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1. Type 2 and other forms of diabetes in 0-30 year olds: a hospital based study in Leeds, UK

Author

Feltbower, RG, McKinney, PA, Campbell, FM, and Bodansky, HJ

Subjects
Exercise -- Health aspects, Obesity -- Care and treatment -- Complications and side effects -- Diagnosis, Diabetes in children -- Diagnosis -- Care and treatment -- Causes of -- Complications and side effects, Family and marriage, Health, Diagnosis, Care and treatment, Complications and side effects, Causes of, Health aspects
Abstract

Background and Aims: Following recent reports of increased numbers of adolescents being diagnosed with the adult or type 2 form of diabetes we aimed to describe the prevalence of both [...]

Published
2003

2. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields and acute leukaemia: analysis of a case-control study

Author

Willett, EV, McKinney, PA, Fear, NT, Cartwright, RA, and Roman, E

Subjects
Electromagnetic fields -- Health aspects -- Research -- Environmental aspects, Leukemia -- Causes of -- Environmental aspects -- Research, Occupational health and safety -- Research -- Environmental aspects -- Health aspects, Health, Research, Environmental aspects, Health aspects, Causes of
Abstract

Aims: To investigate whether the risk of acute leukaemia among adults is associated with occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields. Methods: Probable occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields at higher than typical [...]

Published
2003

5. Incidence and trends of childhood Type 1 diabetes worldwide 1990–1999

Author

THE DIAMOND PROJECT GROUP, BESSAOUD K, BOUDRAA G, DE ROPOLO MM, DE SEREDAY M, MARTI ML, MOSER M, LAPERTOSA S, DAMIANO M, VERGE C, HOWARD N, SCHOBER E, JORDAN O, WEETS I, GORUS F, COECKELBERGHS M, ROOMAN R, VAN GAAL L, FRANCO LJ, FERREIRA SRG, LISBOA HPK, KURTZ LA, GRAEBIN R, KUTZKE L, RODRIGES C, SAVOVA R, CHRISTOV V, IOTOVA V, TZANEVA V, PACAUD D, TOTH E, TAN MH, CARRASCO E, PEREZ F, ZE Y, BO Y, CHEN S, FU L, DENG L, SHEN S, TENG K, WANG C, JIAN H, JU J, YAN C, DENG Y, LI C, ZHANG Y, LIU Y, LONG X, ZHEN Z, SUN Z, WANG B, WONG G, ORREGO OV, ASCHNER P, DIAZ DIAZ O, DE ACOSTA OM, CINEK O, VAVRINEC J, OLSEN BS, SVENDSEN AJ, KREUTZFELDT J, LUND E, TULL ES, SELMAN GEARA A, ALMONTE AS, PODAR T, TUOMILEHTO J, KARVONEN M, NOTKOLA IL, MOLTCHANOVA E, TASKINEN O, LEVY MARCHAL C, CZERNICHOW P, KOCAVA M, NEU A, EHEHALT S, ROSENBAUER J, GIANI G, ICKS A, BARTSOCAS C, VAZEOU A, SOLTESZ G, LARON Z, GORDON O, ALBAG Y, SHAMIS I, PURRELLO F, ARPI M, FICHERA G, MANCUSO M, LUCENTI C, CHIUMELLO G, BRUNO G, PAGANO G, SONGINI M, CASU A, MARINARO A, FRONGIA P, ZEDDA MA, MILIA A, TENCONI MT, POZZILLI P, VISALLI N, SEBASTIANI L, MARIETTI G, BUZZETTI R, CHERUBINI V, OKUNO A, HARADA S, MATSUURA N, MIKI E, MIYAMOTO S, SASAKI N, MIMURA G, SHALTOUT A, QABAZRD M, AL KHAWARI M, BRIGIS G, DZIVITE I, KADIKI O, URBONAITE B, DE BEAUFORT C, GAREEBOO H, RUEDA OA, REESER M, ELLIOTT R, SCOTT R, WILLIS J, DARLOW B, JONER G, RAFIQUE G, JAWAD F, JIMENEZ J, PALACIOS CM, CANETE F, VERA J, ALMIRON R, BENITEZ GE, ESPINOLA CS, SECLEN S, WOZNICKA D, SZYBINSKI Z, PLACZKIEWICZ E, JAROSZ CHOBOT P, MENEZES C, PINA EA, RUAS MMA, RODRIGUES FJC, ABREU S, IONESCU TIRGOVISTE C, SHUBNIKOV E, MICHALKOVA D, BARK L, HLAVA P, MIKULECKY M, KRZISNIK C, BATTELINO T, URSIC NB, KOTNIK P, KO KW, CASTELL C, GODAY A, MAGZOUB M, DAHLQUIST G, SCHOENLE E, NAGATI K, KHALIFA FB, BURDEN A, RAYMOND N, MILLWARD BA, ZHAO H, PATTERSON CC, CARSON D, HADDEN D, SMAIL P, MCSPORRAN B, WAUGH N, BINGLEY P, MCKINNEY PA, FELTBOWER RG, BODANSKY HJ, CAMPBELL F, LAPORTE RE, LIBMAN I, ROSEMAN J, RAHMAN SMA, DE LLADO TF, LIPTON R, JORGE AM, GUNCZLER P, LANES R., DEVOTI, Gabriele, THE DIAMOND PROJECT, Group, Bessaoud, K, Boudraa, G, DE ROPOLO, Mm, DE SEREDAY, M, Marti, Ml, Moser, M, Lapertosa, S, Damiano, M, Verge, C, Howard, N, Schober, E, Jordan, O, Weets, I, Gorus, F, Coeckelberghs, M, Rooman, R, VAN GAAL, L, Franco, Lj, Ferreira, Srg, Lisboa, Hpk, Kurtz, La, Graebin, R, Kutzke, L, Rodriges, C, Savova, R, Christov, V, Iotova, V, Tzaneva, V, Pacaud, D, Toth, E, Tan, Mh, Carrasco, E, Perez, F, Ze, Y, Bo, Y, Chen, S, Fu, L, Deng, L, Shen, S, Teng, K, Wang, C, Jian, H, Ju, J, Yan, C, Deng, Y, Li, C, Zhang, Y, Liu, Y, Long, X, Zhen, Z, Sun, Z, Wang, B, Wong, G, Orrego, Ov, Aschner, P, DIAZ DIAZ, O, DE ACOSTA, Om, Cinek, O, Vavrinec, J, Olsen, B, Svendsen, Aj, Kreutzfeldt, J, Lund, E, Tull, E, SELMAN GEARA, A, Almonte, A, Podar, T, Tuomilehto, J, Karvonen, M, Notkola, Il, Moltchanova, E, Taskinen, O, LEVY MARCHAL, C, Czernichow, P, Kocava, M, Neu, A, Ehehalt, S, Rosenbauer, J, Giani, G, Icks, A, Bartsocas, C, Vazeou, A, Soltesz, G, Laron, Z, Gordon, O, Albag, Y, Shamis, I, Purrello, F, Arpi, M, Fichera, G, Mancuso, M, Lucenti, C, Chiumello, G, Bruno, G, Pagano, G, Songini, M, Casu, A, Marinaro, A, Frongia, P, Zedda, Ma, Milia, A, Tenconi, Mt, Devoti, Gabriele, Pozzilli, P, Visalli, N, Sebastiani, L, Marietti, G, Buzzetti, R, Cherubini, V, Okuno, A, Harada, S, Matsuura, N, Miki, E, Miyamoto, S, Sasaki, N, Mimura, G, Shaltout, A, Qabazrd, M, AL KHAWARI, M, Brigis, G, Dzivite, I, Kadiki, O, Urbonaite, B, DE BEAUFORT, C, Gareeboo, H, Rueda, Oa, Reeser, M, Elliott, R, Scott, R, Willis, J, Darlow, B, Joner, G, Rafique, G, Jawad, F, Jimenez, J, Palacios, Cm, Canete, F, Vera, J, Almiron, R, Benitez, Ge, Espinola, C, Seclen, S, Woznicka, D, Szybinski, Z, Placzkiewicz, E, JAROSZ CHOBOT, P, Menezes, C, Pina, Ea, Ruas, Mma, Rodrigues, Fjc, Abreu, S, IONESCU TIRGOVISTE, C, Shubnikov, E, Michalkova, D, Bark, L, Hlava, P, Mikulecky, M, Krzisnik, C, Battelino, T, Ursic, Nb, Kotnik, P, Ko, Kw, Castell, C, Goday, A, Magzoub, M, Dahlquist, G, Schoenle, E, Nagati, K, Khalifa, Fb, Burden, A, Raymond, N, Millward, Ba, Zhao, H, Patterson, Cc, Carson, D, Hadden, D, Smail, P, Mcsporran, B, Waugh, N, Bingley, P, Mckinney, Pa, Feltbower, Rg, Bodansky, Hj, Campbell, F, Laporte, Re, Libman, I, Roseman, J, Rahman, Sma, DE LLADO, Tf, Lipton, R, Jorge, Am, Gunczler, P, and Lanes, R.

