, C, Cattaruzza, MS, Abbas, J, Phillips, MR, Abbasgholizadeh, R, Emamverdi, M, Friedman, J, Abbasi, MA, Daneshvar, S, Dashti, M, Ghasemzadeh, A, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, M, Doshmangir, L, Ghafourifard, M, Lotfi, M, Hosseini, MS, Mitchell, Philip ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7954-5235, Sharma, Saurab ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9817-5372, Xu, Luna ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4787-6547, Addo, Isaac, Biswas, Raaj Kishore ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4294-6323, Okeke, Sylvester ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9211-1813, Aboagye, Richard ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3498-2909, Huda, Md Nazmul ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7048-1266, Cullen, Patricia ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4652-0936, Sitas, Freddy ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9679-1481, Si, Yafei ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9334-8230, Dai-Keller, Zhaoli ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0809-5692, Schumacher, AE, Kyu, HH, Antony, CM, Aravkin, AY, Azhar, GS, Bisignano, C, Burkart, K, Cercy, KM, Chung, E, Coberly, K, Comfort, H, Cousin, E, Culbreth, GT, Cunningham, M, Weaver, ND, Degenhardt, L ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8513-2218, Deitesfeld, L, Dirac, MA, Estep, K, Feigin, VL, Flaxman, AD, Flor, LS, Force, LM, Fuller, JE, Gakidou, E, Hay, SI, Ikuta, KS, Jones, DP, Kassebaum, NJ, Kassel, MB, Keller, C, Kinzel, KE, Krohn, KJ, Lozano, R, May, EA, McKowen, ALW, McLaughlin, SA, Mehlman, ML, Mestrovic, T, Mokdad, AH, Mosser, JF, Mougin, V, Naghavi, M, Nesbit, OD, Novotney, A, Ozten, Y, Pease, SA, Pigott, DM, Reiner, RC, Robinson-Oden, HE, Shaw, DH, Slepak, ELN, Sorensen, RJD, Verghese, NA, Vollset, SE, Vongpradith, A, Vos, T, Wang, D, Watson, S, Weaver, MR, Wells, KM, Wilson, S, Wool, EE, Zheng, P, Lim, SS, Murray, CJL, Boyko, EJ, Chahine, Y, Kalani, R, Krishnamoorthy, V, Khalil, IA, Minja, NW, Morrison, SD, Nafukho, FM, Olivas-Martinez, A, Orellana, ER, Tram, KH, Aali, A, Rahnavard, N, Ahmadzade, AM, Mohammad-Pour, S, Morovatdar, N, Pourali, G, Zafari, N, Abbafati, C, Cattaruzza, MS, Abbas, J, Phillips, MR, Abbasgholizadeh, R, Emamverdi, M, Friedman, J, Abbasi, MA, Daneshvar, S, Dashti, M, Ghasemzadeh, A, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, M, Doshmangir, L, Ghafourifard, M, Lotfi, M, Hosseini, MS, Mitchell, Philip ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7954-5235, Sharma, Saurab ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9817-5372, Xu, Luna ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4787-6547, Addo, Isaac, Biswas, Raaj Kishore ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4294-6323, Okeke, Sylvester ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9211-1813, Aboagye, Richard ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3498-2909, Huda, Md Nazmul ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7048-1266, Cullen, Patricia ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4652-0936, Sitas, Freddy ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9679-1481, Si, Yafei ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9334-8230, and Dai-Keller, Zhaoli ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0809-5692
Abstract: Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, ant
Published: 2024

2. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Author: Brauer, M, Roth, GA, Aravkin, AY, Zheng, P, Abate, KH, Abate, YH, Abbafati, C, Abbasgholizadeh, R, Abbasi, MA, Abbasian, M, Abbasifard, M, Moradi, Y, Bensenor, IM, Benzian, H, Beran, A, Abouzid, M, Berezvai, Z, Bernabe, E, Bernstein, RS, Bettencourt, PJG, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhala, N, Moraga, P, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Aboye, GB, Bhat, AN, Bhat, V, Bhatti, GK, Bhatti, JS, Bhatti, MS, Morawska, L, Bhatti, R, Bhuiyan, MA, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Bishai, JD, Abreu, LG, Bisignano, C, Biswas, A, Biswas, B, Biswas, RK, Moreira, RS, Bjørge, T, Boachie, MK, Boakye, H, Bockarie, MJ, Bodolica, V, Bodunrin, AO, Abualruz, H, Bogale, EK, Bolla, SR, Boloor, A, Morovatdar, N, Bonakdar Hashemi, M, Boppana, SH, Bora Basara, B, Borhany, H, Botero Carvajal, A, Bouaoud, S, Boufous, S, Abubakar, B, Bourne, R, Boxe, C, Morrison, SD, Braithwaite, D, Brant, LC, Brar, A, Breitborde, NJK, Breitner, S, Brenner, H, Briko, AN, Britton, G, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Brown, CS, Morze, J, Browne, AJ, Brunoni, AR, Bryazka, D, Bulamu, NB, Bulto, LN, Buonsenso, D, Burkart, K, Burns, RA, Busse, R, Abukhadijah, HJJ, Mosaddeghi Heris, R, Bustanji, Y, Butt, NS, Butt, ZA, Caetano dos Santos, FL, Cagney, J, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Calina, D, Cámera, LA, Campos, LA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Mossialos, E, Aburuz, S, Cao, C, Cao, F, Cao, Y, Capodici, A, Cárdenas, R, Carr, S, Carreras, G, Carrero, JJ, Carugno, A, Motappa, R, Carvalho, F, Abu-Zaid, A, Carvalho, M, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Castelpietra, G, Catalá-López, F, Catapano, AL, Cattaruzza, MS, Caye, A, Alemayohu, MA, Ali, BA, Cederroth, CR, Cegolon, L, Adane, MM, Cenderadewi, M, Cercy, KM, Cerin, E, Chadwick, J, Chakraborty, C, Chakraborty, PA, Chakraborty, S, Mougin, V, Chan, JSK, Chan, RNC, Chandan, JS, Addo, IY, Chandika, RM, Chaturvedi, P, Chen, A-T, Chen, CS, Chen, H, Chen, MX, Mousavi, P, Chen, M, Chen, S, Cheng, C-Y, Cheng, ETW, Addolorato, G, Cherbuin, N, Chi, G, Chichagi, F, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chimoriya, R, Msherghi, A, Ching, PR, Chirinos-Caceres, JL, Chitheer, A, Cho, WCS, Chong, B, Adedoyin, RA, Chopra, H, Chowdhury, R, Christopher, DJ, Chu, D-T, Mubarik, S, Chukwu, IS, Chung, E, Chung, S-C, Chutiyami, M, Cioffi, I, Cogen, RM, Adekanmbi, V, Cohen, AJ, Columbus, A, Conde, J, Muccioli, L, Corlateanu, A, Cortese, S, Cortesi, PA, Costa, VM, Costanzo, S, Criqui, MH, Cruz, JA, Aden, B, Cruz-Martins, N, Culbreth, GT, Mueller, UO, da Silva, AG, Dadras, O, Dai, X, Dai, Z, Daikwo, PU, Dalli, LL, Damiani, G, D'Amico, E, Adetunji, JB, D'Anna, L, Mulita, F, Darwesh, AM, Das, JK, Das, S, Dash, NR, Dashti, M, Dávila-Cervantes, CA, Davis Weaver, N, Davitoiu, DV, De la Hoz, FP, Adeyeoluwa, TE, Mullany, EC, de la Torre-Luque, A, De Leo, D, Debopadhaya, S, Degenhardt, L, Del Bo', C, Delgado-Enciso, I, Delgado-Saborit, JM, Demoze, CK, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Dervenis, N, Munjal, K, Adha, R, Dervišević, E, Desai, HD, Desai, R, Devanbu, VGC, Dewan, SMR, Dhali, A, Dhama, K, Dhane, AS, Dhimal, ML, Marx, W, Murillo-Zamora, E, Dhimal, M, Adibi, A, Dhingra, S, Dhulipala, VR, Dhungana, RR, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Diaz, LA, Diaz, MJ, Dima, A, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Ding, DD, Dinu, M, Adnani, QES, Djalalinia, S, Do, TC, Do, THP, do Prado, CB, Dodangeh, M, Dohare, S, Dokova, KG, Ali, I, Dong, W, Dongarwar, D, D'Oria, M, Adzigbli, LA, Dorostkar, F, Dorsey, ER, Doshi, R, Doshmangir, L, Dowou, RK, Driscoll, TR, Murlimanju, BV, Dsouza, AC, Dsouza, HL, Dumith, SC, Duncan, BB, Afolabi, AA, Duraes, AR, Duraisamy, S, Dushpanova, A, Dzianach, PA, Dziedzic, AM, Musina, A-M, Ebrahimi, A, Echieh, CP, Ed-Dra, A, Edinur, HA, Edvardsson, D, Afolabi, RF, Edvardsson, K, Efendi, F, Eftekharimehrabad, A, Eini, E, Mustafa, G, Ekholuenetale, M, Ekundayo, TC, El Arab, RA, El Sayed Zaki, M, El-Dahiyat, F, Elemam, NM, Afshin, A, Elgar, FJ, ElGohary, GMT, Elhabashy, HR, Muthu, S, Elhadi, M, Elmehrath, AO, Elmeligy, OAA, Elshaer, M, Elsohaby, I, Emeto, TI, Esfandiari, N, Afyouni, S, Eshrati, B, Eslami, M, Muthupandian, S, Esmaeili, SV, Estep, K, Etaee, F, Fabin, N, Fagbamigbe, AF, Fagbule, OF, Fahimi, S, Falzone, L, Afzal, MS, Fareed, M, Muthusamy, R, Farinha, CSES, Faris, MEM, Faris, PS, Faro, A, Fasina, FO, Fatehizadeh, A, Fauk, NK, Fazylov, T, Feigin, VL, Afzal, S, Muzaffar, M, Feng, X, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Feroze, AH, Ferrara, P, Ferrari, AJ, Ferreira, N, Fetensa, G, Feyisa, BR, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Maryam, S, Myung, W, Agampodi, SB, Fitriana, I, Flavel, J, Flohr, C, Flood, D, Flor, LS, Foigt, NA, Folayan, MO, Force, LM, Fortuna, D, Nafei, A, Foschi, M, Agbozo, F, Franklin, RC, Freitas, A, Friedman, SD, Fux, B, G, S, Gaal, PA, Gaihre, S, Gajdács, M, Nagarajan, AJ, Galali, Y, Gallus, S, Aghamiri, S, Gandhi, AP, Ganesan, B, Ganiyani, MA, Garcia, V, Gardner, WM, Garg, RK, Gautam, RK, Ali, L, Gebi, TG, Gebregergis, MW, Gebrehiwot, M, Agodi, A, Gebremariam, TBB, Gebremeskel, TG, Gerema, U, Getacher, L, Getahun, GKA, Getie, M, Nagaraju, SP, Ghadirian, F, Ghafarian, S, Ghaffari Jolfayi, A, Ghailan, KY, Agrawal, A, Ghajar, A, Ghasemi, M, Ghasempour Dabaghi, G, Ghasemzadeh, A, Ghassemi, F, Nagel, G, Ghazy, RM, Gholami, A, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Gholizadeh, N, Ghorbani, M, Agyemang-Duah, W, Gil, AU, Gil, GF, Gilbertson, NM, Gill, PS, Naghavi, M, Gill, TK, Gindaba, EZ, Girmay, A, Glasbey, JC, Gnedovskaya, EV, Göbölös, L, Ahinkorah, BO, Godinho, MA, Goel, A, Golechha, M, Naghavi, P, Goleij, P, Golinelli, D, Gomes, NGM, Gopalani, SV, Gorini, G, Goudarzi, H, Goulart, AC, Ahmad, A, Gouravani, M, Goyal, A, Naik, GR, Graham, SM, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Guan, S-Y, Guarducci, G, Gubari, MIM, Guha, A, Guicciardi, S, Ahmad, D, Gulati, S, Naik, G, Gulisashvili, D, Gunawardane, DA, Guo, C, Gupta, AK, Gupta, B, Gupta, M, Gupta, R, Gupta, RD, Ahmad, F, Mathangasinghe, Y, Nainu, F, Gupta, S, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Habibzadeh, F, Habibzadeh, P, Hadaro, TS, Hadian, Z, Haep, N, Haghi-Aminjan, H, Nair, TS, Ahmad, N, Haghmorad, D, Hagins, H, Haile, D, Hailu, A, Hajj Ali, A, Halboub, ES, Halimi, A, Hall, BJ, Haller, S, Najdaghi, S, Halwani, R, Ahmad, S, Hamadeh, RR, Hamdy, NM, Hameed, S, Hamidi, S, Hammoud, A, Hanif, A, Hanifi, N, Haq, ZA, Nakhostin Ansari, N, Haque, MR, Harapan, H, Ahmad, T, Hargono, A, Haro, JM, Hasaballah, AI, Hasan, I, Hasan, MJ, Hasan, SMM, Hasani, H, Ali, MU, Hasanian, M, Hashmeh, N, Hasnain, MS, Ahmed, A, Hassan, A, Hassan, I, Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei, MS, Hassani, S, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Nanavaty, DP, Haubold, J, Havmoeller, RJ, Hay, SI, Hebert, JJ, Hegazi, OE, Hegena, TY, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Helfer, B, Nangia, V, Hemmati, M, Henson, CA, Herbert, ME, Herteliu, C, Heuer, A, Hezam, K, Hinneh, TK, Hiraike, Y, Hoan, NQ, Narasimha Swamy, S, Holla, R, Hon, J, Hoque, ME, Horita, N, Hossain, S, Hosseini, SE, Ahmed, LA, Hosseinzadeh, H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Narimani Davani, D, Hostiuc, S, Hoven, H, Hsairi, M, Hsu, JM, Hu, C, Huang, J, Huda, MN, Ahmed, MB, Hulland, EN, Hultström, M, Nascimento, BR, Hushmandi, K, Hussain, J, Hussein, NR, Huynh, CK, Huynh, H-H, Ibitoye, SE, Idowu, OO, Ihler, AL, Ahmed, S, Ikeda, N, Mathioudakis, AG, Nascimento, GG, Ikuta, KS, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Imam, MT, Immurana, M, Inbaraj, LR, Irham, LM, Isa, MA, Ahmed, SA, Nashwan, AJ, Islam, MR, Ismail, F, Ismail, NE, Iso, H, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Iwu, CCD, Iwu-Jaja, CJ, J, V, Jaafari, J, Natto, ZS, Ajami, M, Jacob, L, Jacobsen, KH, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Jahankhani, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jahrami, H, Jain, A, Jain, N, Jairoun, AA, Nauman, J, Jaiswal, A, Akalu, GT, Jakovljevic, M, Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, R, Jamora, RDG, Jatau, AI, Javadov, S, Javaheri, T, Jayaram, S, Jeganathan, J, Navaratna, SNK, Jeswani, BM, Jiang, H, Akara, EM, Johnson, CO, Jokar, M, Jomehzadeh, N, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joseph, A, Joseph, N, Ali, R, Joshi, V, Joshua, CE, Jozwiak, JJ, Akbarialiabad, H, Jürisson, M, Kaambwa, B, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kadashetti, V, Kahn, EM, Naveed, M, Kalani, R, Kaliyadan, F, Kalra, S, Kamath, R, Akhlaghi, S, Kanagasabai, T, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Kanmiki, EW, Kanmodi, KK, Nayak, BP, Kansal, SK, Kapner, DJ, Kapoor, N, Karagiannidis, E, Karajizadeh, M, Akinosoglou, K, Karakasis, P, Karanth, SD, Karaye, IM, Karch, A, Nayak, VC, Karim, A, Karimi, H, Karmakar, S, Kashoo, FZ, Kasraei, H, Kassahun, WD, Akinyemiju, T, Kassebaum, NJ, Kassel, MB, Katikireddi, SV, Ndejjo, R, Kauppila, JH, Kawakami, N, Kaydi, N, Kayode, GA, Kazemi, F, Keiyoro, PN, Kemmer, L, Akkaif, MA, Kempen, JH, Kerr, JA, Matozinhos, FP, Nduaguba, SO, Kesse-Guyot, E, Khader, YS, Khafaie, MA, Khajuria, H, Khalaji, A, Khalil, M, Khalilian, A, Khamesipour, F, Akkala, S, Khan, A, Negash, H, Khan, MN, Khan, M, Khan, MJ, Khan, MAB, Khanmohammadi, S, Khatab, K, Khatatbeh, H, Khatatbeh, MM, Khatib, MN, Akombi-Inyang, B, Negoi, I, Khavandegar, A, Khayat Kashani, HR, Khidri, FF, Khodadoust, E, Khormali, M, Khorrami, Z, Khosla, AA, Khosrowjerdi, M, Khreis, H, Khusun, H, Negoi, RI, Al Awaidy, S, Kifle, ZD, Kim, K, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Knibbs, LD, Knudsen, AKS, Nejadghaderi, SA, Koh, DSQ, Al Hasan, SM, Kolahi, A-A, Kompani, F, Kong, J, Koren, G, Korja, M, Korshunov, VA, Korzh, O, Kosen, S, Nejjari, C, Kothari, N, Koul, PA, Alahdab, F, Koulmane Laxminarayana, SL, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, V, Krishnamoorthy, Y, Krishnan, B, Krohn, KJ, Kuate Defo, B, Ali, SSS, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kuddus, MA, Kuddus, M, AL-Ahdal, TMA, Kugbey, N, Kuitunen, I, Kulimbet, M, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, A, Kumar, N, Nematollahi, MH, Kumar, V, Kundu, S, Kurmi, OP, Kusnali, A, Alalalmeh, SO, Kusuma, D, Kutluk, T, La Vecchia, C, Ladan, MA, Laflamme, L, Nepal, S, Lahariya, C, Lai, DTC, Lal, DK, Lallukka, T, Lám, J, Alalwan, TA, Lan, Q, Lan, T, Landires, I, Lanfranchi, F, Neupane, S, Langguth, B, Lansingh, VC, Laplante-Lévesque, A, Larijani, B, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Al-Aly, Z, Lauriola, P, Le, H-H, Le, LKD, Mattumpuram, J, Ng, M, Le, NHH, Le, TTT, Leasher, JL, Ledda, C, Lee, M, Lee, PH, Lee, SW, Alam, K, Lee, SWH, Lee, YH, Nguefack-Tsague, G, LeGrand, KE, 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GS, Azizi, H, Abegaz, TM, Azzam, AY, Backhaus, IL, Mondello, S, Badar, M, Badiye, AD, Bagga, A, Baghdadi, S, Bagheri, N, Bagherieh, S, Bahrami Taghanaki, P, Bai, R, Abeldaño Zuñiga, RA, Baig, AA, Moni, MA, Baker, JL, Bakkannavar, SM, Balasubramanian, M, Baltatu, OC, Bam, K, Bandyopadhyay, S, Banik, B, Banik, PC, Banke-Thomas, A, Abiodun, O, Moodi Ghalibaf, A, Bansal, H, Barchitta, M, Bardhan, M, Bardideh, E, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, TW, Barone-Adesi, F, Barqawi, HJ, Barrero, LH, Barrow, A, Moore, CE, Abiso, TL, Barteit, S, Basharat, Z, Basiru, A, Basso, JD, Bastan, M-M, Basu, S, Batchu, S, Batra, K, Batra, R, Moradi, M, Baune, BT, Aboagye, RG, Bayati, M, Bayileyegn, NS, Beaney, T, Behnoush, AH, Beiranvand, M, Béjot, Y, Bekele, A, Belgaumi, UI, Bell, AW, Bell, ML, Abolhassani, H, Bello, MB, Bello, OO, Belo, L, Beloukas, A, Bendak, S, Bennett, DA, and Bennitt, FB
Published: 2024

3. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Author: Naghavi, M, Ong, KL, Aali, A, Ababneh, HS, Abate, YH, Abbafati, C, Abbasgholizadeh, R, Abbasian, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd ElHafeez, S, Abdelmasseh, M, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdelwahab, A, Abdollahi, M, Abdollahifar, M-A, Abdoun, M, Abdulah, DM, Abdullahi, A, Abebe, M, Abebe, SS, Abedi, A, Abegaz, KH, Abhilash, ES, Abidi, H, Abiodun, O, Aboagye, RG, Abolhassani, H, Abolmaali, M, Abouzid, M, Aboye, GB, Abreu, LG, Abrha, WA, Abtahi, D, Abu Rumeileh, S, Abualruz, H, Abubakar, B, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Aburuz, S, Abu-Zaid, A, Accrombessi, MMK, Adal, TG, Adamu, AA, Addo, IY, Addolorato, G, Adebiyi, AO, Adekanmbi, V, Adepoju, AV, Adetunji, CO, Adetunji, JB, Adeyeoluwa, TE, Adeyinka, DA, Adeyomoye, OI, Admass, BAA, Adnani, QES, Adra, S, Afolabi, AA, Afzal, MS, Afzal, S, Agampodi, SB, Agasthi, P, Aggarwal, M, Aghamiri, S, Agide, FD, Agodi, A, Agrawal, A, Agyemang-Duah, W, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, D, Ahmad, F, Ahmad, MM, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmadzade, AM, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, LA, Ahmed, MS, Ahmed, MB, Ahmed, SA, Ajami, M, Aji, B, Akara, EM, Akbarialiabad, H, Akinosoglou, K, Akinyemiju, T, Akkaif, MA, Akyirem, S, Al Hamad, H, Al Hasan, SM, Alahdab, F, Alalalmeh, SO, Alalwan, TA, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, M, Alam, N, Al-amer, RM, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Al-Azzam, S, Albakri, A, Albashtawy, M, AlBataineh, MT, Alcalde-Rabanal, JE, Aldawsari, KA, Aldhaleei, WA, Aldridge, RW, Alema, HB, Alemayohu, MA, Alemi, S, Alemu, YM, Al-Gheethi, AAS, Alhabib, KF, Alhalaiqa, FAN, Al-Hanawi, MK, Ali, A, Ali, L, Ali, MU, Ali, R, Ali, S, Ali, SSS, Alicandro, G, Alif, SM, Alikhani, R, Alimohamadi, Y, Aliyi, AA, Aljasir, MAM, Aljunid, SM, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Al-Marwani, S, Al-Maweri, SAA, Almazan, JU, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Almidani, L, Almidani, O, Alomari, MA, Al-Omari, B, Alonso, J, Alqahtani, JS, Alqalyoobi, S, Alqutaibi, AY, Al-Sabah, SK, Altaany, Z, Altaf, A, Al-Tawfiq, JA, Altirkawi, KA, Aluh, DO, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alwafi, H, Al-Worafi, YM, Aly, H, Aly, S, Alzoubi, KH, Amani, R, Amare, AT, Amegbor, PM, Ameyaw, EK, Amin, TT, Amindarolzarbi, A, Amiri, S, Amirzade-Iranaq, MH, Amu, H, Amugsi, DA, Amusa, GA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, DB, Andrade, PP, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Angus, C, Anil, A, Anil, S, Anoushiravani, A, Ansari, H, Ansariadi, A, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antony, CM, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Anvari, S, Anwar, S, Anwar, SL, Anwer, R, Anyasodor, AE, Aqeel, M, Arab, JP, Arabloo, J, Arafat, M, Aravkin, AY, Areda, D, Aremu, A, Aremu, O, Ariffin, H, Arkew, M, Armocida, B, Arndt, MB, Ärnlöv, J, Arooj, M, Artamonov, AA, Arulappan, J, Aruleba, RT, Arumugam, A, Asaad, M, Asadi-Lari, M, Asgedom, AA, Asghariahmadabad, M, Asghari-Jafarabadi, M, Ashraf, M, Aslani, A, Astell-Burt, T, Athar, M, Athari, SS, Atinafu, BTT, Atlaw, HW, Atorkey, P, Atout, MMW, Atreya, A, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Avan, A, Awedew, AF, Aweke, AM, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayatollahi, H, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, Ayyoubzadeh, SM, Azadnajafabad, S, Azevedo, RMS, Azzam, AY, B, DB, Babu, AS, Badar, M, Badiye, AD, Baghdadi, S, Bagheri, N, Bagherieh, S, Bah, S, Bahadorikhalili, S, Bahmanziari, N, Bai, R, Baig, AA, Baker, JL, Bako, AT, Bakshi, RK, Balakrishnan, S, Balasubramanian, M, Baltatu, OC, Bam, K, Banach, M, Bandyopadhyay, S, Banik, PC, Bansal, H, Bansal, K, Barbic, F, Barchitta, M, Bardhan, M, Bardideh, E, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, TW, Barone-Adesi, F, Barqawi, HJ, Barrero, LH, Barrow, A, Barteit, S, Barua, L, Basharat, Z, Bashiri, A, Basiru, A, Baskaran, P, Basnyat, B, Bassat, Q, Basso, JD, Basting, AVL, Basu, S, Batra, K, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Bayileyegn, NS, Beaney, T, Bedi, N, Beghi, M, Behboudi, E, Behera, P, Behnoush, AH, Behzadifar, M, Beiranvand, M, Bejarano Ramirez, DF, Béjot, Y, Belay, SA, Belete, CM, Bell, ML, Bello, MB, Bello, OO, Belo, L, Beloukas, A, Bender, RG, Bensenor, IM, Beran, A, Berezvai, Z, Berhie, AY, Berice, BN, Bernstein, RS, Bertolacci, GJ, Bettencourt, PJG, Beyene, KA, Bhagat, DS, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhala, N, Bhalla, A, Bhandari, D, Bhangdia, K, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhardwaj, PV, Bhargava, A, Bhaskar, S, Bhat, V, Bhatti, GK, Bhatti, JS, Bhatti, MS, Bhatti, R, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Bishai, JD, Bisignano, C, Bisulli, F, Biswas, A, Biswas, B, Bitaraf, S, Bitew, BD, Bitra, VR, Bjørge, T, Boachie, MK, Boampong, MS, Bobirca, AV, Bodolica, V, Bodunrin, AO, Bogale, EK, Bogale, KA, Bohlouli, S, Bolarinwa, OA, Boloor, A, Bonakdar Hashemi, M, Bonny, A, Bora, K, Bora Basara, B, Borhany, H, Borzutzky, A, Bouaoud, S, Boustany, A, Boxe, C, Boyko, EJ, Brady, OJ, Braithwaite, D, Brant, LC, Brauer, M, Brazinova, A, Brazo-Sayavera, J, Breitborde, NJK, Breitner, S, Brenner, H, Briko, AN, Briko, NI, Britton, G, Brown, J, Brugha, T, Bulamu, NB, Bulto, LN, Buonsenso, D, Burns, RA, Busse, R, Bustanji, Y, Butt, NS, Butt, ZA, Caetano dos Santos, FL, Calina, D, Cámera, LA, Campos, LA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Cao, C, Cao, Y, Capodici, A, Cárdenas, R, Carr, S, Carreras, G, Carrero, JJ, Carugno, A, Carvalheiro, CG, Carvalho, F, Carvalho, M, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Castelpietra, G, Catalá-López, F, Catapano, AL, Cattaruzza, MS, Cederroth, CR, Cegolon, L, Cembranel, F, Cenderadewi, M, Cercy, KM, Cerin, E, Cevik, M, Chadwick, J, Chahine, Y, Chakraborty, C, Chakraborty, PA, Chan, JSK, Chan, RNC, Chandika, RM, Chandrasekar, EK, Chang, C-K, Chang, J-C, Chanie, GS, Charalampous, P, Chattu, VK, Chaturvedi, P, Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou, V, Chaurasia, A, Chen, AW, Chen, A-T, Chen, CS, Chen, H, Chen, MX, Chen, S, Cheng, C-Y, Cheng, ETW, Cherbuin, N, Cheru, WA, Chien, J-H, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chimoriya, R, Ching, PR, Chirinos-Caceres, JL, Chitheer, A, Cho, WCS, Chong, B, Chopra, H, Choudhari, SG, Chowdhury, R, Christopher, DJ, Chukwu, IS, Chung, E, Chung, S-C, Chutiyami, M, Cindi, Z, Cioffi, I, Claassens, MM, Claro, RM, Coberly, K, Cogen, RM, Columbus, A, Comfort, H, Conde, J, Cortese, S, Cortesi, PA, Costa, VM, Costanzo, S, Cousin, E, Couto, RAS, Cowden, RG, Cramer, KM, Criqui, MH, Cruz-Martins, N, Cuadra-Hernández, SM, Culbreth, GT, Cullen, P, Cunningham, M, Curado, MP, Dadana, S, Dadras, O, Dai, S, Dai, X, Dai, Z, Dalli, LL, Damiani, G, Darega Gela, J, Das, JK, Das, S, Dascalu, AM, Dash, NR, Dashti, M, Dastiridou, A, Davey, G, Dávila-Cervantes, CA, Davis Weaver, N, Davletov, K, De Leo, D, de Luca, K, Debele, AT, Debopadhaya, S, Degenhardt, L, Dehghan, A, Deitesfeld, L, Del Bo', C, Delgado-Enciso, I, Demessa, BH, Demetriades, AK, Deng, K, Deng, X, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Deravi, N, Dereje, N, Dervenis, N, Dervišević, E, Des Jarlais, DC, Desai, HD, Desai, R, Devanbu, VGC, Dewan, SMR, Dhali, A, Dhama, K, Dhimal, M, Dhingra, S, Dhulipala, VR, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Diaz, MJ, Dima, A, Ding, DD, Ding, H, Dinis-Oliveira, RJ, Dirac, MA, Djalalinia, S, Do, THP, do Prado, CB, Doaei, S, Dodangeh, M, Dohare, S, Dokova, KG, Dolecek, C, Dominguez, R-MV, Dong, W, Dongarwar, D, D'Oria, M, Dorostkar, F, Dorsey, ER, dos Santos, WM, Doshi, R, 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Ferreira, N, Fetensa, G, Feyisa, BR, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Flavel, J, Flood, D, Florin, BT, Foigt, NA, Folayan, MO, Fomenkov, AA, Foroutan, B, Foroutan, M, Forthun, I, Fortuna, D, Foschi, M, Fowobaje, KR, Francis, KL, Franklin, RC, Freitas, A, Friedman, J, Friedman, SD, Fukumoto, T, Fuller, JE, Fux, B, Gaal, PA, Gadanya, MA, Gaidhane, AM, Gaihre, S, Gakidou, E, Galali, Y, Galles, NC, Gallus, S, Ganbat, M, Gandhi, AP, Ganesan, B, Ganiyani, MA, Garcia-Gordillo, MA, Gardner, WM, Garg, J, Garg, N, Gautam, RK, Gbadamosi, SO, Gebi, TG, Gebregergis, MW, Gebrehiwot, M, Gebremeskel, TG, Georgescu, SR, Getachew, T, Gething, PW, Getie, M, Ghadiri, K, Ghahramani, S, Ghailan, KY, Ghasemi, M-R, Ghasempour Dabaghi, G, Ghasemzadeh, A, Ghashghaee, A, Ghassemi, F, Ghazy, RM, Ghimire, A, Ghoba, S, Gholamalizadeh, M, Gholamian, A, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Gholizadeh, N, Ghorbani, M, Ghorbani Vajargah, P, Ghoshal, AG, Gill, PS, Gill, TK, Gillum, RF, Ginindza, TG, Girmay, A, Glasbey, JC, Gnedovskaya, EV, Göbölös, L, Godinho, MA, Goel, A, Golchin, A, Goldust, M, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Gomes, NGM, Gona, PN, Gopalani, SV, Gorini, G, Goudarzi, H, Goulart, AC, Goulart, BNG, Goyal, A, Grada, A, Graham, SM, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Guan, S-Y, Guarducci, G, Gubari, MIM, Gudeta, MD, Guha, A, Guicciardi, S, Guimarães, RA, Gulati, S, Gunawardane, DA, Gunturu, S, Guo, C, Gupta, AK, Gupta, B, Gupta, MK, Gupta, M, Gupta, RD, Gupta, R, Gupta, S, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Gurmessa, L, Gutiérrez, RA, Habibzadeh, F, Habibzadeh, P, Haddadi, R, Hadei, M, Hadi, NR, Haep, N, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hailu, A, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halboub, ES, Hall, BJ, Haller, S, Halwani, R, Hamadeh, RR, Hameed, S, Hamidi, S, Hamilton, EB, Han, C, Han, Q, Hanif, A, Hanifi, N, Hankey, GJ, Hanna, F, Hannan, MA, Haque, MN, Harapan, H, Hargono, A, Haro, JM, Hasaballah, AI, Hasan, I, Hasan, MT, Hasani, H, Hasanian, M, Hashi, A, Hasnain, MS, Hassan, I, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Haubold, J, Havmoeller, RJ, Hay, SI, He, J, Hebert, JJ, 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Shahsavari, HR, Shahwan, MJ, Shaikh, A, Shaikh, MA, Shakeri, A, Shalash, AS, Sham, S, Shamim, MA, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamshad, H, Shamsi, MA, Shanawaz, M, Shankar, A, Sharfaei, S, Sharifan, A, Sharifi-Rad, J, Sharma, R, Sharma, S, Sharma, U, Sharma, V, Shastry, RP, Shavandi, A, Shayan, M, Shehabeldine, AME, Sheikh, A, Sheikhi, RA, Shen, J, Shetty, A, Shetty, BSK, Shetty, PH, Shi, P, Shibuya, K, Shiferaw, D, Shigematsu, M, Shin, M-J, Shin, YH, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shitaye, NA, Shittu, A, Shiue, I, Shivakumar, KM, Shivarov, V, Shokraneh, F, Shokri, A, Shool, S, Shorofi, SA, Shrestha, S, Shuval, K, Siddig, EE, Silva, JP, Silva, LMLR, Silva, S, Simpson, CR, Singal, A, Singh, A, Singh, BB, Singh, G, Singh, J, Singh, NP, Singh, P, Singh, S, Sinha, DN, Sinto, R, Siraj, MS, Sirota, SB, Sitas, F, Sivakumar, S, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Sleet, DA, Socea, B, Sokhan, A, Solanki, R, Solanki, S, Soleimani, H, Soliman, SSM, Song, S, Song, Y, Sorensen, RJD, Soriano, JB, Soyiri, IN, Spartalis, 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Thomas, N, Thomas, NK, Thomson, AM, Thrift, AG, Thum, CCC, Thygesen, LC, Tian, J, Tichopad, A, Ticoalu, JHV, Tillawi, T, Tiruye, TY, Titova, MV, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Toriola, AT, Torre, AE, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tran, JT, Tran, NM, Trico, D, Tromans, SJ, Truyen, TTTT, Tsatsakis, A, Tsegay, GM, Tsermpini, EE, Tumurkhuu, M, Tung, K, Tyrovolas, S, Uddin, SMN, Udoakang, AJ, Udoh, A, Ullah, A, Ullah, I, Ullah, S, Umakanthan, S, Umeokonkwo, CD, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Unsworth, CA, Upadhyay, E, Urso, D, Usman, JS, Vahabi, SM, Vaithinathan, AG, Valizadeh, R, Van de Velde, SM, Van den Eynde, J, Varga, O, Vart, P, Varthya, SB, Vasankari, TJ, Vasic, M, Vaziri, S, Vellingiri, B, Venketasubramanian, N, Verghese, NA, Verma, M, Veroux, M, Verras, G-I, Vervoort, D, Villafañe, JH, Villanueva, GI, Vinayak, M, Violante, FS, Viskadourou, M, Vladimirov, SK, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Vollset, SE, Vongpradith, A, Vos, T, Vujcic, IS, Vukovic, R, Wafa, HA, Waheed, Y, Wamai, RG, Wang, C, Wang, N, Wang, S, Wang, Y, Wang, Y-P, Waqas, M, Ward, P, Wassie, EG, Watson, S, Watson, SLW, Weerakoon, KG, Wei, MY, Weintraub, RG, Weiss, DJ, Westerman, R, Whisnant, JL, Wiangkham, T, Wickramasinghe, DP, Wickramasinghe, ND, Wilandika, A, Wilkerson, C, Willeit, P, Wilson, S, Wojewodzic, MW, Woldegebreal, DH, Wolf, AW, Wolfe, CDA, Wondimagegene, YA, Wong, YJ, Wongsin, U, Wu, A-M, Wu, C, Wu, F, Wu, X, Wu, Z, Xia, J, Xiao, H, Xie, Y, Xu, S, Xu, W-D, Xu, X, Xu, YY, Yadollahpour, A, Yamagishi, K, Yang, D, Yang, L, Yano, Y, Yao, Y, Yaribeygi, H, Ye, P, Yehualashet, SS, Yesiltepe, M, Yesuf, SA, Yezli, S, Yi, S, Yigezu, A, Yiğit, A, Yiğit, V, Yip, P, Yismaw, MB, Yismaw, Y, Yon, DK, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S-J, You, Y, Younis, MZ, Yousefi, Z, Yu, C, Yu, Y, Yuh, FH, Zadey, S, Zadnik, V, Zafari, N, Zakham, F, Zaki, N, Zaman, SB, Zamora, N, Zand, R, Zangiabadian, M, Zar, HJ, Zare, I, Zarrintan, A, Zeariya, MGM, Zeinali, Z, Zhang, H, Zhang, J, Zhang, L, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z-J, Zhao, H, Zhong, C, Zhou, J, Zhu, B, Zhu, L, Ziafati, M, Zielińska, M, Zitoun, OA, Zoladl, M, Zou, Z, Zuhlke, LJ, Zumla, A, Zweck, E, Zyoud, SH, Wool, EE, and Murray, CJL
Published: 2024

4. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Author: Ong, KL, Stafford, LK, McLaughlin, SA, Boyko, EJ, Vollset, SE, Smith, AE, Dalton, BE, Duprey, J, Cruz, JA, Hagins, H, Lindstedt, PA, Aali, A, Abate, YH, Abate, MD, Abbasian, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, Z, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, ElHafeez, SA, Abd-Rabu, R, Abdulah, DM, Abdullah, AYM, Abedi, V, Abidi, H, Aboagye, RG ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3498-2909, Abolhassani, H, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abu-Zaid, A, Adane, TD, Adane, DE, Addo, IY, Adegboye, OA, Adekanmbi, V, Adepoju, AV, Adnani, QES, Afolabi, RF, Agarwal, G, Aghdam, ZB, Agudelo-Botero, M, Arriagada, CEA, Agyemang-Duah, W, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, D, Ahmad, R, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, A, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, K, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, LA, Ahmed, SA, Ajami, M, Akinyemi, RO, Al Hamad, H, Al Hasan, SM, AL-Ahdal, TMA, Alalwan, TA, Al-Aly, Z, AlBataineh, MT, Alcalde-Rabanal, JE, Alemi, S, Ali, H, Alinia, T, Aljunid, SM, Almustanyir, S, Al-Raddadi, RM, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, F, Ameyaw, EK, Amiri, S, Amusa, GA, Andrei, CL, Anjana, RM, Ansar, A, Ansari, G, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Anyasodor, AE, Arabloo, J, Aravkin, AY, Areda, D, Arifin, H, Arkew, M, Armocida, B, Arnlov, J, Artamonov, AA, Arulappan, J, Aruleba, RT, Arumugam, A, Aryan, Z, Asemu, MT, Asghari-Jafarabadi, M, Askari, E, Asmelash, D, Astell-Burt, T, Athar, M, Athari, SS, Atout, MMDW, Avila-Burgos, L, Awaisu, A, Azadnajafabad, S, Xu, Luna ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4787-6547, Bhaskar, Sonu, Sundstorm, Johan ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2247-8454, Feng, Xiaoqi ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3421-220X, Huda, Md Nazmul ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7048-1266, Ong, KL, Stafford, LK, McLaughlin, SA, Boyko, EJ, Vollset, SE, Smith, AE, Dalton, BE, Duprey, J, Cruz, JA, Hagins, H, Lindstedt, PA, Aali, A, Abate, YH, Abate, MD, Abbasian, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, Z, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, ElHafeez, SA, Abd-Rabu, R, Abdulah, DM, Abdullah, AYM, Abedi, V, Abidi, H, Aboagye, RG ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3498-2909, Abolhassani, H, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abu-Zaid, A, Adane, TD, Adane, DE, Addo, IY, Adegboye, OA, Adekanmbi, V, Adepoju, AV, Adnani, QES, Afolabi, RF, Agarwal, G, Aghdam, ZB, Agudelo-Botero, M, Arriagada, CEA, Agyemang-Duah, W, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, D, Ahmad, R, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, A, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, K, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, LA, Ahmed, SA, Ajami, M, Akinyemi, RO, Al Hamad, H, Al Hasan, SM, AL-Ahdal, TMA, Alalwan, TA, Al-Aly, Z, AlBataineh, MT, Alcalde-Rabanal, JE, Alemi, S, Ali, H, Alinia, T, Aljunid, SM, Almustanyir, S, Al-Raddadi, RM, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, F, Ameyaw, EK, Amiri, S, Amusa, GA, Andrei, CL, Anjana, RM, Ansar, A, Ansari, G, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Anyasodor, AE, Arabloo, J, Aravkin, AY, Areda, D, Arifin, H, Arkew, M, Armocida, B, Arnlov, J, Artamonov, AA, Arulappan, J, Aruleba, RT, Arumugam, A, Aryan, Z, Asemu, MT, Asghari-Jafarabadi, M, Askari, E, Asmelash, D, Astell-Burt, T, Athar, M, Athari, SS, Atout, MMDW, Avila-Burgos, L, Awaisu, A, Azadnajafabad, S, Xu, Luna ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4787-6547, Bhaskar, Sonu, Sundstorm, Johan ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2247-8454, Feng, Xiaoqi ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3421-220X, and Huda, Md Nazmul ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7048-1266
Abstract: Background: Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and affects people regardless of country, age group, or sex. Using the most recent evidentiary and analytical framework from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), we produced location-specific, age-specific, and sex-specific estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden from 1990 to 2021, the proportion of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2021, the proportion of the type 2 diabetes burden attributable to selected risk factors, and projections of diabetes prevalence through 2050. Methods: Estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden were computed in 204 countries and territories, across 25 age groups, for males and females separately and combined; these estimates comprised lost years of healthy life, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; defined as the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]). We used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach to estimate deaths due to diabetes, incorporating 25 666 location-years of data from vital registration and verbal autopsy reports in separate total (including both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) and type-specific models. Other forms of diabetes, including gestational and monogenic diabetes, were not explicitly modelled. Total and type 1 diabetes prevalence was estimated by use of a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to analyse 1527 location-years of data from the scientific literature, survey microdata, and insurance claims; type 2 diabetes estimates were computed by subtracting type 1 diabetes from total estimates. Mortality and prevalence estimates, along with standard life expectancy and disability weights, were used to calculate YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs. When appropriate, we extrapolated estimates to a hypothetical population with a standardised age structure to allow comparison in populations with different age structures. We used the comparativ
Published: 2023

