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The purpose of this review was to identify what impacts RED-S has on the menstrual cycle, and if these changes caused any negative affects to performance in female athletes. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched using the following search criterion 1) Must mention RED-S or 2) Must mention Low Energy Availability in Athletes 3) Must involve or make mention to female subjects 4) Must make links to menstrual cycle changes and performance outcomes. Based on the 14 reviewed papers, it is certain that RED-S can have a profound impact on the athlete's health and wellbeing. If a female athlete is diagnosed with RED-S this can cause hormonal disturbances that affect the athlete's menstrual cycle and, in some cases, have a negative impact on their performance due to injury and time spent away from training and competing. It's recommended that athletes, coaches and support staff have some understanding of what RED-S is and how it can impact the athlete's health and performance. Some significant signs and symptoms to be aware of are, the absences of menses by age 16 or the athlete has missed three cycles (not due to pregnancy), repeated stress fractures, shin splints or persistent hip pain, and /or the athlete has a low body mass percentage. A formal diagnosis and classification of the severity (high, moderate or low risk), by a clinician is a vital step in the process of rehabilitation. Once diagnosed the athlete and support staff can begin the process of adjusting energy intake, energy expenditure, or both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grandparent caregivers face a myriad of challenges that require intervention at various levels. Programs are now available to enhance the lives of grandparent caregivers, and there is evidence, although largely from methodologically inadequate studies, that such interventions are beneficial. This review critically appraised the research on the effectiveness of different interventions for these grandparents. A total of 21 studies were included in the review. Studies were assessed according to research design, methodological quality, and intervention outcomes. Best available evidence suggests that interventions within the cognitive-behavioral spectrum have the most empirical support. Promising approaches that require further research include interdisciplinary case management, support groups, and psychoeducational interventions. To establish an evidence base for interventions designed to promote the well- being of grandparents and alleviate the stress associated with raising grandchildren, there is a need for high quality intervention studies. Future trials need to be rigorous in design and include high quality descriptions of all aspects of methodology to enable appraisal and interpretation of results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brief flashes of light directed at neuronal cell bodies and proximal dendrites of neurons in culture can enhance whole-cell electrophysiological responses mediated by NMDA and GABAA receptors. In experiments aimed at identifying the molecular moieties responsible for mediating this phenomenon, we observed that broad-spectrum protein kinase inhibitors substantially amplified the actions of light. Kinase inhibitors, however, were surprisingly ineffective in altering light-induced potentiation of recombinant NMDA receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Furthermore, receptors assembled from truncated NMDA receptor subunits, previously shown to be relatively insensitive to modulation via phosphorylation, remained light sensitive. Phosphatase inhibitors had no effects of light-induced NMDA receptor potentiation in neurons, and nucleated patches excised from neuronal somata behaved similarly to CHO cells. Taken together, these data suggests that the effects of kinase inhibitors were unrelated to the molecular mechanism of light-induced potentiation. We propose a model whereby kinase inhibition promotes an enrichment of NMDA receptors in the neuronal cell body vs. the distal dendrites. Under these conditions, NMDA receptor redistribution elicited by kinase inhibitors would increase the number of receptors exposed to light and, as a consequence, the whole cell response. These observations support a critical role for protein kinases in the rapid redistribution of neurotransmitter receptors, with profound physiological significance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]