Subjects
Male, Adolescent, type 1 diabetes, Incidence, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Global Health, World Health Organization, trend, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Endocrinology, Child, Preschool, geographical distribution, incidence, Internal Medicine, Humans, epidemiology, Female, Child
Abstract

Aims. To examine incidence and trends of Type 1 diabetes worldwide for the period 1990–1999. Methods. The incidence of Type 1 diabetes (per 100000/year) was analysed in children aged ≤ 14 years from 114 populations in 112 centres in 57 countries. Trends in the incidence of Type 1 diabetes were analysed by fitting Poisson regression models to the dataset. Results. A total of 43013 cases were diagnosed in the study populations of 84 million children. The age-adjusted incidence of Type 1 diabetes among 112 centres (114 populations) varied from 0.1 per 100000/year in China and Venezuela to 40.9 per 100000/year in Finland. The average annual increase in incidence calculated from 103 centres was 2.8% (95% CI 2.4–3.2%). During the years 1990–1994, this increase was 2.4% (95% CI 1.3–3.4%) and during the second study period of 1995–1999 it was slightly higher at 3.4% (95% CI 2.7– 4.3%). The trends estimated for continents showed statistically significant increases all over the world (4.0% in Asia, 3.2% in Europe and 5.3% in North America), except in Central America and the West Indies where the trend was a decrease of 3.6%. Only among the European populations did the trend in incidence diminish with age. Conclusions. The rising incidence of Type 1 diabetes globally suggests the need for continuous monitoring of incidence by using standardized methods in order to plan or assess prevention strategies.

Published
2006

6. A genome-wide association study of upperaerodigestive tract cancers conducted within the INHANCE consortium

Author

McKay JD, Truong T, Gaborieau V, Chabrier A, Chuang SC, Byrnes G, Zaridze D, Shangina O, Szeszenia Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Bucur A, Bencko V, Holcatova I, Janout V, Foretova L, Lagiou P, Trichopoulos D, Benhamou S, Bouchardy C, Ahrens W, Merletti F, Richiardi L, Talamini R, Barzan L, Kjaerheim K, Macfarlane GJ, Macfarlane TV, Simonato L, Canova C, Agudo A, Castellsagué X, Lowry R, Conway DI, McKinney PA, Healy CM, Toner ME, Znaor A, Curado MP, Koifman S, Menezes A, Wünsch Filho V, Neto JE, Garrote LF, Boccia S, Cadoni G, Arzani D, Olshan AF, Weissler MC, Funkhouser WK, Luo J, Lubiński J, Trubicka J, Lener M, Oszutowska D, Schwartz SM, Chen C, Fish S, Doody DR, Muscat JE, Lazarus P, Gallagher CJ, Chang SC, Zhang ZF, Wei Q, Sturgis EM, Wang LE, Franceschi S, Herrero R, Kelsey KT, McClean MD, Marsit CJ, Nelson HH, Romkes M, Buch S, Nukui T, Zhong S, Lacko M, Manni JJ, Peters WH, Hung RJ, McLaughlin J, Vatten L, Njølstad I, Goodman GE, Field JK, Liloglou T, Vineis P, Clavel Chapelon F, Palli D, Tumino R, Krogh V, González CA, Quirós JR, Martínez C, Navarro C, Ardanaz E, Larrañaga N, Khaw KT, Key T, Bueno de Mesquita HB, Peeters PH, Trichopoulou A, Linseisen J, Boeing H, Hallmans G, Overvad K, Tjønneland A, Kumle M, Riboli E, Välk K, Vooder T, Metspalu A, Zelenika D, Boland A, Delepine M, Foglio M, Lechner D, Blanché H, Gut IG, Galan P, Heath S, Hashibe M, Hayes RB, Boffetta P, Lathrop M, Brennan P., PANICO, SALVATORE, Mckay, Jd, Truong, T, Gaborieau, V, Chabrier, A, Chuang, Sc, Byrnes, G, Zaridze, D, Shangina, O, Szeszenia Dabrowska, N, Lissowska, J, Rudnai, P, Fabianova, E, Bucur, A, Bencko, V, Holcatova, I, Janout, V, Foretova, L, Lagiou, P, Trichopoulos, D, Benhamou, S, Bouchardy, C, Ahrens, W, Merletti, F, Richiardi, L, Talamini, R, Barzan, L, Kjaerheim, K, Macfarlane, Gj, Macfarlane, Tv, Simonato, L, Canova, C, Agudo, A, Castellsagué, X, Lowry, R, Conway, Di, Mckinney, Pa, Healy, Cm, Toner, Me, Znaor, A, Curado, Mp, Koifman, S, Menezes, A, Wünsch Filho, V, Neto, Je, Garrote, Lf, Boccia, S, Cadoni, G, Arzani, D, Olshan, Af, Weissler, Mc, Funkhouser, Wk, Luo, J, Lubiński, J, Trubicka, J, Lener, M, Oszutowska, D, Schwartz, Sm, Chen, C, Fish, S, Doody, Dr, Muscat, Je, Lazarus, P, Gallagher, Cj, Chang, Sc, Zhang, Zf, Wei, Q, Sturgis, Em, Wang, Le, Franceschi, S, Herrero, R, Kelsey, Kt, Mcclean, Md, Marsit, Cj, Nelson, Hh, Romkes, M, Buch, S, Nukui, T, Zhong, S, Lacko, M, Manni, Jj, Peters, Wh, Hung, Rj, Mclaughlin, J, Vatten, L, Njølstad, I, Goodman, Ge, Field, Jk, Liloglou, T, Vineis, P, Clavel Chapelon, F, Palli, D, Tumino, R, Krogh, V, Panico, Salvatore, González, Ca, Quirós, Jr, Martínez, C, Navarro, C, Ardanaz, E, Larrañaga, N, Khaw, Kt, Key, T, Bueno de Mesquita, Hb, Peeters, Ph, Trichopoulou, A, Linseisen, J, Boeing, H, Hallmans, G, Overvad, K, Tjønneland, A, Kumle, M, Riboli, E, Välk, K, Vooder, T, Metspalu, A, Zelenika, D, Boland, A, Delepine, M, Foglio, M, Lechner, D, Blanché, H, Gut, Ig, Galan, P, Heath, S, Hashibe, M, Hayes, Rb, Boffetta, P, Lathrop, M, and Brennan, P.

Published
2011

7. Exposure to power frequency electric fields and the risk of childhood cancer in the UK

Author

Skinner, J, Mee, TJ, Blackwell, RP, Maslanyj, MP, Simpson, J, Allen, SG, Day, NE, Cheng, KK, Gilman, E, Williams, D, Cartwright, R, Craft, A, Birch, JM, Eden, OB, McKinney, PA, Deacon, J, Peto, J, Beral, V, Roman, E, Elwood, P, Alexander, FE, Mott, M, Chilvers, CE, Muir, K, Doll, R, Taylor, CM, Greaves, M, Goodhead, D, Fry, FA, Adams, G, and Law, G

Subjects
Male, Cancer Research, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Epidemiology, Childhood cancer, Population, Child Welfare, Pilot Projects, electric fields, Risk Assessment, Central Nervous System Neoplasms, Electromagnetic Fields, Neoplasms, Odds Ratio, Medicine, childhood cancer, Humans, education, Child, education.field_of_study, Leukemia, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, Case-control study, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Environmental exposure, Odds ratio, Environmental Exposure, Confidence interval, United Kingdom, Oncology, Case-Control Studies, Child, Preschool, leukaemia, Housing, Female, Risk assessment, business
Abstract

The United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study, a population-based case–control study covering the whole of Great Britain, incorporated a pilot study measuring electric fields. Measurements were made in the homes of 473 children who were diagnosed with a malignant neoplasm between 1992 and 1996 and who were aged 0–14 at diagnosis, together with 453 controls matched on age, sex and geographical location. Exposure assessments comprised resultant spot measurements in the child's bedroom and the family living-room. Temporal stability of bedroom fields was investigated through continuous logging of the 48-h vertical component at the child's bedside supported by repeat spot measurements. The principal exposure metric used was the mean of the pillow and bed centre measurements. For the 273 cases and 276 controls with fully validated measures, comparing those with a measured electric field exposure ⩾20 V m−1 to those in a reference category of exposure

Published
2002

8. The United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study of exposure to domestic sources of ionising radiation: 2: gamma radiation

Author

Cartwright, RA, Law, G, Roman, E, Gilman, E, Eden, OB, Mott, M, Muir, K, Goodhead, D, Kendall, G, Cheng, KK, Day, N, Craft, A, Birch, JM, McKinney, PA, Peto, J, Beral, V, Elwood, P, Alexander, FE, Chilvers, CED, Doll, R, Taylor, GM, Greaves, M, Goodhead, DT, Fry, FA, Adams, G, Skinner, J, Williams, D, Deacon, J, Simpson, J, and Investigat, UKCCS

Subjects
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, gamma dose rate, Cancer Research, medicine.medical_specialty, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, Epidemiology, chemistry.chemical_element, Radon, Radiation, Radiation Dosage, Malignancy, Ionizing radiation, Radiation, Ionizing, Environmental health, medicine, childhood cancer, Humans, Medical physics, Child, radon interactions, central nervous system tumours, Geography, Gamma ray, Case-control study, Cancer, Environmental Exposure, Environmental exposure, medicine.disease, United Kingdom, Oncology, chemistry, Gamma Rays, Air Pollution, Indoor, Case-Control Studies, Housing, Regression Analysis
Abstract