5. Abstract P2-14-07: Use of an activatable cell penetrating peptide-fluorescent imaging agent (AVB-620) to identify positive and close margins intraoperatively

Author: Chen, SL, primary, Baron, PL, additional, Lee, MC, additional, Feldman, SM, additional, McLaughlin, SA, additional, Terando, AM, additional, Harootunian, A, additional, Poonka, P, additional, and Gonzalez, JE, additional
Published: 2019
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6. Abstract PD5-06: Prognostic value of molecular tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (mTIL) signatures in HER2-positive breast cancer patients in N9831 and FinHer/FinXX trials

Author: Chumsri, S, primary, Serie, DJ, additional, Mashadi-Hossein, A, additional, Tenner, KS, additional, Lauttia, SL, additional, Moreno-Aspitia, A, additional, McLaughlin, SA, additional, Nassar, A, additional, Warren, S, additional, Danaher, P, additional, Colon-Otero, G, additional, Lindman, H, additional, Joensuu, H, additional, Perez, EA, additional, and Thompson, EA, additional
Published: 2017
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7. Histological findings in corneal stromal abscesses of 11 horses: correlation with cultures and cytology

Author: Brian C. Gilger, Holly L. Hamilton, Whitley Rd, McLaughlin Sa, and Elizabeth M. Whitley
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Pathology, Stromal cell, Corneal Stroma, Biology, Keratitis, Microbiology, Stroma, Cornea, Cytology, medicine, Animals, Fungal keratitis, Horses, Retrospective Studies, General Medicine, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Abscess, Gram-Positive Cocci, medicine.anatomical_structure, Female, Horse Diseases, Histopathology, Mitosporic Fungi, Bacteria
Abstract: Histopathology was compared to culture results and cytology from horses with corneal stromal abscess at the Auburn University and the Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospitals. Significant bacteria were not isolated in culture or seen on histopathology in any of the horses. Although most bacteria infecting equine corneas can be isolated with blood and MacConkey's agars, failure to detect bacterial growth may not rule out infection because anaerobic or intracellular bacteria would not be isolated. The inability to visualise bacterial organisms on histological sections did not rule out their presence in the tissue, because there is often destruction of bacteria by neutrophils, macrophages and antibiotic therapy greatly reducing their numbers. Fungal keratitis was diagnosed by histopathology in 4 of 11 eyes (36%) and keratitis with no aetiological agent in 7 of 11 eyes (64%). Nine of 11 horses (82%) had a prominent neutrophilic stromal infiltrate and 2 (18%) had a predominantly pyogranulomatous reaction. Two of the 4 lesions that showed histological evidence of fungal infection were positive for identifiable fungi on culture and cytology. Fungal cultures of the other 2 cases with histological evidence of mycotic keratitis were negative or grew unidentifiable fungi which were considered pathogenic because, on histopathological sections, fungal hyphae were found deep in the corneal stroma surrounded by an inflammatory reaction. In 3 of 6 cases where fungi were recovered on culture, they were considered contaminants based on lack of evidence of organisms in histopathological sections. Histopathology and the use of special stains were important in the interpretation of culture and cytology results.
Published: 1994
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8. Modified Lateral Orbitotomy for Removal of Orbital Neoplasms in Two Dogs

Author: R. David Whitley, Brian C. Gilger, and McLaughlin Sa
Subjects: Adenoma, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Lung Neoplasms, genetic structures, Fibrosarcoma, Eyelid Neoplasms, Dogs, medicine, Animals, Aponeurosis, Dog Diseases, Zygoma, General Veterinary, business.industry, Anatomy, eye diseases, Surgery, Lateral orbitotomy, medicine.anatomical_structure, Ligament, Orbital Neoplasms, Female, Zygomatic arch, Surgical excision, sense organs, Eyelid, business, Orbit, Orbit (anatomy)
Abstract: A simplified lateral orbitotomy is described that decreases surgical time and lessens tissue dissection, yet maintains the exposure to the orbit provided by other orbitotomy techniques. The approach involves cutting the orbital ligament, incising the temporalis aponeurosis from the dorsal zygomatic arch, making parallel zygomatic arch osteotomies, and reflecting the zygomatic arch ventrally. Closure of the wound involves wiring the zygomatic arch back into place. This orbitotomy procedure provides excellent exposure for removal or biopsy of orbital masses. The use of this technique for surgical excision of orbital masses in two dogs, one with an adenoma of the third eyelid gland and one with an orbital fibrosarcoma, and their subsequent management is described.
Published: 1994
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9. Abstract P4-04-05: Differential mRNA expression patterns in breast tumors with high vs. low quantity of stromal tumor–Infiltrating lymphocytes

Author: Moyer, AM, primary, Boughey, JC, additional, Kalari, KR, additional, Suman, VJ, additional, McLaughlin, SA, additional, Moreno-Aspitia, A, additional, Northfelt, DW, additional, Gray, RJ, additional, Sinnwell, JP, additional, Carlson, EE, additional, Dockter, TJ, additional, Jones, KN, additional, Felten, SJ, additional, Conners, AL, additional, Wieben, ED, additional, Ingle, JN, additional, Wang, L, additional, Weinshilboum, RM, additional, Visscher, DW, additional, and Goetz, MP, additional
Published: 2016
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10. Abstract P2-04-02: Immunomodulatory effects of entinostat on PD-L1 and MHC class I and II in different subtypes of breast cancer

Author: Chumsri, S, primary, Necela, BM, additional, Ordentlich, P, additional, Advani, P, additional, Moreno-Aspitia, A, additional, McLaughlin, SA, additional, Geiger, X, additional, McDonough, M, additional, Vallow, LA, additional, Perez, EA, additional, and Thompson, EA, additional
Published: 2016
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11. Abstract P3-07-51: Regulation of DNA methyltransferases via TRAF6 determines breast cancer response to decitabine

Author: Yu, J, primary, Qin, B, additional, Boughey, JC, additional, Moyer, AM, additional, Visscher, DW, additional, Sinnwell, JP, additional, Yin, P, additional, Thompson, KJ, additional, Docter, TJ, additional, Kalari, KR, additional, Suman, VJ, additional, Wieben, ED, additional, Felten, SJ, additional, Conners, AL, additional, Jones, KN, additional, McLaughlin, SA, additional, Copland JA, III, additional, Moreno Aspitia, A, additional, Northfelt, DW, additional, Gray, RJ, additional, Ingle, JN, additional, Lou, Z, additional, Weinshilboum, R, additional, Goetz, MP, additional, and Wang, L, additional
Published: 2016
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12. Abstract P3-07-29: Role of germline BRCA status and tumor homologous recombination (HR) deficiency in response to neoadjuvant weekly paclitaxel followed by anthracycline-based chemotherapy

Author: Boughey, JC, primary, Kalari, KR, additional, Suman, VJ, additional, McLaughlin, SA, additional, Moreno Aspitia, A, additional, Moyer, AM, additional, Northfelt, DW, additional, Gray, RJ, additional, Vedell, PT, additional, Tang, X, additional, Dockter, TJ, additional, Jones, KN, additional, Felten, SJ, additional, Conners, AL, additional, Hart, SN, additional, Visscher, DW, additional, Wieben, ED, additional, Ingle, JN, additional, Hartman, A-R, additional, Timms, K, additional, Elkin, E, additional, Jones, J, additional, Wang, L, additional, Weinshilboum, RW, additional, and Goetz, MP, additional
Published: 2016
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13. Ophthalmic atropine in horses: is colic a serious problem?

Author: Brian C. Gilger, McLaughlin Sa, and Whitley Rd
Subjects: Atropine, Equine, business.industry, Anesthesia, Medicine, business, medicine.drug
Published: 1991
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14. Abstract P1-08-10: Integration of next generation sequencing (NGS) and patient derived xenografts (PDX) to identify novel markers of paclitaxel (T) response in the breast cancer genome guided therapy study (BEAUTY)

Author: Goetz, MP, primary, Boughey, JC, additional, Kalari, KR, additional, Eckel-Passow, J, additional, Suman, VJ, additional, Sicotte, H, additional, Hart, SN, additional, Moyer, AM, additional, Visscher, DW, additional, Yu, J, additional, Gao, B, additional, Sinnwell, JP, additional, Mahoney, DW, additional, Barman, P, additional, Vedell, P, additional, Tang, X, additional, Thompson, K, additional, Dockter, TJ, additional, Jones, KN, additional, Conners, AL, additional, McLaughlin, SA, additional, Moreno-Aspitia, A, additional, Northfelt, DW, additional, Gray, RJ, additional, Wieben, ED, additional, Farrugia, G, additional, Schultz, C, additional, Ingle, JN, additional, Wang, L, additional, and Weinshilboum, RW, additional
Published: 2013
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15. Abstract S2-1: The role of sentinel lymph node surgery in patients presenting with node positive breast cancer (T0-T4, N1-2) who receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy – results from the ACOSOG Z1071 trial

Author: Boughey, JC, primary, Suman, VJ, additional, Mittendorf, EA, additional, Ahrendt, GM, additional, Wilke, LG, additional, Taback, B, additional, Leitch, AM, additional, Flippo-Morton, TS, additional, Byrd, DR, additional, Ollila, DW, additional, Julian, TB, additional, McLaughlin, SA, additional, McCall, L, additional, Symmans, WF, additional, Le-Petross, HT, additional, Haffty, BG, additional, Buchholz, TA, additional, and Hunt, KK, additional
Published: 2012
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16. Abstract P5-13-02: Impact of Adjuvant Trastuzumab on Local Regional Recurrence: Data from the NCCTG N9831 Study

Author: Halyard, MY, primary, Dueck, AC, additional, Pisansky, TM, additional, McLaughlin, SA, additional, Pierce, LJ, additional, Marks, LB, additional, Solin, LJ, additional, Pockaj, BA, additional, and Perez, EA., additional
Published: 2010
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17. The utility of preoperative breast magnetic resonance imaging in invasive breast cancer according to HER2 status.

Author: McLaughlin, SA, primary, Vallow, LA, additional, Hines, SL, additional, and Tan, W, additional
Published: 2009
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18. MRI findings in women with triple negative breast cancer.

Author: Hines, SL, primary, McLaughlin, SA, additional, and Vallow, LA, additional
Published: 2009
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19. Diagnosis and treatment of lens diseases

Author: Brian C. Gilger, R. David Whitley, and McLaughlin Sa
Subjects: Uveal inflammation, medicine.medical_specialty, Equine, business.industry, Visually impaired, Cataract Extraction, medicine.disease, eye diseases, Cataract, Surgery, Cataracts, Lens Diseases, Surgical removal, Medicine, Lens disorder, Animals, Functional status, Horse Diseases, Horses, business, Intensive care medicine
Abstract: The lens represents a unique tissue in light of its embryologic development, retention of old cells and nuclear make-up, transparent nature, immune privileged status, and metabolic restrictions. Disorders of malformation and malposition occur, but cataract development is the most common and significant problem for owners and animals. Technologic and pharmacologic advances have allowed surgical removal of equine cataracts to become an acceptable alternative, capable of returning a visually impaired horse to a functional status. Uveal inflammation represents the greatest threat to successful surgical cataract removal. Veterinarians should consult with those versed in ophthalmology for assistance in diagnosis, prognosis, peroperative treatment, surgical intervention, and follow-up on lens disorders.
Published: 1992

20. Exophthalmos secondary to aspergillosis in a cat

Author: Hamilton, HL, primary, Whitley, RD, additional, and McLaughlin, SA, additional
Published: 2000
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21. Surgical reconstruction of severe cicatricial ectropion in a puppy

Author: Hamilton, HL, primary, McLaughlin, SA, additional, Whitley, RD, additional, and Swaim, SF, additional
Published: 1998
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22. Prognosis and Outcome of Small (less than or equal to 1 cm), Node-Negative Breast Cancer on the Basis of Hormonal and HER-2 Status.

Author: Amar S, McCullough AE, Tan W, Geiger XJ, Boughey JC, McNeil RB, Coppola KE, McLaughlin SA, Palmieri FM, and Perez EA
Abstract: Long-term outcomes and hence the role of adjuvant therapy in patients with small (≤1 cm), node-negative breast cancer remain unclear. This study's objective was to evaluate whether human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2 status is an independent, poor prognostic marker in patients with these tumors and to identify a subgroup of patients with these small tumors who might benefit from adjuvant systemic therapy. All patients with a diagnosis of a node-negative breast tumor measuring ≤1 cm and available HER-2 test results between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2005, at the three Mayo Clinic sites were identified. Clinicopathologic data were compared in three groups: HER-2-, HER-2+, and triple-negative (TN) tumors. Of the 421 tumors identified, 364 (86.5%) were HER-2-, 28 (6.7%) were HER-2+, and 29 (6.9%) were TN. The median follow- up time was 1,015 days (range, 1-2,549 days). Groups were balanced in terms of patient age and tumor histology. Eleven patients with HER-2- tumors (3.0%), seven with HER-+ tumors (25.0%), and eight with TN tumors (27.6%) received adjuvant chemotherapy. Follow-up data were available for 357, 28, and 28 patients in the three groups, respectively. Death rates in the three groups were 6.4% (23 of 357) (one recurrence-related death), 0% (0 of 28), and 7.1% (2 of 28) (one recurrence- related death), respectively. During followup, the tumor recurred in nine patients: four were HER-2- tumors (1.1%), two were HER-2+ tumors (7.1%), and three were TN tumors (10.7%). Patients with small, node-negative breast tumors have an excellent prognosis, but HER-2+ and TN tumors appear to have a higher recurrence rate, warranting consideration for broad use and optimization of systemic adjuvant treatments [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2010
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23. Prevalence of lymphedema in women with breast cancer 5 years after sentinel lymph node biopsy or axillary dissection: objective measurements.

Author: McLaughlin SA, Wright MJ, Morris KT, Giron GL, Sampson MR, Brockway JP, Hurley KE, Riedel ER, Van Zee KJ, McLaughlin, Sarah A, Wright, Mary J, Morris, Katherine T, Giron, Gladys L, Sampson, Michelle R, Brockway, Julia P, Hurley, Karen E, Riedel, Elyn R, and Van Zee, Kimberly J
Published: 2008
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24. Prevalence of lymphedema in women with breast cancer 5 years after sentinel lymph node biopsy or axillary dissection: patient perceptions and precautionary behaviors.

Author: McLaughlin SA, Wright MJ, Morris KT, Sampson MR, Brockway JP, Hurley KE, Riedel ER, Van Zee KJ, McLaughlin, Sarah A, Wright, Mary J, Morris, Katherine T, Sampson, Michelle R, Brockway, Julia P, Hurley, Karen E, Riedel, Elyn R, and Van Zee, Kimberly J
Published: 2008
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25. Impact of the Liaison Committee on Medical Education requirements for emergency medicine education at U.S. schools of medicine.

Author: McLaughlin SA, Hobgood C, Binder L, Manthey DE, and SAEM Undergraduate Education Committee for 2004-2005
Published: 2005

26. Human simulation in emergency medicine training: a model curriculum.

Author: McLaughlin SA, Doezema D, and Sklar DP
Published: 2002

27. The Devil Shift: Perceptions and Misperceptions of Opponents

Author: Paul A. Sabatier, McLaughlin Sa, and Susan Hunter
Subjects: Perception, media_common.quotation_subject, 05 social sciences, 050602 political science & public administration, 050109 social psychology, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, General Medicine, Psychology, Social psychology, 0506 political science, media_common
Published: 1987
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28. The Burden of Diabetes Mortality by County, Race, and Ethnicity in the U.S., 2000-2019.

Author: Nassereldine H, Li Z, Compton K, Kendrick P, Kahn E, Kelly YO, Baumann MM, Schmidt CA, Sylte DO, Ong KL, La Motte-Kerr W, Daoud F, McLaughlin SA, Hay SI, Rodriquez EJ, Nápoles AM, Mensah GA, Pérez-Stable EJ, Mokdad AH, and Dwyer-Lindgren L
Abstract: Objective: Diabetes is a leading cause of death in the U.S. Previous studies have found substantial racial, ethnic, and geographical disparities in diabetes mortality; however, research considering racial, ethnic, and geographical disparities simultaneously has been limited. To fill this gap, we estimated trends in diabetes mortality rates from 2000 to 2019 at the county level for five racial and ethnic populations., Research Design and Methods: We applied small-area estimation methods to death registration data from the U.S. National Vital Statistics System and population data from the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics and corrected for misclassification of race and ethnicity on death certificates., Results: Age-standardized diabetes mortality rates decreased in the U.S. from 28.1 deaths per 100,000 (95% uncertainty interval 27.9-28.2) in 2000 to 19.1 deaths per 100,000 (19.0-19.2) in 2019. In 2019, national-level rates were highest for the American Indian or Alaska Native (AIAN) population (35.6 [32.1-39.4]), followed by the Black (31.9 [31.5-32.3]), Latino (19.7 [19.3-20.2]), White (17.6 [17.5-17.8]), and Asian (12.6 [12.1-13.1]) populations. There was substantial heterogeneity in diabetes mortality rates across counties within each racial and ethnic population, with the AIAN population experiencing the greatest heterogeneity in 2019 (interquartile range 18.7-50.3 [median 31.9]). For each racial and ethnic population, mortality rates declined in most counties from 2000 to 2019., Conclusions: Since 2000, progress has been made in reducing diabetes mortality rates. Nonetheless, diabetes mortality remains too high for many Americans. Interventions focusing on communities at highest risk are vital to resolving persistent health inequities., (© 2025 by the American Diabetes Association.)
Published: 2025
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29. Melanoma-derived cytokines and extracellular vesicles are interlinked with macrophage immunosuppression.