This article reports measurements of household levels of gamma and cosmic rays at the addresses of children with cancer at the time of diagnosis and six months before, and of similar data at the addresses of control children. There is no indication of increased risk with increasing dose rates either in matched or unmatched analyses, with or without adjustment for deprivation. Sub-division by diagnostic group did not reveal any association with any specific types of malignancy. Studies of the relationship between household gamma rays and radon concentration show no evidence of any interactions. British Journal of Cancer (2002) 86, 1727–1731. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6600277 www.bjcancer.com © 2002 Cancer Research UK

Published
2002

9. Childhood cancer and residential proximity to power lines

Author

Cheng, KK, Day, NE, Cartwright, R, Craft, A, Birch, JM, Eden, OB, McKinney, PA, Peto, J, Beral, V, Roman, E, Elwood, P, Alexander, FE, Chilvers, CED, Doll, R, Greaves, M, Goodhead, D, Fry, FA, Adams, G, Gilman, E, Skinner, J, Williams, D, Deacon, J, Mott, M, Muir, K, Law, G, Simpson, J, and Investigat, UKCCS

Subjects
Cancer Research, medicine.medical_specialty, Pediatrics, Electric Wiring, Adolescent, Childhood cancer, Population, magnetic fields, Malignancy, Central Nervous System Neoplasms, Electric Power Supplies, Electromagnetic Fields, Neoplasms, Epidemiology, childhood cancer, Humans, Medicine, Child, education, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Case-control study, Infant, Cancer, Regular Article, Environmental Exposure, Environmental exposure, Odds ratio, Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma, medicine.disease, United Kingdom, Oncology, Case-Control Studies, Child, Preschool, leukaemia, power lines, business
Abstract

In the United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study, a population-based case–control study covering the whole of England, Scotland and Wales, measured power-frequency magnetic fields were not found to be associated with risk for any malignancy. To examine further the risk associated with residential proximity to electricity supply equipment, distances to high-voltage lines, underground cables, substations and distribution circuits were collected for 3380 cases and 3390 controls. Magnetic field exposure from this equipment was calculated using distance, load and other circuit information. There was no evidence that either proximity to electrical installations or the magnetic field levels they produce in the UK is associated with increased risk of childhood leukaemia or any other cancer. Odds ratios of 0.73 (95% CI = 0.42–1.26) for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, 0.75 (95% CI = 0.45–1.25) for all leukaemias, 1.08 (95% CI = 0.56–2.09) for central nervous system cancers and 0.92 (95% CI = 0.64–1.34) for all malignancies were obtained for residence within 50 m of an overhead line. When individuals with a calculated magnetic field exposure ≥ 0.2 μT were compared to those in a reference category of exposure

Published
2000

10. Birth weight, head circumference, and prenatal exposure to acrylamide from maternal diet: The European prospective mother-child study (NewGeneris)

Author

Pedersen, M, von Stedingk, H, Botsivali, M, Agramunt, S, Alexander, J, Brunborg, G, Chatzi, L, Fleming, S, Fthenou, E, Granum, B, Gutzkow, KB, Hardie, LJ, Knudsen, LE, Kyrtopoulos, SA, Mendez, MA, Merlo, DF, Nielsen, JK, Rydberg, P, Segerbäck, D, Sunyer, J, Wright, J, Törnqvist, M, Kleinjans, JC, Kogevinas, M, Burley, VJ, Carreras, R, Fontana, V, de Kok, TM, Haugen, M, Hemminki, K, Kirsch-Volders, M, Koutis, A, Løvik, M, McKinney, PA, Meltzer, HM, Mijal, R, Stagi, E, van Brenda, SGJ, Wild, CP, Toxicogenomics, and RS: GROW - School for Oncology and Reproduction

Subjects
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Embaràs, Developmental toxicity, Physiology, Intrauterine growth restriction, Biochemistry, Mass Spectrometry, Cohort Studies, chemistry.chemical_compound, Hemoglobins, Pregnancy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Birth Weight, Prospective Studies, Children, News | Science Selections, Diet and Nutrition, Acrylamide, Chemistry, Environmental exposure, Fetal Blood, Infants -- Alimentació, Europe, Reproductive Health, Maternal Exposure, Anatomy & histology, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Children's Health, Regression Analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Female, medicine.symptom, Environmental Monitoring, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Birth weight, Disruptors endocrins, In utero exposure, medicine, Humans, International Environmental Health, Research, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, Newborn, Environmental Exposure, Biomarker, Infant, Low Birth Weight, medicine.disease, Surgery, Diet, Low birth weight, Epoxy Compounds, Head, Chromatography, Liquid
Abstract

Background: Acrylamide is a common dietary exposure that crosses the human placenta. It is classified as a probable human carcinogen, and developmental toxicity has been observed in rodents. Objectives: We examined the associations between prenatal exposure to acrylamide and birth outcomes in a prospective European mother–child study. Methods: Hemoglobin (Hb) adducts of acrylamide and its metabolite glycidamide were measured in cord blood (reflecting cumulated exposure in the last months of pregnancy) from 1,101 singleton pregnant women recruited in Denmark, England, Greece, Norway, and Spain during 2006–2010. Maternal diet was estimated through food-frequency questionnaires. Results: Both acrylamide and glycidamide Hb adducts were associated with a statistically significant reduction in birth weight and head circumference. The estimated difference in birth weight for infants in the highest versus lowest quartile of acrylamide Hb adduct levels after adjusting for gestational age and country was –132 g (95% CI: –207, –56); the corresponding difference for head circumference was –0.33 cm (95% CI: –0.61, –0.06). Findings were similar in infants of nonsmokers, were consistent across countries, and remained after adjustment for factors associated with reduced birth weight. Maternal consumption of foods rich in acrylamide, such as fried potatoes, was associated with cord blood acrylamide adduct levels and with reduced birth weight. Conclusions: Dietary exposure to acrylamide was associated with reduced birth weight and head circumference. Consumption of specific foods during pregnancy was associated with higher acrylamide exposure in utero. If confirmed, these findings suggest that dietary intake of acrylamide should be reduced among pregnant women. The NewGeneris (Newborns and Genotoxic exposure risks) study was funded by the European Union (EU Contract FOOD-CT-2005-016320). The study was also supported by grants obtained locally, including the Swedish Cancer and Allergy Foundation and the Swedish Research Council Formas, the National Institute for Health Research, UK (programme grant RP-PG-0407-10044), the Norwegian Ministry of Health, the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research, the Norwegian Research Council/FUGE (grant 151918/S10), the EU funded HiWATE (contract Food-CT-2006-036224), the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (contract NO-ES-75558), and the U.S. NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (grant 1 UO1 NS 047537-01). M.P. holds a Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral fellowship awarded from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (JCI-2011-09479)