Author: Suman S, Nevala WK, Leontovich AA, Jakub JW, Geng L, McLaughlin SA, and Markovic SN
Abstract: Cytokines play a crucial role in mediating cell communication within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated macrophages are particularly influential in the regulation of immunosuppressive cytokines, thereby supporting tumor metastasis. The upregulation of Th2 cytokines in cancer cells is recognized for its involvement in suppressing anticancer immunity. However, the association between these cytokines and tumor-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) remains poorly understood. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the connection between tumor-promoting macrophages and melanoma-derived EVs. The analysis from altered cytokine profile data showed that melanoma-derived EVs upregulate Th2 cytokine expression in naïve macrophages, thereby contributing to the promotion of tumor-supporting functions. Notably, many of these cytokines were also found to be upregulated in metastatic melanoma patients (n = 30) compared to healthy controls (n = 33). Overall, our findings suggest a strong connection between melanoma secretory EVs and the induction of tumor-associated macrophages that facilitates the development of an immunosuppressive TME, supporting melanoma metastasis through regulation at both local and systemic levels., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2025 Suman, Nevala, Leontovich, Jakub, Geng, McLaughlin and Markovic.)
Published: 2025
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30. Risk Factors for Eye and Orbital Injuries Related to Electric Scooters and Off-Road Vehicles.

Author: McLaughlin SA, Davila N, Bineshfar N, and Pradeep T
Abstract: Purpose: Electric scooters (e-scooters) have rapidly become a mainstream method of transportation in the U.S. but there is consequently limited data on their safety profile. This study evaluates ophthalmic injuries related to e-scooters compared to non-motorized scooters and off-road vehicles (ORV)., Methods: This retrospective study uses the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (2014 to 2023). Ocular injury profiles associated with conventional scooters, e-scooters, and off-road vehicles were included., Results: E-scooter ocular injuries rose by 1950% between 2014 and 2023. E-scooter riders were 4.3 times more likely to sustain orbital fractures and 2.7 times more likely to be hospitalized than non-motorized scooter riders. ORV and e-scooter riders had comparable injury and hospitalization patterns. Alcohol use and lack of helmet use were significant contributors to injury severity., Conclusions and Relevance: Injury patterns and hospitalization rates in e-scooter accidents resemble those of ORV incidents. Findings highlight the need for public health interventions to reduce the burden of e-scooter-related injuries.
Published: 2024
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31. Lymphedema Rates Following Axillary Lymph Node Dissection With and Without Immediate Lymphatic Reconstruction: A Prospective Trial.

Author: Jakub JW, Boughey JC, Hieken TJ, Piltin M, Forte AJ, Vijayasekaran A, Mazur M, Sturz J, Corbin K, Vallow L, Johnson JE, Mrdutt M, Fahradyan V, Li Z, Blumenfeld S, Degnim A, Yost KJ, Cheville A, and McLaughlin SA
Subjects: Humans, Female, Prospective Studies, Middle Aged, Follow-Up Studies, Prognosis, Postoperative Complications etiology, Plastic Surgery Procedures methods, Plastic Surgery Procedures adverse effects, Aged, Adult, Lymph Nodes pathology, Lymph Nodes surgery, Lymph Node Excision adverse effects, Axilla, Breast Neoplasms surgery, Breast Neoplasms pathology, Lymphedema etiology
Abstract: Background: Immediate lymphatic reconstruction (ILR) has been proposed to decrease lymphedema rates. The primary aim of our study was to determine whether ILR decreased the incidence of lymphedema in patients undergoing axillary lymph node dissection (ALND)., Methods: We conducted a two-site pragmatic study of ALND with or without ILR, employing surgeon-level cohort assignment, based on breast surgeons' preferred standard practice. Lymphedema was assessed by limb volume measurements, patient self-reporting, provider documentation, and International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes., Results: Overall, 230 patients with breast cancer were enrolled; on an intention-to-treat basis, 99 underwent ALND and 131 underwent ALND with ILR. Of the 131 patients preoperatively planned for ILR, 115 (87.8%) underwent ILR; 72 (62.6%) were performed by one breast surgical oncologist and 43 (37.4%) by fellowship-trained microvascular plastic surgeons. ILR was associated with an increased risk of lymphedema when defined as ≥10% limb volume change on univariable analysis, but not on multivariable analysis, after propensity score adjustment. We did not find a statistically significant difference in limb volume measurements between the two cohorts when including subclinical lymphedema (≥5% inter-limb volume change), nor did we see a difference in grade between the two cohorts on an intent-to-treat or treatment received basis. For all patients, considering ascertainment strategies of patient self-reporting, provider documentation, and ICD-10 codes, as a single binary outcome measure, there was no significant difference in lymphedema rates between those undergoing ILR or not., Conclusion: We found no significant difference in lymphedema rates between patients undergoing ALND with or without ILR., (© 2024. Society of Surgical Oncology.)
Published: 2024
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32. Evaluating acute nipple inversion, imaging findings and outcomes.

Author: Hatcher KM, Leon A, Cornell LF, Jakub JW, McLaughlin SA, and Maimone S
Subjects: Humans, Female, Retrospective Studies, Middle Aged, Adult, Aged, Mammography methods, Sensitivity and Specificity, Aged, 80 and over, Young Adult, Nipples diagnostic imaging, Nipples pathology, Breast Neoplasms diagnostic imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods, Ultrasonography, Mammary methods
Abstract: Purpose: Acute nipple inversion can be unsettling for patients and is sometimes associated with an underlying breast malignancy. It also poses a diagnostic challenge with lack of consensus management guidelines. This study reviewed institutional experience with new nipple inversion, including malignant association, imaging utilization, and outcomes, in an effort to improve management., Methods: A multisite institutional retrospective review was conducted of all breast imaging reports from 1/2010 to 6/2022 mentioning nipple inversion as an indication or finding. Patients with new nipple inversion, defined as arising since the time of last breast imaging exam or if reported as new by the patient/provider, were included for analysis. Retroareolar imaging findings, BI-RADS assessments/recommendations, pathology obtained from percutaneous or excisional biopsies, and follow-up imaging and clinical exams were collated. Cases of chronic or stable nipple inversion were excluded. Descriptive statistics were performed., Results: A total of 414 patients had new nipple inversion, 387/414 (93.5 %) with benign or negative results at initial imaging and 27/414 (6.5 %) with malignant lesions. Diagnostic mammography/ultrasound detected 25/27 (92.6 %) cancers (sensitivity 92.6 %, specificity 75.5 %, PPV 20.8 %, NPV 99.3 %). Of 62 breast MRI exams performed in patients with negative mammogram/ultrasound, no cancers were detected in the retroareolar space with 2 incidental malignant lesions discovered distant from the nipple., Conclusion: Diagnostic mammography/ultrasound is reliable in workups of acute nipple inversion, with a high sensitivity and NPV for excluding malignancy. Breast MRI and surgical referral should be reserved for patients with suspicious associated symptoms or clinical findings., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2024
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33. Melanoma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Induce CD36-Mediated Pre-Metastatic Niche.

Author: Suman S, Nevala WK, Leontovich AA, Ward C, Jakub JW, Kim Y, Geng L, Stueven NA, Atherton CL, Moore RM, Schimke JM, Lucien-Matteoni F, McLaughlin SA, and Markovic SN
Subjects: Humans, Skin Neoplasms pathology, Skin Neoplasms metabolism, Cell Line, Tumor, Macrophages metabolism, Macrophages pathology, Prognosis, Female, Melanoma, Cutaneous Malignant, Lymph Nodes pathology, Lymph Nodes metabolism, Male, Extracellular Vesicles metabolism, Melanoma metabolism, Melanoma pathology, CD36 Antigens metabolism, Tumor Microenvironment
Abstract: CD36 expression in both immune and non-immune cells is known to be directly involved in cancer metastasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by malignant melanocytes play a vital role in developing tumor-promoting microenvironments, but it is unclear whether this is mediated through CD36. To understand the role of CD36 in melanoma, we first analyzed the SKCM dataset for clinical prognosis, evaluated the percentage of CD36 in lymphatic fluid-derived EVs (LEVs), and tested whether melanoma-derived EVs increase CD36 expression and induce M2-macrophage-like characteristics. Furthermore, we performed a multiplex immunofluorescence (MxIF) imaging analysis to evaluate the CD36 expression and its colocalization with various other cells in the lymph node (LN) of patients and control subjects. Our findings show that cutaneous melanoma patients have a worse clinical prognosis with high CD36 levels, and a higher percentage of CD36 in total LEVs were found at baseline in melanoma patients compared to control. We also found that monocytic and endothelial cells treated with melanoma EVs expressed more CD36 than untreated cells. Furthermore, melanoma-derived EVs can regulate immunosuppressive macrophage-like characteristics by upregulating CD36. The spatial imaging data show that cells in tumor-involved sentinel LNs exhibit a higher probability of CD36 expression than cells from control LNs, but this was not statistically significant. Conclusively, our findings demonstrated that CD36 plays a vital role in controlling the immunosuppressive microenvironment in the LN, which can promote the formation of a protumorigenic niche.
Published: 2024
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34. Pre-treatment peripheral blood immunophenotyping and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in operable breast cancer.

Author: Leon-Ferre RA, Whitaker KR, Suman VJ, Hoskin T, Giridhar KV, Moore RM, Al-Jarrad A, McLaughlin SA, Northfelt DW, Hunt KN, Conners AL, Moyer A, Carter JM, Kalari K, Weinshilboum R, Wang L, Ingle JN, Knutson KL, Ansell SM, Boughey JC, Goetz MP, and Villasboas JC
Subjects: Humans, Female, Middle Aged, Adult, Aged, Receptor, ErbB-2 metabolism, Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols therapeutic use, Leukocytes, Mononuclear metabolism, Biomarkers, Tumor blood, Prognosis, Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating immunology, Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating metabolism, Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms drug therapy, Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms immunology, Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms blood, Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms pathology, Prospective Studies, Treatment Outcome, Chemotherapy, Adjuvant methods, Neoadjuvant Therapy methods, Immunophenotyping, Breast Neoplasms drug therapy, Breast Neoplasms immunology, Breast Neoplasms blood, Breast Neoplasms pathology
Abstract: Background: Tumor immune infiltration and peripheral blood immune signatures have prognostic and predictive value in breast cancer. Whether distinct peripheral blood immune phenotypes are associated with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) remains understudied., Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 126 breast cancer patients enrolled in a prospective clinical trial (NCT02022202) were analyzed using Cytometry by time-of-flight with a panel of 29 immune cell surface protein markers. Kruskal-Wallis tests or Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to evaluate differences in immune cell subpopulations according to breast cancer subtype and response to NAC., Results: There were 122 evaluable samples: 47 (38.5%) from patients with hormone receptor-positive, 39 (32%) triple-negative (TNBC), and 36 (29.5%) HER2-positive breast cancer. The relative abundances of pre-treatment peripheral blood T, B, myeloid, NK, and unclassified cells did not differ according to breast cancer subtype. In TNBC, higher pre-treatment myeloid cells were associated with lower pathologic complete response (pCR) rates. In hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, lower pre-treatment CD8 + naïve and CD4 + effector memory cells re-expressing CD45RA (T EMRA ) T cells were associated with more extensive residual disease after NAC. In HER2 + breast cancer, the peripheral blood immune phenotype did not differ according to NAC response., Conclusions: Pre-treatment peripheral blood immune cell populations (myeloid in TNBC; CD8 + naïve T cells and CD4 + T EMRA cells in luminal breast cancer) were associated with response to NAC in early-stage TNBC and hormone receptor-positive breast cancers, but not in HER2 + breast cancer., Trial Registration: NCT02022202 . Registered 20 December 2013., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
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35. A burden of proof study on alcohol consumption and ischemic heart disease.

Author: Carr S, Bryazka D, McLaughlin SA, Zheng P, Bahadursingh S, Aravkin AY, Hay SI, Lawlor HR, Mullany EC, Murray CJL, Nicholson SI, Rehm J, Roth GA, Sorensen RJD, Lewington S, and Gakidou E
Subjects: Humans, Male, Female, Case-Control Studies, Myocardial Infarction epidemiology, Cohort Studies, Risk Factors, Myocardial Ischemia epidemiology, Alcohol Drinking epidemiology, Mendelian Randomization Analysis
Abstract: Cohort and case-control data have suggested an association between low to moderate alcohol consumption and decreased risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD), yet results from Mendelian randomization (MR) studies designed to reduce bias have shown either no or a harmful association. Here we conducted an updated systematic review and re-evaluated existing cohort, case-control, and MR data using the burden of proof meta-analytical framework. Cohort and case-control data show low to moderate alcohol consumption is associated with decreased IHD risk - specifically, intake is inversely related to IHD and myocardial infarction morbidity in both sexes and IHD mortality in males - while pooled MR data show no association, confirming that self-reported versus genetically predicted alcohol use data yield conflicting findings about the alcohol-IHD relationship. Our results highlight the need to advance MR methodologies and emulate randomized trials using large observational databases to obtain more definitive answers to this critical public health question., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
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36. Author Correction: Health effects associated with exposure to secondhand smoke: a Burden of Proof study.

Author: Flor LS, Anderson JA, Ahmad N, Aravkin A, Carr S, Dai X, Gil GF, Hay SI, Malloy MJ, McLaughlin SA, Mullany EC, Murray CJL, O'Connell EM, Okereke C, Sorensen RJD, Whisnant J, Zheng P, and Gakidou E
Published: 2024
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37. Ultrasound-guided fascial plane blocks for post-breast surgery pain syndrome.

Author: Ferreira-Silva N, Hurdle MFB, Clendenen SR, Gulati A, McLaughlin SA, Troyer W, and Rosario-Concepción RA
Subjects: Humans, Female, Pain, Postoperative etiology, Pain, Postoperative therapy, Ultrasonography, Interventional methods, Nerve Block methods, Thoracic Nerves, Breast Neoplasms
Abstract: Introduction: Persistent pain following breast surgery is common and may be challenging to treat. In patients refractory to conservative treatments, ultrasound-guided fascial plane blocks of thoracic nerves can be a useful option., Results: This type of neuro blockade technique provides advantages in terms of safety and efficacy that are convenient for physicians managing refractory and complex cases of post-breast surgery syndrome., Conclusion: This technical review aims to present an up-to-date summary of the most common ultrasound-guided fascial plane blocks for chronic pain in post-breast surgery patients, provide a detailed technical description of each intervention, and propose preferred injections based on the anatomical location of the pain., (© 2024 World Institute of Pain.)
Published: 2024
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38. Health effects associated with chewing tobacco: a Burden of Proof study.

Author: Gil GF, Anderson JA, Aravkin A, Bhangdia K, Carr S, Dai X, Flor LS, Hay SI, Malloy MJ, McLaughlin SA, Mullany EC, Murray CJL, O'Connell EM, Okereke C, Sorensen RJD, Whisnant J, Zheng P, and Gakidou E
Subjects: Humans, Mouth Neoplasms epidemiology, Mouth Neoplasms etiology, Stroke epidemiology, Stroke etiology, Risk Factors, Male, Female, Neoplasms epidemiology, Neoplasms etiology, Tobacco, Smokeless adverse effects
Abstract: Chewing tobacco use poses serious health risks; yet it has not received as much attention as other tobacco-related products. This study synthesizes existing evidence regarding the health impacts of chewing tobacco while accounting for various sources of uncertainty. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of chewing tobacco and seven health outcomes, drawing on 103 studies published from 1970 to 2023. We use a Burden of Proof meta-analysis to generate conservative risk estimates and find weak-to-moderate evidence that tobacco chewers have an increased risk of stroke, lip and oral cavity cancer, esophageal cancer, nasopharynx cancer, other pharynx cancer, and laryngeal cancer. We additionally find insufficient evidence of an association between chewing tobacco and ischemic heart disease. Our findings highlight a need for policy makers, researchers, and communities at risk to devote greater attention to chewing tobacco by both advancing tobacco control efforts and investing in strengthening the existing evidence base., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
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39. Health effects associated with exposure to secondhand smoke: a Burden of Proof study.

Author: Flor LS, Anderson JA, Ahmad N, Aravkin A, Carr S, Dai X, Gil GF, Hay SI, Malloy MJ, McLaughlin SA, Mullany EC, Murray CJL, O'Connell EM, Okereke C, Sorensen RJD, Whisnant J, Zheng P, and Gakidou E
Subjects: Child, Humans, Female, Tobacco Smoke Pollution adverse effects, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Asthma, Respiratory Tract Infections, Breast Neoplasms
Abstract: Despite a gradual decline in smoking rates over time, exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) continues to cause harm to nonsmokers, who are disproportionately children and women living in low- and middle-income countries. We comprehensively reviewed the literature published by July 2022 concerning the adverse impacts of SHS exposure on nine health outcomes. Following, we quantified each exposure-response association accounting for various sources of uncertainty and evaluated the strength of the evidence supporting our analyses using the Burden of Proof Risk Function methodology. We found all nine health outcomes to be associated with SHS exposure. We conservatively estimated that SHS increases the risk of ischemic heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes and lung cancer by at least around 8%, 5%, 1% and 1%, respectively, with the evidence supporting these harmful associations rated as weak (two stars). The evidence supporting the harmful associations between SHS and otitis media, asthma, lower respiratory infections, breast cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was weaker (one star). Despite the weak underlying evidence for these associations, our results reinforce the harmful effects of SHS on health and the need to prioritize advancing efforts to reduce active and passive smoking through a combination of public health policies and education initiatives., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
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40. ASO Author Reflections: Sequence of Treatment in Clinically Node-Negative T1 Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

Author: Huang K, Jakub JW, and McLaughlin SA
Subjects: Humans, Female, Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy, Neoadjuvant Therapy, Lymph Nodes, Lymph Node Excision, Axilla, Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms, Breast Neoplasms
Published: 2023
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41. Health effects associated with exposure to intimate partner violence against women and childhood sexual abuse: a burden of proof study.

Author: Spencer CN, Khalil M, Herbert M, Aravkin AY, Arrieta A, Baeza MJ, Bustreo F, Cagney J, Calderon-Anyosa RJC, Carr S, Chandan JK, Coll CVN, de Andrade FMD, de Andrade GN, Debure AN, Flor LS, Hammond B, Hay SI, Knaul FN, Lim RQH, McLaughlin SA, Minhas S, Mohr JK, Mullany EC, Murray CJL, O'Connell EM, Patwardhan V, Reinach S, Scott D, Sorenson RJD, Stein C, Stöckl H, Twalibu A, Vasconcelos N, Zheng P, Metheny N, Chandan JS, and Gakidou E
Subjects: Child, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Abortion, Spontaneous, Alcoholism complications, Alcoholism epidemiology, Depressive Disorder, Major, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Intimate Partner Violence, Sex Offenses
Abstract: The health impacts of intimate partner violence against women and childhood sexual abuse are not fully understood. Here we conducted a systematic review by comprehensively searching seven electronic databases for literature on intimate partner violence-associated and childhood sexual abuse-associated health effects. Following the burden of proof methodology, we evaluated the evidence strength linking intimate partner violence and/or childhood sexual abuse to health outcomes supported by at least three studies. Results indicated a moderate association of intimate partner violence with major depressive disorder and with maternal abortion and miscarriage (63% and 35% increased risk, respectively). HIV/AIDS, anxiety disorders and self-harm exhibited weak associations with intimate partner violence. Fifteen outcomes were evaluated for their relationship to childhood sexual abuse, which was shown to be moderately associated with alcohol use disorders and with self-harm (45% and 35% increased risk, respectively). Associations between childhood sexual abuse and 11 additional health outcomes, such as asthma and type 2 diabetes mellitus, were found to be weak. Although our understanding remains limited by data scarcity, these health impacts are larger in magnitude and more extensive than previously reported. Renewed efforts on violence prevention and evidence-based approaches that promote healing and ensure access to care are necessary., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
Published: 2023
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42. Prospective Surveillance with Compression for Subclinical Lymphedema: Symptoms, Skin, and Quality-of-Life Outcomes.

Author: Dietrich MS, Gaitatzis K, Koelmeyer L, Boyages J, Abramson VG, McLaughlin SA, Ngui N, Elder E, French J, Hsu J, Hughes TM, Stolldorf DP, Shah C, and Ridner SH
Subjects: Female, Humans, Prospective Studies, Quality of Life, Breast Cancer Lymphedema diagnosis, Breast Cancer Lymphedema etiology, Breast Cancer Lymphedema therapy, Breast Neoplasms complications, Breast Neoplasms surgery, Lymphedema diagnosis, Lymphedema etiology, Lymphedema therapy
Abstract: Background: Patients underwent a compression (sleeve and gauntlet) intervention for subclinical breast cancer-related lymphedema (S-BCRL). Physical, emotional, and quality-of-life (QoL) outcomes were examined. Associations of change in extracellular fluid alone through bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) or change in whole-arm volume through tape measure with the outcomes at time of S-BCRL were explored. Methods and Results: We enrolled newly diagnosed nonmetastatic breast cancer patients for surveillance up to 36 months postoperatively. Upon detection of S-BCRL, a 28-day compression intervention was initiated. Data were obtained through physical examination/measurement and self-report instruments: skin examination, Lymphedema Symptom Intensity and Distress Survey-Arm, and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy General (FACT-G), Breast (FACT-B), and FACT-B+4. Improvements with intervention were observed in the proportion of patients reporting symptom scores ≥3 in function (Cohen's d = -0.46, p < 0.01), in biobehavioral (Cohen's d = -0.30, p < 0.05), maximum number of skin conditions (Cohen's d = -0.34, p < 0.05. 3), FACT-B (Cohen's d = 0.52, p < 0.01), and FACT-B + four (Cohen's d = -0.42, p < 0.01). At the study endpoint, compared with those who did not progress, chronic breast cancer-related lymphedema (C-BCRL) progressing patients had higher overall symptom scores ( p = 0.037), more skin conditions ( p = 0.009), and lower total FACT-G and FACT-B scores ( p < 0.05). At the time of S-BCRL, detection of greater BIS unit change correlated with higher symptom, skin condition, and QoL values. Greater whole-arm volume change correlated with higher FACT-B+4 scores (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: Prospective surveillance, symptom assessment, and compression intervention promote low progression rates from S-BCRL to C-BCRL and as such reduce symptom burden. This closed study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02167659.
Published: 2023
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43. Integration of multiomics data shows down regulation of mismatch repair and tubulin pathways in triple-negative chemotherapy-resistant breast tumors.