Published
2012

11. Incidence of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes Worlwide

Author

KARVONEN M, VIIK KAJANDER M, MOLTCHANOVA E, LIBMAN I, LAPORTE R, TUOMILEHTO J, THE DIABETES MONDIALE DIAMOND PROJECT GROUP, BESSAOUD K, BOUDRAA G, DE ROPOLO MM, DE SEREDAY M, MARTI ML, MOSER M, LAPERTOSA S, DAMIANO M, VERGE C, HOWARD N, SCHOBER E, JORDAN O, WEETS I, GORUS F, COECKELBERGHS M, ROOMAN R, VAN GAAL L, FRANCO LJ, FERREIRA SRG, LISBOA HPK, KURTZ LA, GRAEBIN R, KUTZKE L, RODRIGES C, SAVOVA R, CHRISTOV V, IOTOVA V, TZANEVA V, PACAUD D, TOTH E, TAN MH, CARRASCO E, PEREZ F, ZE Y, BO Y, CHEN S, FU L, DENG L, SHEN S, TENG K, WANG C, JIAN H, JU J, YAN C, DENG Y, LI C, ZHANG Y, LIU Y, LONG X, ZHEN Z, SUN Z, WANG B, WONG G, ORREGO OV, ASCHNER P, DIAZ DIAZ O, DE ACOSTA OM, CINEK O, VAVRINEC J, OLSEN BS, SVENDSEN AJ, KREUTZFELDT J, LUND E, TULL ES, SELMAN GEARA A, ALMONTE AS, PODAR T, NOTKOLA IL, TASKINEN O, LEVY MARCHAL C, CZERNICHOW P, KOCAVA M, NEU A, EHEHALT S, ROSENBAUER J, GIANI G, ICKS A, BARTSOCAS C, VAZEOU A, SOLTESZ G, LARON Z, GORDON O, ALBAG Y, SHAMIS I, PURRELLO F, ARPI M, FICHERA G, MANCUSO M, LUCENTI C, CHIUMELLO G, BRUNO G, PAGANO G, SONGINI M, CASU A, MARINARO A, FRONGIA P, ZEDDA MA, MILIA A, TENCONI MT, POZZILLI P, VISALLI N, SEBASTIANI L, MARIETTI G, BUZZETTI R, CHERUBINI V, OKUNO A, HARADA S, MATSUURA N, MIKI E, MIYAMOTO S, SASAKI N, MIMURA G, SHALTOUT A, AL KHAWARI M, BRIGIS G, DZIVITE I, KADIKI O, URBONAITE B, DE BEAUFORT C, GAREEBOO H, RUEDA OA, REESER M, ELLIOTT R, SCOTT R, WILLIS J, DARLOW B, JONER G, RAFIQUE G, JIMENEZ J, PALACIOS CM, CANETE F, VERA J, ALMIRON R, BENITEZ GE, ESPINOLA CS, SECLEN S, WOZNICKA D, SZYBINSKI Z, PLACZKIEWICZ E, RUAS MMA, RODRIGUES FJC, ABREU S, IONESCU TIRGOVISTE C, SHUBNIKOV E, MICHALKOVA D, BARK L, HLAVA P, MIKULECKY M, KRZISNIK C, BATTELINO T, URSIC NB, KOTNIK P, KO KW, CASTELL C, DAHLQUIST G, SCHOENLE E, NAGATI K, KHALIFA FB, BURDEN A, RAYMOND N, MILLWARD BA, ZHAO H, PATTERSON CC, CARSON D, HADDEN D, SMAIL P, MCSPORRAN B, WAUGH N, BINGLEY P, MCKINNEY PA, FELTBOWER RG, BODANSKY HJ, CAMPBELL F, ROSEMAN J., DEVOTI, Gabriele, Karvonen, M, VIIK KAJANDER, M, Moltchanova, E, Libman, I, Laporte, R, Tuomilehto, J, THE DIABETES MONDIALE DIAMOND PROJECT, Group, Bessaoud, K, Boudraa, G, DE ROPOLO, Mm, DE SEREDAY, M, Marti, Ml, Moser, M, Lapertosa, S, Damiano, M, Verge, C, Howard, N, Schober, E, Jordan, O, Weets, I, Gorus, F, Coeckelberghs, M, Rooman, R, VAN GAAL, L, Franco, Lj, Ferreira, Srg, Lisboa, Hpk, Kurtz, La, Graebin, R, Kutzke, L, Rodriges, C, Savova, R, Christov, V, Iotova, V, Tzaneva, V, Pacaud, D, Toth, E, Tan, Mh, Carrasco, E, Perez, F, Ze, Y, Bo, Y, Chen, S, Fu, L, Deng, L, Shen, S, Teng, K, Wang, C, Jian, H, Ju, J, Yan, C, Deng, Y, Li, C, Zhang, Y, Liu, Y, Long, X, Zhen, Z, Sun, Z, Wang, B, Wong, G, Orrego, Ov, Aschner, P, DIAZ DIAZ, O, DE ACOSTA, Om, Cinek, O, Vavrinec, J, Olsen, B, Svendsen, Aj, Kreutzfeldt, J, Lund, E, Tull, E, SELMAN GEARA, A, Almonte, A, Podar, T, Notkola, Il, Taskinen, O, LEVY MARCHAL, C, Czernichow, P, Kocava, M, Neu, A, Ehehalt, S, Rosenbauer, J, Giani, G, Icks, A, Bartsocas, C, Vazeou, A, Soltesz, G, Laron, Z, Gordon, O, Albag, Y, Shamis, I, Purrello, F, Arpi, M, Fichera, G, Mancuso, M, Lucenti, C, Chiumello, G, Bruno, G, Pagano, G, Songini, M, Casu, A, Marinaro, A, Frongia, P, Zedda, Ma, Milia, A, Tenconi, Mt, Devoti, Gabriele, Pozzilli, P, Visalli, N, Sebastiani, L, Marietti, G, Buzzetti, R, Cherubini, V, Okuno, A, Harada, S, Matsuura, N, Miki, E, Miyamoto, S, Sasaki, N, Mimura, G, Shaltout, A, AL KHAWARI, M, Brigis, G, Dzivite, I, Kadiki, O, Urbonaite, B, DE BEAUFORT, C, Gareeboo, H, Rueda, Oa, Reeser, M, Elliott, R, Scott, R, Willis, J, Darlow, B, Joner, G, Rafique, G, Jimenez, J, Palacios, Cm, Canete, F, Vera, J, Almiron, R, Benitez, Ge, Espinola, C, Seclen, S, Woznicka, D, Szybinski, Z, Placzkiewicz, E, Ruas, Mma, Rodrigues, Fjc, Abreu, S, IONESCU TIRGOVISTE, C, Shubnikov, E, Michalkova, D, Bark, L, Hlava, P, Mikulecky, M, Krzisnik, C, Battelino, T, Ursic, Nb, Kotnik, P, Ko, Kw, Castell, C, Dahlquist, G, Schoenle, E, Nagati, K, Khalifa, Fb, Burden, A, Raymond, N, Millward, Ba, Zhao, H, Patterson, Cc, Carson, D, Hadden, D, Smail, P, Mcsporran, B, Waugh, N, Bingley, P, Mckinney, Pa, Feltbower, Rg, Bodansky, Hj, Campbell, F, and Roseman, J.

Published
2000

12. Early life patterns of common infection: a latent class analysis

Author

Hepworth, SJ, Law, GR, Lawlor, DA, and McKinney, PA

Subjects
Epidemiology
Abstract

Early life infection has been implicated in the aetiology of many chronic diseases, most often through proxy measures. Data on ten infectious symptoms were collected by parental questionnaire when children were 6 months old as part of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, United Kingdom. A latent class analysis was used to identify patterns of infection and their relationship to five factors commonly used as proxies: sex, other children in the home, maternal smoking, breastfeeding and maternal education. A total of 10,032 singleton children were included in the analysis. Five classes were identified with differing infectious disease patterns and children were assigned to the class for which they had a highest probability of membership based on their infectious symptom profile: ‘general infection’ (n = 1,252, 12.5%), ‘gastrointestinal’ (n = 1,902, 19.0%), ‘mild respiratory’ (n = 3,560, 35.5%), ‘colds/ear ache’ (n = 462, 4.6%) and ‘healthy’ (n = 2,856, 28.5%). Females had a reduced risk of being in all infectious classes, other children in the home were associated with an increased risk of being in the ‘general infection’, ‘mild respiratory’ or ‘colds/ear ache’ class. Breastfeeding reduced the risk of being in the ‘general infection’ and ‘gastrointestinal’ classes whereas maternal smoking increased the risk of membership. Higher maternal education was associated with an increased risk of being in the ‘mild respiratory’ group. Other children in the home had the greatest association with infectious class membership. Latent class analysis provided a flexible method of investigating the relationship between multiple symptoms and demographic and lifestyle factors.

Published
2010

13. Insulin VNTR allele-specific effect in type 1 diabetes depends on identity of untransmitted paternal allele

Author

Bennet ST, Wilson AJ, Esposito L, Bouzekri N, Undlien DE, Cucca F, Nisticò L, Buzzetti R, IMDIAB Group, Pociot F, Nerup J, Cambon Thomsen A, Pugliese A, Shield JPH, McKinney PA, Bain SC, Polychronakos C, Todd JA, BOSI , EMANUELE, Bennet, St, Wilson, Aj, Esposito, L, Bouzekri, N, Undlien, De, Cucca, F, Nisticò, L, Buzzetti, R, Imdiab, Group, Bosi, Emanuele, Pociot, F, Nerup, J, Cambon Thomsen, A, Pugliese, A, Shield, Jph, Mckinney, Pa, Bain, Sc, Polychronakos, C, and Todd, Ja