Author: Tang X, Thompson KJ, Kalari KR, Sinnwell JP, Suman VJ, Vedell PT, McLaughlin SA, Northfelt DW, Aspitia AM, Gray RJ, Carter JM, Weinshilboum R, Wang L, Boughey JC, and Goetz MP
Subjects: Humans, Down-Regulation, Tubulin, DNA Mismatch Repair, Multiomics, Prospective Studies, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local genetics, Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms drug therapy, Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms genetics
Abstract: Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive breast cancer subtype. Patients with TNBC are primarily treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). The response to NAC is prognostic, with reductions in overall survival and disease-free survival rates in those patients who do not achieve a pathological complete response (pCR). Based on this premise, we hypothesized that paired analysis of primary and residual TNBC tumors following NAC could identify unique biomarkers associated with post-NAC recurrence., Methods and Results: We investigated 24 samples from 12 non-LAR TNBC patients with paired pre- and post-NAC data, including four patients with recurrence shortly after surgery (< 24 months) and eight who remained recurrence-free (> 48 months). These tumors were collected from a prospective NAC breast cancer study (BEAUTY) conducted at the Mayo Clinic. Differential expression analysis of pre-NAC biopsies showed minimal gene expression differences between early recurrent and nonrecurrent TNBC tumors; however, post-NAC samples demonstrated significant alterations in expression patterns in response to intervention. Topological-level differences associated with early recurrence were implicated in 251 gene sets, and an independent assessment of microarray gene expression data from the 9 paired non-LAR samples available in the NAC I-SPY1 trial confirmed 56 gene sets. Within these 56 gene sets, 113 genes were observed to be differentially expressed in the I-SPY1 and BEAUTY post-NAC studies. An independent (n = 392) breast cancer dataset with relapse-free survival (RFS) data was used to refine our gene list to a 17-gene signature. A threefold cross-validation analysis of the gene signature with the combined BEAUTY and I-SPY1 data yielded an average AUC of 0.88 for six machine-learning models. Due to the limited number of studies with pre- and post-NAC TNBC tumor data, further validation of the signature is needed., Conclusion: Analysis of multiomics data from post-NAC TNBC chemoresistant tumors showed down regulation of mismatch repair and tubulin pathways. Additionally, we identified a 17-gene signature in TNBC associated with post-NAC recurrence enriched with down-regulated immune genes., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
Published: 2023
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44. Reply to: Concerns about the Burden of Proof studies.

Author: Aravkin AY, McLaughlin SA, Zheng P, Lescinsky H, Brauer M, Hay SI, and Murray CJL
Published: 2023
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45. Chest wall resection for breast cancer: 21st century Mayo clinic experience.

Author: Durgan DM, De La Cruz Ku G, Thomas M, Pockaj BA, McLaughlin SA, Casey WJ, Vijayasekaran A, Wigle D, Cheville JC, Tonneson J, Hoskin TL, and Jakub JW
Subjects: Female, Humans, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local pathology, Radiotherapy, Adjuvant, Retrospective Studies, Breast Neoplasms pathology, Breast Neoplasms surgery, Thoracic Wall pathology, Thoracic Wall surgery
Abstract: Background: We hypothesized full-thickness chest wall resection (FTCWR) with advanced surgical techniques and modern systemic therapy is safe, provides local control, and good overall survival., Methods: Retrospective review of FTCWR (including rib or part of sternum) for breast cancer between 2000 and 2020. Primary endpoints included 90-day morbidities and all-cause mortality. Secondary endpoints were loco-regional and distant recurrence, DFS and overall survival (OS)., Results: A total of 35 patients met the criteria. 34 FTCWR were for recurrence and the median time to chest wall recurrence was 6 years. Tumor subtype was triple-negative in 51% and the remainder HR+ Her2-. 58% were palliative resections. FTCWR included rib(s) in 89% and portion of sternum in 57%; 94% required reconstruction and 80% were R0 resections. There were no 90-day mortalities. Overall morbidity was 10/35(28%). 17(49%) patients received neoadjuvant systemic therapy for their recurrence and three received neoadjuvant radiation. Adjuvant treatment included chemotherapy (8), endocrine therapy (3), and both (8). Ten patients (28%) received adjuvant radiation. The Median follow-up was 31 months and there were 6 (17%) loco-regional and 7 (20%) distant recurrences. OS was 86% and 67% at 1 and 3 years, respectively., Conclusion: FTCWR was associated with low morbidity, mortality, recurrence rates, and good OS. Selective FTCWR is safe and has acceptable short-term survival rates., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)
Published: 2022
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46. Pilot/Phase II Trial of Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy to the Whole Breast Alone Before Breast Conserving Surgery.

Author: Thorpe CS, DeWees TA, Laughlin BS, Vallow LA, Seneviratne D, Pockaj BA, Cronin PA, Halyard MY, Vern-Gross TZ, McGee LA, McLaughlin SA, Voss MM, Golafshar MA, Bulman GF, and Vargas CE
Abstract: Purpose: Our purpose was to report the results of a phase II trial of patients with breast cancer treated with hypofractionated whole breast radiation therapy (RT) before breast-conserving surgery (BCS)., Methods and Materials: Between 2019 and 2020, patients with cT0-T2, N0, M0 breast cancer were enrolled. Patients were treated with hypofractionated whole breast RT, 25 Gy in 5 fractions, 4 to 8 weeks before BCS. Pathologic assessment was performed using the residual cancer burden (RCB). Toxicities were assessed according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4). Quality of life was assessed with Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, The Breast Cancer Treatment Outcome Scale, Linear Analogue Self-Assessment, and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System., Results: Twenty-two patients were enrolled. Median follow-up was 7.6 months (range, 0.2-16.8). Seven (32%) and 2 (9%) patients experienced grade 2+ or 3 toxicities, respectively. Overall quality of life Linear Analogue Self-Assessment and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System did not change significantly from baseline ( P = .21 and P = .72, respectively). There was no clinically significant change (≥1 point) in any of The Breast Cancer Treatment Outcome Scale domains. Only 1 (5%) patient experienced a clinical deterioration that corresponded to a "fair" outcome on the Harvard Cosmesis Scale. At pathologic evaluation, 14 (64%) patients had RCB-0 or RCB-I, including 3 (14%) patients with a pathologic complete response (RCB-0). Eight patients (36%) had RCB-II. No local or distant recurrences have been observed., Conclusions: Extremely hypofractionated whole breast RT before BCS is a feasible approach. There were low rates of toxicities and good cosmesis. Further investigation into this approach with RT before BCS is warranted., (© 2022 The Authors.)
Published: 2022
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47. Health effects associated with smoking: a Burden of Proof study.

Author: Dai X, Gil GF, Reitsma MB, Ahmad NS, Anderson JA, Bisignano C, Carr S, Feldman R, Hay SI, He J, Iannucci V, Lawlor HR, Malloy MJ, Marczak LB, McLaughlin SA, Morikawa L, Mullany EC, Nicholson SI, O'Connell EM, Okereke C, Sorensen RJD, Whisnant J, Aravkin AY, Zheng P, Murray CJL, and Gakidou E
Subjects: Research Design, Risk Factors, Smoking adverse effects, Smoking epidemiology, Smoking Cessation
Abstract: As a leading behavioral risk factor for numerous health outcomes, smoking is a major ongoing public health challenge. Although evidence on the health effects of smoking has been widely reported, few attempts have evaluated the dose-response relationship between smoking and a diverse range of health outcomes systematically and comprehensively. In the present study, we re-estimated the dose-response relationships between current smoking and 36 health outcomes by conducting systematic reviews up to 31 May 2022, employing a meta-analytic method that incorporates between-study heterogeneity into estimates of uncertainty. Among the 36 selected outcomes, 8 had strong-to-very-strong evidence of an association with smoking, 21 had weak-to-moderate evidence of association and 7 had no evidence of association. By overcoming many of the limitations of traditional meta-analyses, our approach provides comprehensive, up-to-date and easy-to-use estimates of the evidence on the health effects of smoking. These estimates provide important information for tobacco control advocates, policy makers, researchers, physicians, smokers and the public., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
Published: 2022
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48. Effects of elevated systolic blood pressure on ischemic heart disease: a Burden of Proof study.

Author: Razo C, Welgan CA, Johnson CO, McLaughlin SA, Iannucci V, Rodgers A, Wang N, LeGrand KE, Sorensen RJD, He J, Zheng P, Aravkin AY, Hay SI, Murray CJL, and Roth GA
Subjects: Antihypertensive Agents pharmacology, Antihypertensive Agents therapeutic use, Blood Pressure, Humans, Reactive Oxygen Species, Hypertension drug therapy, Myocardial Ischemia drug therapy, Myocardial Ischemia epidemiology
Abstract: High systolic blood pressure (SBP) is a major risk factor for ischemic heart disease (IHD), the leading cause of death worldwide. Using data from published observational studies and controlled trials, we estimated the mean SBP-IHD dose-response function and burden of proof risk function (BPRF), and we calculated a risk outcome score (ROS) and corresponding star rating (one to five). We found a very strong, significant harmful effect of SBP on IHD, with a mean risk-relative to that at 100 mm Hg SBP-of 1.39 (95% uncertainty interval including between-study heterogeneity 1.34-1.44) at 120 mm Hg, 1.81 (1.70-1.93) at 130 mm Hg and 4.48 (3.81-5.26) at 165 mm Hg. The conservative BPRF measure indicated that SBP exposure between 107.5 and 165.0 mm Hg raised risk by 101.36% on average, yielding a ROS of 0.70 and star rating of five. Our analysis shows that IHD risk was already increasing at 120 mm Hg SBP, rising steadily up to 165 mm Hg and increasing less steeply above that point. Our study endorses the need to prioritize and strengthen strategies for screening, to raise awareness of the need for timely diagnosis and treatment of hypertension and to increase the resources allocated for understanding primordial prevention of elevated blood pressure., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
Published: 2022
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49. Overview of Lymphedema for Physicians and Other Clinicians: A Review of Fundamental Concepts.

Author: Manrique OJ, Bustos SS, Ciudad P, Adabi K, Chen WF, Forte AJ, Cheville AL, Jakub JW, McLaughlin SA, and Chen HC
Subjects: Fibrosis, Humans, Lymphatic System, Quality of Life, Lymphedema etiology, Lymphedema therapy, Physicians
Abstract: Lymphedema has historically been underrated in clinical practice, education, and scholarship to the detriment of many patients with this chronic, debilitating condition. The mechanical insufficiency of the lymphatic system causes the abnormal accumulation of protein-rich fluid in the interstitium, which triggers a cascade of adverse consequences such as fat deposition and fibrosis. As the condition progresses, patients present with extremity heaviness, itchiness, skin infections, and, in later stages, dermal fibrosis, skin papillomas, acanthosis, and other trophic skin changes. Correspondingly, lymphedema results in psychological morbidity, including anxiety, depression, social avoidance, and a decreased quality of life, encompassing emotional, functional, physical, and social domains. For this review, we conducted a literature search using PubMed and EMBASE and herein summarize the evidence related to the fundamental concepts of lymphedema. This article aims to raise awareness of this serious condition and outline and review the fundamental concepts of lymphedema., (Copyright © 2020 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2022
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50. Health effects associated with consumption of unprocessed red meat: a Burden of Proof study.

Author: Lescinsky H, Afshin A, Ashbaugh C, Bisignano C, Brauer M, Ferrara G, Hay SI, He J, Iannucci V, Marczak LB, McLaughlin SA, Mullany EC, Parent MC, Serfes AL, Sorensen RJD, Aravkin AY, Zheng P, and Murray CJL
Subjects: Chronic Disease, Diet adverse effects, Humans, Meat adverse effects, Risk Factors, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 epidemiology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 etiology, Red Meat adverse effects
Abstract: Characterizing the potential health effects of exposure to risk factors such as red meat consumption is essential to inform health policy and practice. Previous meta-analyses evaluating the effects of red meat intake have generated mixed findings and do not formally assess evidence strength. Here, we conducted a systematic review and implemented a meta-regression-relaxing conventional log-linearity assumptions and incorporating between-study heterogeneity-to evaluate the relationships between unprocessed red meat consumption and six potential health outcomes. We found weak evidence of association between unprocessed red meat consumption and colorectal cancer, breast cancer, type 2 diabetes and ischemic heart disease. Moreover, we found no evidence of an association between unprocessed red meat and ischemic stroke or hemorrhagic stroke. We also found that while risk for the six outcomes in our analysis combined was minimized at 0 g unprocessed red meat intake per day, the 95% uncertainty interval that incorporated between-study heterogeneity was very wide: from 0-200 g d -1 . While there is some evidence that eating unprocessed red meat is associated with increased risk of disease incidence and mortality, it is weak and insufficient to make stronger or more conclusive recommendations. More rigorous, well-powered research is needed to better understand and quantify the relationship between consumption of unprocessed red meat and chronic disease., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
Published: 2022
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