Published
1997

15. WHO Multinational Project for Childhood Diabetes

Author

WHO DIAMOND PROJECT GROUP, LAPORTE R. E, TUOMILEHTO J, KING H, BESSAOUD K, BOUDRAA G, ZIMMET P, DE SEREDAY M, MARTI ML, MOSER M, LAPERTOSA S, DAMIANO M, VERGE C, HOWARD N, SCHOBER E, JORDAN O, WEETS I, GORUS F, COECKELBERGHS M, ROOMAN R, VAN GAAL L, FRANCO LJ, FERREIRA SRG, LISBOA HPK, KURTZ LA, GRAEBIN R, KUTZKE L, RODRIGES C, SAVOVA R, CHRISTOV V, IOTOVA V, TZANEVA V, PACAUD D, TOTH E, TAN MH, CARRASCO E, PEREZ F, ZE Y, BO Y, CHEN S, FU L, DENG L, SHEN S, TENG K, WANG C, JIAN H, JU J, YAN C, DENG Y, LI C, ZHANG Y, LIU Y, LONG X, ZHEN Z, SUN Z, WANG B, WONG G, ORREGO OV, ASCHNER P, DIAZ DIAZ O, DE ACOSTA OM, CINEK O, VAVRINEC J, OLSEN BS, SVENDSEN AJ, KREUTZFELDT J, LUND E, TULL ES, SELMAN GEARA A, ALMONTE AS, PODAR T, KARVONEN M, NOTKOLA IL, MOLTCHANOVA E, TASKINEN O, LEVY MARCHAL C, CZERNICHOW P, KOCAVA M, NEU A, EHEHALT S, ROSENBAUER J, GIANI G, ICKS A, BARTSOCAS C, VAZEOU A, SOLTESZ G, LARON Z, GORDON O, ALBAG Y, SHAMIS I, PURRELLO F, ARPI M, FICHERA G, MANCUSO M, LUCENTI C, CHIUMELLO G, BRUNO G, PAGANO G, SONGINI M, CASU A, MARINARO A, FRONGIA P, ZEDDA MA, MILIA A, TENCONI MT, POZZILLI P, VISALLI N, SEBASTIANI L, MARIETTI G, BUZZETTI R, CHERUBINI V, OKUNO A, HARADA S, MATSUURA N, MIKI E, MIYAMOTO S, SASAKI N, MIMURA G, SHALTOUT A, QABAZRD M, AL KHAWARI M, BRIGIS G, DZIVITE I, KADIKI O, URBONAITE B, DE BEAUFORT C, GAREEBOO H, RUEDA OA, REESER M, ELLIOTT R, SCOTT R, WILLIS J, DARLOW B, JONER G, RAFIQUE G, JAWAD F, JIMENEZ J, PALACIOS CM, CANETE F, VERA J, ALMIRON R, BENITEZ GE, ESPINOLA CS, SECLEN S, WOZNICKA D, SZYBINSKI Z, PLACZKIEWICZ E, JAROSZ CHOBOT P, MENEZES C, PINA EA, RUAS MMA, RODRIGUES FJC, ABREU S, IONESCU TIRGOVISTE C, SHUBNIKOV E, MICHALKOVA D, BARK L, HLAVA P, MIKULECKY M, KRZISNIK C, BATTELINO T, URSIC NB, KOTNIK P, KO KW, CASTELL C, GODAY A, MAGZOUB M, DAHLQUIST G, SCHOENLE E, NAGATI K, KHALIFA FB, BURDEN A, RAYMOND N, MILLWARD BA, ZHAO H, PATTERSON CC, CARSON D, HADDEN D, SMAIL P, MCSPORRAN B, WAUGH N, BINGLEY P, MCKINNEY PA, FELTBOWER RG, BODANSKY HJ, CAMPBELL F, LAPORTE RE, LIBMAN I, ROSEMAN J, RAHMAN SMA, DE LLADO TF, LIPTON R, JORGE AM, GUNCZLER P, LANES R., DEVOTI, Gabriele, WHO DIAMOND PROJECT, Group, LAPORTE R., E, Tuomilehto, J, King, H, Bessaoud, K, Boudraa, G, Zimmet, P, DE SEREDAY, M, Marti, Ml, Moser, M, Lapertosa, S, Damiano, M, Verge, C, Howard, N, Schober, E, Jordan, O, Weets, I, Gorus, F, Coeckelberghs, M, Rooman, R, VAN GAAL, L, Franco, Lj, Ferreira, Srg, Lisboa, Hpk, Kurtz, La, Graebin, R, Kutzke, L, Rodriges, C, Savova, R, Christov, V, Iotova, V, Tzaneva, V, Pacaud, D, Toth, E, Tan, Mh, Carrasco, E, Perez, F, Ze, Y, Bo, Y, Chen, S, Fu, L, Deng, L, Shen, S, Teng, K, Wang, C, Jian, H, Ju, J, Yan, C, Deng, Y, Li, C, Zhang, Y, Liu, Y, Long, X, Zhen, Z, Sun, Z, Wang, B, Wong, G, Orrego, Ov, Aschner, P, DIAZ DIAZ, O, DE ACOSTA, Om, Cinek, O, Vavrinec, J, Olsen, B, Svendsen, Aj, Kreutzfeldt, J, Lund, E, Tull, E, SELMAN GEARA, A, Almonte, A, Podar, T, Karvonen, M, Notkola, Il, Moltchanova, E, Taskinen, O, LEVY MARCHAL, C, Czernichow, P, Kocava, M, Neu, A, Ehehalt, S, Rosenbauer, J, Giani, G, Icks, A, Bartsocas, C, Vazeou, A, Soltesz, G, Laron, Z, Gordon, O, Albag, Y, Shamis, I, Purrello, F, Arpi, M, Fichera, G, Mancuso, M, Lucenti, C, Chiumello, G, Bruno, G, Pagano, G, Songini, M, Casu, A, Marinaro, A, Frongia, P, Zedda, Ma, Milia, A, Tenconi, Mt, Devoti, Gabriele, Pozzilli, P, Visalli, N, Sebastiani, L, Marietti, G, Buzzetti, R, Cherubini, V, Okuno, A, Harada, S, Matsuura, N, Miki, E, Miyamoto, S, Sasaki, N, Mimura, G, Shaltout, A, Qabazrd, M, AL KHAWARI, M, Brigis, G, Dzivite, I, Kadiki, O, Urbonaite, B, DE BEAUFORT, C, Gareeboo, H, Rueda, Oa, Reeser, M, Elliott, R, Scott, R, Willis, J, Darlow, B, Joner, G, Rafique, G, Jawad, F, Jimenez, J, Palacios, Cm, Canete, F, Vera, J, Almiron, R, Benitez, Ge, Espinola, C, Seclen, S, Woznicka, D, Szybinski, Z, Placzkiewicz, E, JAROSZ CHOBOT, P, Menezes, C, Pina, Ea, Ruas, Mma, Rodrigues, Fjc, Abreu, S, IONESCU TIRGOVISTE, C, Shubnikov, E, Michalkova, D, Bark, L, Hlava, P, Mikulecky, M, Krzisnik, C, Battelino, T, Ursic, Nb, Kotnik, P, Ko, Kw, Castell, C, Goday, A, Magzoub, M, Dahlquist, G, Schoenle, E, Nagati, K, Khalifa, Fb, Burden, A, Raymond, N, Millward, Ba, Zhao, H, Patterson, Cc, Carson, D, Hadden, D, Smail, P, Mcsporran, B, Waugh, N, Bingley, P, Mckinney, Pa, Feltbower, Rg, Bodansky, Hj, Campbell, F, Laporte, Re, Libman, I, Roseman, J, Rahman, Sma, DE LLADO, Tf, Lipton, R, Jorge, Am, Gunczler, P, and Lanes, R.

Published
1990

16. The United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study: objectives, materials and methods. UK Childhood Cancer Study Investigators

Author

Boulton, A, Boyd, P, Cheng, KK, Cook, J, Gilman, EA, Lunt, D, Mahler, H, Walker, C, Wardroper, M, Darbyshire, PJ, Hill, FGH, Mann, JR, Morland, B, Raafat, F, Stevens, MCG, Ahmed, A, Amos, P, Bone, V, Bonney, S, Bray, M, Cambouropoulos, P, Cook, S, Day, N, Elkins, S, Hensel, F, Lucas, P, Pettinger, J, Pugsley, M, Ruja, E, Skinner, J, Williams, D, Braodbent, V, Williams, M, Alcock, M, Bell, K, Buchan, M, Cartwright, R, Cusack, H, Fear, N, Griffiths, S, Jarvis, J, Johnson, P, Kane, E, Law, G, Moorman, A, Prajapati, J, Roberts, P, Roman, E, Simpson, J, Sinclair, V, Staines, A, Thackrah, C, Thistlethwaite, S, Waller, B, Bailey, C, Kinsey, S, Lewis, I, Picton, S, Squire, R, Taylor, R, Beck, JM, Doran, RML, Livingston, JH, Van Hille, P, Beddis, I, Cameron, MM, Craft, A, Hale, J, Kernahan, J, Reid, M, Windebank, K, Pearson, A, Skinner, R, Marks, S, Achilles, J, Alam, S, Birch, JM, Blair, V, Buckley, B, Clarkson, M, Eden, OB, Howell, S, Kellaway, C, Lashford, L, Leeke, S, Leggett, P, Murphy, AV, O'Rorke, C, Panton, S, Paxon, J, Pots, H, Roberts, C, Rothwell, J, Stephenson, W, Whelpton, B, Caswell, M, McDowell, H, Pizer, BL, Gattamaneri, R, Brock, J, Kelsey, AM, Stevens, R, Will, A, Brennan, B, Brydon, J, Dodds, C, Findlay, E, Finucane, J, Fraser, J, Harkness, E, Heary, A, Hunter, N, Juszczak, E, Lang, M, Lapsley, E, McArthur, A, MacCalman, A, McKinney, PA, Proudfoot, K, Smith, C, Smith, K, Stockton, D, Thomson, CS, Vickers, R, Wilkie, R, King, D, Mackinlay, G, Shaw, P, Thomas, A, Wallace, H, Carachi, R, Gibson, BS, Simpson, E, Cruickshank, G, Hide, TAH, Gregor, A, Steers, AJW, Barrett, A, Hamblen, DL, Kaye, SB, Mackie, R, Allen, A, Jones, AA, Beeby, S, Bignall, V, Breeze, L, Deacon, J, MacDonald, M, Matthews, F, Meggitt, C, Peto, J, Sharpe, E, Spencer, C, Swales, J, Thorne, M, Trowbridge, P, Webster-King, J, Williams, E, Bell, BA, Johnston, FG, Marsh, HT, Uttley, D, Bartlett, J, Evans, A, Gullan, RW, Glaser, MG, Peterson, D, Southcott, BM, Cavanagh, N, Pearl, K, Scott, D, Darby, CW, Chessels, J, Evans, J, Gaze, M, Hann, IM, Harkness, W, Hayward, R, Michalski, A, Passmore, J, Phillips, M, Pritchard, J, Clark, KGA, MacDonald, EA, Neville, BGR, Robb, SA, Robinson, RO, Hardwidge, C, Padgham, N, Lobo, VJ, Keen, C, Hindmarsh, PC, Kilby, AM, Souhami, RL, Tuft, S, Thomas, RM, Ward, P, Scott, M, Hoffbrand, AV, Prentice, HG, Gutteridge, CG, Newland, AC, Brada, M, Henk, JM, Meller, S, Pinkerton, R, Jones, KP, Cannon, S, Murrell, DS, Hungerford, JL, Kingston, JE, Plowman, PN, Young, B, Ball, SE, Capps, SNJ, Davies, EG, Holmes, SJK, Carr, R, Mercer, DM, Smith, MA, Andrews, VE, Hughes, RG, Ansell, P, Baker, K, Beral, V, Black, J, Boon, S, Burge, C, Burge, F, Cliff, A, Deciaccio, D, Dorman, P, Heydon, F, Langley, N, Pelerin, M, Roemmele, J, Sayers, K, Townshend, P, Harman, S, Loftus, J, Roth, S, Lee, B, Buchdahl, R, Dunger, DB, Mitchell, C, Moncrieff, MKM, Tam, PKH, Wheeler, K, Reiser, J, Joss, V, Moir, DJ, Darmady, J, Daish, P, Liberman, MM, Al-Izzi, MS, Adams, CBT, Kerr, RSC, Teddy, PJ, Barton, CJ, Newman, CL, Gabriel, CM, O'Hea, M, Sherrin, S, Watson, A, Douek, E, Connell, JA, Kelly, S, Beswick, A, Eldridge, B, Elwood, P, Hughes, J, Webb, D, Alexander, FE, Bennett-Lloyd, B, Davis, A, Dunn, R, Little, J, Longdon, S, Mitchell, M, Muir, S, Sturitis, J, Kennedy, C, Kohler, J, Lang, D, Radford, M, Foreman, N, Foot, A, Mott, M, Noblett, H, Oakhill, A, Sandeman, D, Baumer, J, McNinch, A, Gilbertson, N, Bosley, A, Richardson, S, Challacombe, D, French, T, Bate, L, Chilvers, CED, Faulkner, G, Hawtin, P, Jenkinson, C, Kelham, P, Mackie, I, Mackie, M, Muir, KR, O'Dwyer, J, Williams, A, Nelson, C, Howarth, C, Madi, M, Shannon, R, Forman, K, Hewitt, M, Punt, J, Walker, D, Gerrard, M, Lilleyman, JS, Vora, A, Draper, G, Harrison, C, Doll, R, Richards, S, Ayres, M, Carter, R, Dearden, SP, Hussain, A, Kennedy, J, Ravetto, P, Ruprai, A, Taylor, GM, Taylor, J, Watson, PD, Colman, SM, Greaves, MF, Price, CM, Goodhead, DT, Allen, S, Bartlett, D, Blackwell, RP, Fry, F, Maslanyj, M, Mee, T, Miles, J, Adams, G, and Investigat, UKCCS

Abstract

An investigation into the possible causes of childhood cancer has been carried out throughout England, Scotland and Wales over the period 1991-1998. All children known to be suffering from one or other type of the disease over periods of 4-5 years have been included, and control children matched for sex, age and area of residence have been selected at random from population registers. Information about both groups of children (with and without cancer) has been obtained from parental questionnaires, general practitioners' and hospital records, and from measurement of the extent of exposure to radon gas, terrestrial gamma radiation, and electric and magnetic fields. Samples of blood have also been obtained from the affected children and their parents and stored. Altogether 3,838 children with cancer, including 1,736 with leukaemia, and 7,629 unaffected children have been studied. Detailed accounts are given of the nature of the information obtained in sections describing the general methodology of the study, the measurement of exposure to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, the classification of solid tumours and leukaemias, and the biological material available for genetic analysis.

Published
2000

17. Population density and childhood leukaemia: Results of the EUROCLUS study

Author

Alexander, FE Boyle, P Carli, PM Coebergh, JW Ekbom, A and Levi, F McKinney, PA McWhirter, W Michaelis, J and Peris-Bonet, R Petridou, E Pompe-Kirn, V Plesko, I and Pukkala, E Rahu, M Stiller, CA Storm, H Terracini, B and Vatten, L Wray, N EUROCLUS Project

Abstract

The EUROCLUS study assembled incidence data for 13 551 cases of childhood leukaemia (CL) diagnosed between 1980 and 1989 in 17 countries (or regions of countries). These were referenced by location at diagnosis to small census areas of which there were 25 723 in the study area. Population counts, surface area and, hence, population density were available for all these small areas. Previous analyses have shown limited extra-Poisson variation (EPV) of case counts within small areas; this is most pronounced in areas of intermediate population density (150-499 persons/km(2)). In this study, the data set was examined in more detail for evidence that variations in incidence and EPV of CL are associated with population density. Incidence showed a curvilinear association with population density and was highest in areas which were somewhat more densely populated (500-750 persons/km(2)), where the incidence rate ratio relative to areas having greater than or equal to 1000 persons/km(2) was 1.16 (95% confidence interval 1.07-1.26) and the P value for quadratic trend across eight strata of population density was 0.02. Incidence in these areas is uniformly elevated and showed no evidence of heterogeneity (i.e. EPV). Statistically significant evidence of EPV was evident amongst some of the areas previously classified as intermediate density areas (specifically, those with a density of 250-499 persons/km(2), P < 0.001 for CL). These results were interpreted in terms of the current aetiological hypotheses for CL which propose that exposure to localised epidemics of one or more common infectious agent may contribute to the development of leukaemia. They suggest that such epidemics arise regularly in moderately densely populated areas and also sporadically in areas which are somewhat less densely populated. Although other interpretations are possible, these results may assist: in the identification of characteristics which infectious agents must possess if direct or indirect causes of CL. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Published
1999

18. Spatial clustering of childhood leukaemia: summary results from the EUROCLUS project

Author

Alexander, FE Boyle, P Carli, PM Coebergh, JW Draper, GJ and Ekbom, A Levi, F McKinney, PA McWhirter, W and Michaelis, J Peris-Bonet, R Petridou, E Pompe-Kirn, V and Plisko, I Pukkala, E Rahu, M Storm, H Terracini, B and Vatten, L Wray, N

Abstract

The interpretation of reports of clusters of childhood leukaemia is difficult, first because little is known about the causes of the disease, and second because there is insufficient information on whether cases show a generalized tendency to cluster geographically. The EUROCLUS project is a European collaborative study whose primary objective is to determine whether the residence locations of cases at diagnosis show a general tendency towards spatial clustering. The second objective is to interpret any patterns observed and, in particular, to see if clustering can be explained in terms of either infectious agents or environmental hazards as aetiological agents. The spatial distribution of 13351 cases of childhood leukaemia diagnosed in 17 countries between 1980 and 1989 has been analysed using the Pothoff-Whittinghill method. The overall results show statistically significant evidence of clustering of total childhood leukaemia within small census areas (P = 0.03) but the magnitude of the clustering is small (extra-Poisson component of variance (%) = 1.7 with 90% confidence interval 0.2-3.1). The clustering is most marked in areas that have intermediate population density (150-499 persons km(-2)). It cannot be attributed to any specific age group at diagnosis or cell type and involves spatial aggregation of cases of different ages and cell types. The results indicate that intense clusters are a rare phenomenon that merit careful investigation, although aetiological insights are more likely to come from investigation of large numbers of cases. We present a method for detecting clustering that is simple and readily available to cancer registries and similar groups.

Published
1998

19. Spatial temporal patterns in childhood leukaemia: further evidence for an infectious origin

Author

Alexander, FE Boyle, P Carli, PM Coebergh, JW Draper, GJ and Ekbom, A Levi, F McKinney, PA McWhirter, W Magnani, C Michaelis, J Olsen, JH Peris-Bonet, R Petridou, E and Pukkala, E Vatten, L

Abstract

The EUROCLUS project included information on residence at diagnosis for 13351 cases of childhood leukaemia diagnosed in the period 1980-89 in defined geographical regions in 17 countries. A formal algorithm permits identification of small census areas as containing case excesses. The present analysis examines spatial-temporal patterns of the cases (n = 970) within these clustered areas. The objectives were, first, to compare these results with those from an analysis conducted for UK data for the period 1966-83, and, second, to extend them to consider infant leukaemias. A modification of the Knox test investigates, within the small areas, temporal overlap between cases in a subgroup of interest at a putative critical time and all other cases at any time between birth and diagnosis. Critical times were specified in advance as follows. for cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia aged 2-4 years, the 18-month period preceding diagnosis; for cases of total leukaemia aged 5-14 years, 1 year before to 1 year after birth; and for infant cases (diagnosed < 1 year), 1 year before to 6 months after birth. Each of the analyses found evidence of excess space-time overlap compared with that expected; these were 10% (P = 0.005), 15% (P = 0.0002) and 26% (P= 0.03) respectively. The results are interpreted in terms of an infectious origin of childhood leukaemia.

Published
1998

20. Fine mapping of the diabetes-susecptibility locus, IDDM4, on cromosome 11q13

Author

Nakagawa, Y, Kawaguchi, Y, Twells, Rc, Muxworthy, C, Hunter, Km, Wilson, A, Merriman, Me, Cox, Rd, Merriman, T, Mckinney, Pa, Shield, Jp, Tuomilehto, J, TUOMILEHTO WOLF, E, IONESCO TIRGOVISTE, C, Nisticò, L, Buzzetti, Raffaella, Pozzilli, P, Joner, G, Thorsby, E, Undlien, De, Pociot, F, Nerup, J, Ronninghen, Ks, and Todd, Ja

Published
1998

26. Quantifying high dependency care: a prospective cohort study in Yorkshire (UK).

Author

Rushforth K, Darowski M, McKinney PA, Rushforth, Kay, Darowski, Mark, and McKinney, Patricia A

Abstract

High dependency care (HDC) is a level of care situated between intensive care and usual ward care with its delivery being independent of location. Inadequate definition makes it problematic to determine the number of children receiving HDC, to identify their care setting and therefore to undertake service planning. We aimed to estimate the volume of hospital inpatient HDC in a geographically defined population using a customised measurement tool in four types of paediatric hospital services (1) tertiary specialist wards, (2) tertiary paediatric intensive care units, (3) district general hospitals (DGHs) general wards and (4) wards at a major acute general hospital. A region-wide prospective cohort study during 2005 collected data to develop a 36-item HDC measurement tool, which then identified children receiving HDC by day and night. The cohort identified 1,763 children as receiving HDC during an admission to 1 of 36 hospital wards in 14 hospitals. HDC was delivered during 9,077 shift periods of 12 h or 4,538 bed days. The volume of care and patient profiles varied by hospital type, within hospital by ward type and by age and season. Tertiary specialist wards and ICUs provided 72% of HDC, with the remainder delivered at the DGHs and the major acute general hospital. The volume of admissions to tertiary specialist wards showed little seasonality and children tended to be older (26% were aged 10-15 years). By comparison, admissions to DGHs were younger with an excess during the winter months. This is the first UK study to quantify HDC from empirical data encompassing all hospital and ward types within a large clinical network. A lack of HDC-designated beds across the region resulted in HDC delivery on all types of hospital wards. The study size and representativeness makes the estimated number of HDC bed days per head of population likely to reflect the wider UK population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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27. Socioeconomic factors associated with risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancer in Europe.

Author

Conway DI, McKinney PA, McMahon AD, Ahrens W, Schmeisser N, Benhamou S, Bouchardy C, Macfarlane GJ, Macfarlane TV, Lagiou P, Minaki P, Bencko V, Holcátová I, Merletti F, Richiardi L, Kjaerheim K, Agudo A, Castellsague X, Talamini R, and Barzan L

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: In the European Union, there are 180,000 new cases of upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancer cases per year--more than half of whom will die of the disease. Socioeconomic inequalities in UADT cancer incidence are recognised across Europe. We aimed to assess the components of socioeconomic risk both independently and through their influence on the known behavioural risk factors of smoking, alcohol consumption and diet. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A multicentre case-control study with 2198 cases of UADT cancer and 2141 controls from hospital and population sources was undertaken involving 14 centres from 10 countries. Personal interviews collected information on demographics, lifetime occupation history, smoking, alcohol consumption and diet. Socioeconomic status was measured by education, occupational social class and unemployment. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: When controlling for age, sex and centre significantly increased risks for UADT cancer were observed for those with low versus high educational attainment OR=1.98 (95% CI 1.67, 2.36). Similarly, for occupational socioeconomic indicators--comparing the lowest versus highest International Socio-Economic Index (ISEI) quartile for the longest occupation gave OR=1.60 (1.28, 2.00); and for unemployment OR=1.64 (1.24, 2.17). Statistical significance remained for low education when adjusting for smoking, alcohol and diet behaviours OR=1.29 (1.06, 1.57) in the multivariate analysis. Inequalities were observed only among men but not among women and were greater among those in the British Isles and Eastern European countries than in Southern and Central/Northern European countries. Associations were broadly consistent for subsite and source of controls (hospital and community). CONCLUSION: Socioeconomic inequalities for UADT cancers are only observed among men and are not totally explained by smoking, alcohol drinking and diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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28. Palliative care in Yorkshire, UK 1987-2008: survival and mortality in a hospice.

Author

Taylor LK, Miller M, Joffe T, Parslow RC, Aldridge J, Bailey CC, and McKinney PA

Abstract

Objective To provide new epidemiological evidence base of information on models of hospice care for children and young adults. Design Retrospective cohort study of children referred to a hospice. Setting Martin House Children's and Young Person's Hospice in Boston Spa, North Yorkshire, UK. Participants All children who had been referred for care at Martin House Children's Hospice since it opened in August 1987, until May 2008. Main outcome measures Demographic profiles and survival times overall and by diagnostic group classified by the Association of Children's Palliative Care (ACT) Diagnostic Categories, calculated using the Kaplan- Meier and log rank pair-wise methodology. Results Over a 20-year period, 1554 children aged from birth to 19 years were referred to Martin House, of whom 89.5% (mean age 7.45 years) were accepted. The deprivation profile, referral source and distribution of diagnoses of these children have changed over time with recently increasing numbers of non-progressive disorders (ACT category 4). The ethnicity profile has changed with an increase in the numbers of South Asian children. The overall mean survival time was 5.6 years (95% CI 5.1 to 6.1) but this differed by ACT category. Diagnostic category was significantly associated with differing survival patterns. Conclusions There are a disproportionate number of children from areas of higher deprivation being referred for palliative care services. There has been a recent increase in the number of children from South Asian families being referred to palliative care services in Yorkshire. Survival times for children and young people receiving care from a hospice can vary from hours and days to more than 20 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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30. Epidemiology of critically ill children in England and Wales: incidence, mortality, deprivation and ethnicity.

Author

Parslow RC, Tasker RC, Draper ES, Parry GJ, Jones S, Chater T, Thiru K, McKinney PA, and Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this work was to investigate the incidence rate for admission and mortality of children receiving paediatric intensive care in relation to socioeconomic status and ethnicity in England and Wales. DESIGN: National cohort of sequential hospital admissions. SETTING: Twenty nine paediatric intensive care units in England and Wales. PARTICIPANTS: All children aged under 16 years admitted to paediatric intensive care in the 4 years 2004-2007. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence rates for admission and odds ratios (OR) for risk-adjusted mortality by an area based measure of deprivation (Townsend score) and ethnic group (south Asian vs non-south Asian determined using two-name analysis algorithms). RESULTS: The incidence for south Asian children was higher than that of non-south Asian children (138 vs 95/100,000, incidence rate ratio 1.36, 95% CI 1.32 to 1.40). The age-sex standardised incidence for children admitted to paediatric intensive care ranged from 69/100,000 in the least deprived fifth of the population to 124/100,000 in the most deprived fifth. The risk-adjusted OR for mortality for south Asian children was 1.36 (95% CI 1.18 to 1.57) overall, rising to 2.40 (95% CI 1.40 to 4.10) in the least deprived fifth of the population when a statistical interaction term for deprivation was included. CONCLUSIONS: In England and Wales, the admission rate to paediatric intensive care is higher for children from more deprived areas and 36% higher for children from the south Asian population. Risk-adjusted mortality increases in south Asian children as deprivation decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2009
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33. Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and infections in the first year of life: a report from the United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study.

Author

Roman E, Simpson J, Ansell P, Kinsey S, Mitchell CD, McKinney PA, Birch JM, Greaves M, Eden T, and United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study Investigators

Abstract

The United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study was designed to examine the relation between childhood cancer and preceding exposure to infectious diseases. The authors analyzed the relation between diagnosis (1991-1996) of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at ages 2-5 years and clinically diagnosed infections in infancy. Almost all study children (96% of both cases and controls) were taken to a general practitioner for a non-immunization-associated visit at least once before their first birthday. Children diagnosed with ALL had significantly more clinically diagnosed infectious episodes in infancy than did controls; the average number of episodes was 3.6 (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.3, 3.9) versus 3.1 (95% CI: 2.9, 3.2). This case-control difference was most apparent in the neonatal period (< or =1 month); 18% of controls and 24% of ALL cases were diagnosed with at least one infection (odds ratio = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.9; p < 0.05). Cases who had more than one neonatal infectious episode tended to be diagnosed with ALL at a comparatively young age; the mean age at ALL diagnosis was 37.7 months for cases with two or more episodes versus 45.3 months for cases with only one episode or none (p < 0.01). These findings support the hypothesis that a dysregulated immune response to infection in the first few months of life promotes transition to overt ALL later in childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007

34. History of allergic disease and risk of meningioma.

Author

Schoemaker MJ, Swerdlow AJ, Hepworth SJ, van Tongeren M, Muir KR, and McKinney PA

Abstract

Epidemiologic studies have consistently shown inverse associations of allergic disease with risk of glioma, but it is unclear whether this association also applies to meningioma. The authors conducted a pooled analysis of meningioma risk in relation to a history of allergic disease based on data from two population-based, case-control studies with 475 cases and 1,716 controls in the United Kingdom (2001-2004). Meningioma risk was significantly reduced in relation to self-reported, physician-diagnosed allergic disease (odds ratio = 0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.61, 0.96) but was nonsignificantly reduced for individual conditions: asthma (odds ratio = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.61, 1.18), hay fever (odds ratio = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.62, 1.06), and eczema (odds ratio = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.51, 1.02). Risk reductions were greatest for asthma (odds ratio = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.89) and hay fever (odds ratio = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.25, 1.00) with an early age at onset (<10 years) and for eczema (odds ratio = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.21, 1.07) with an onset at ages 10-19 years; they were near unity for onset in adulthood. This study suggests an inverse association between a history of allergies and meningioma risk, but with smaller risk reductions than for glioma. The reasons for this association need clarification, as well as an etiologic explanation. Consideration also needs to be given to confounding or bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007

35. Assigning exposure to pesticides and solvents from self-reports collected by a computer assisted personal interview and expert assessment of job codes: the UK Adult Brain Tumour Study.

Author

Hepworth SJ, Bolton A, Parslow RC, van Tongeren M, Muir KR, and McKinney PA

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To compare assignment of occupational pesticide and solvent exposure using self-reported data collected by a computer assisted personal interview (CAPI) with exposure based on expert assessment of job codes. To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using a CAPI to collect individual occupational exposure data. METHODS: Between 2001 and 2004, 1495 participants were interviewed using a CAPI for a case-control study of adult brain tumours and acoustic neuromas. Two types of occupational data were collected: (1) a full history, including job title from which a job code was assigned from the Standard Occupational Classification; and (2) specific details on pesticide and solvent exposure reported by participants. Study members' experiences of using the CAPI were recorded and advantages and disadvantages summarised. RESULTS: Of 7192 jobs recorded, the prevalence of self-reported exposure was 1.3% for pesticides and 11.5% for solvents. Comparing this with exposure expertly assessed from job titles showed 53.6% and 45.8% concordance for pesticides and solvents respectively. Advantages of the CAPI include no data entry stage, automatic input validation, and a reduction in interviewer bias. Disadvantages include an adverse effect on study implementation as a consequence of resources required for programming and difficulties encountered with data management prior to analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Different methods of exposure assessment derive different exposure levels for pesticide and solvent exposure at work. Agreement between self-reported and expert assessment of exposure was greater for pesticides compared to solvents. The advantages of using a CAPI for the collection of complex data outweigh the disadvantages for interviewers and data quality but using such a method requires extra resources at the study outset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2006
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36. Insulin pump therapy in childhood diabetes -- cost implications for Primary Care Trusts.

Author

Feltbower RG, Campbell FM, Bodansky HJ, Stephenson CR, and McKinney PA

Abstract

AIMS: Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) are now responsible for the planning and delivery of health-care services throughout England and Wales. As the 25 PCTs throughout Yorkshire are representative of the national distribution in terms of population structure and socio-economic status, we aimed to address the paucity of information describing the burden of childhood diabetes in primary care and to evaluate the cost implications of insulin pump therapy on individual PCTs. METHODS: We extracted information from a population-based register in Yorkshire, including 1952 patients diagnosed under the age of 15 years from 1990 to 2003. Each patient's postcode was linked to an individual PCT. Incidence rates (per 100 000 patient years) were derived and assessed for evidence of heterogeneity across PCTs and within Strategic Health Authorities (SHAs). RESULTS: Incidence rates were lower in West Yorkshire (19.1, 95% CI 18.0-20.2) than North-east Yorkshire (20.3, 18.9-21.6), although this difference was not significant (P = 0.20). No significant evidence of heterogeneity in incidence rates was observed across PCTs (P = 0.46). Ninety per cent of all PCTs would expect four to seven newly diagnosed children per year, corresponding to a single general practitioner (GP) referring an individual for diagnosis once every 15 years on average. Assuming 1% of current patients under the age of 15 years with diabetes were to move onto insulin pump therapy, this would impose an additional cost of pound400-1300 per year for each PCT. The average cost was 15% lower for PCTs in West Yorkshire than North and East Yorkshire. CONCLUSIONS: The additional resources required to pay for insulin pump therapy for a small proportion of the diabetes population would be minimal given the potential benefits to these patients of improved control and anticipated reduction in long-term morbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2006
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37. Childhood cancer and power lines.

Author

Day N, Eden T, McKinney P, Roman E, Simpson J, Hepworth SJ, Feltbower RG, Parslow RC, McKinney PA, Kheifets L, Feychting M, Schüz J, Coghill RW, Twisselmann B, Draper G, Vincent T, Kroll ME, and Swanson J

Published
2005
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38. Professional issues. Issues of patient consent: a study of paediatric high-dependency care.

Author

Rushforth K and McKinney PA

Abstract

This article reports on the issues relating to obtaining informed, signed consent for a study of paediatric high-dependency care and provides practical guidance on confidentiality for health service researchers. Consent and confidentiality are not new concepts but recent changes to the legislation and guidance offered from nursing and medical regulatory bodies have caused concerns and confusion for researchers with respect to both issues. Balancing health service research and the development of services against the requirements of patients for confidentiality is essential yet challenging. This was a time consuming, costly exercise. Resource implications may ultimately mean that studies which are of benefit to patients in relation to the delivery of their care may not be undertaken. Health professionals need to be continually updated and made aware of the legislation and confidentiality requirements for health service research involving the collection of patient-identifiable details. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2005
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39. Type 1 diabetes in Yorkshire, UK: time trends in 0-14 and 15-29-year-olds, age at onset and age-period-cohort modelling.

Author

Feltbower RG, McKinney PA, Parslow RC, Stephenson CR, and Bodansky HJ

Abstract

AIMS: To investigate whether the rising incidence of Type 1 diabetes in children is evident in young adults and determine whether age at onset has decreased over time. METHODS: Two geographically defined datasets from the population-based Yorkshire Diabetes Register were analysed: (i) 2718 children diagnosed under 15 years with Type 1 diabetes from 1978 to 2000 in Yorkshire; (ii) 631 young adults (15-29 years) diagnosed from 1991 to 1999 in West Yorkshire. Log-linear regression and age-period-cohort modelling evaluated changes in incidence over time and age at onset. RESULTS: Incidence rose steadily for 0-14-year-olds in Yorkshire with an average annual increase of 2.9%[95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0, 3.8]. In West Yorkshire between 1991 and 1999, the time trends for 0-14 and 15-29-year-olds were significantly different (P = 0.014). Stable rates in 15-29-year-olds contrasted with an average annual increase of 5.9% (95% CI 2.7, 9.2) for 0-14-year-olds. The mean age at onset fell from 9.2 to 8.4 years for 0-14-year-olds and from 16.0 to 14.6 years for 0-29-year-olds. Age-period-cohort modelling showed a statistically significant (P < 0.001) increased risk of developing diabetes was associated with decreasing age for those diagnosed more recently. CONCLUSIONS: A steady and continuing rise in the incidence of Type 1 diabetes over time is observed for children but not for young adults. In parallel, the age at onset is gradually decreasing and more recent birth cohorts are at increased risk. This overall pattern is consistent with the influence of an environmental agent that is gradually affecting children at younger and younger ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2003
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41. Small area variation in the incidence of childhood insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Yorkshire, UK: links with overcrowding and population density.

Author

Staines, A, Bodansky, HJ, McKinney, PA, Alexander, FE, McNally, RJQ, Law, GR, Lilley, HEB, Stephenson, C, Cartwright, RA, Bodansky, H J, McKinney, P A, Alexander, F E, McNally, R J, Law, G R, Lilley, H E, and Cartwright, R A

Abstract

Background: The incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) incidence varies between and within countries. The origins of this variation are disputed, but they involve both genetic and non-genetic influences. To explore the role of environmental factors in the aetiology of IDDM we have examined the incidence in small geographical areas and related it to variables derived from national censuses.Methods: This is an ecological analysis of incidence data from a register of children with IDDM covering the counties of West Yorkshire, North Yorkshire and Humberside in the north of England. All children aged < or = 16, diagnosed with IDDM between 1978 and 1990 were eligible for inclusion. Spatial variation in incidence between electoral wards was investigated using Poisson regression, in relation to socioeconomic status, population density, urban-rural status and measures of geographical isolation. Ward child populations varied in size from 84 to 7197 (mean = 1545).Results: Rates were significantly lower in wards of high population density and with many overcrowded houses. The rate ratio for areas in the upper half of the childhood density distribution was 0.88 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.78-0.99) and for the two upper tertiles of household overcrowding the rate ratios were 0.84 (95% CI: 0.74-0.95) and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.58-0.79) respectively.Conclusions: The incidence of childhood IDDM was associated with environmental factors including population density and overcrowded homes. A possible inference from these data is that patterns of infection are involved in the occurrence of IDDM. Analytical epidemiological studies will be needed to investigate these ideas further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1997
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49. Diagnosing childhood cancer in primary care - a realistic expectation?

Author

Feitbower, RG, Lewis, IJ, Picton, S, Richards, M, Glaser, AW, Kinsey, SE, and Mckinney, PA

Subjects
CHILDHOOD cancer, CHILDREN'S health, DIAGNOSIS, MEDICAL care, CANCER, HETEROGENEITY, HEALTH surveys
Abstract

The burden of childhood cancer for Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) is unknown. PCTs in Yorkshire are representative of England and Wales and show little heterogeneity in the incidence rates of childhood cancer. Each PCT will expect three to five newly diagnosed children per year. A single GP is likely to see an incident case once every 20 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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50. International parallels in leukaemia and diabetes epidemiology.

Author

Feltbower RG, McKinney PA, Greaves MF, Parslow RC, and Bodansky HJ

Abstract

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and type 1 diabetes have an environmental aetiology and common epidemiological features. Incidence rates and national characteristics of both conditions were investigated in 40 countries worldwide. There was a significant positive correlation between diseases. Markers of wealth and affluence were significantly associated with high incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004

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