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Risk factors associated with late effects in survivors of adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer are poorly understood. We conducted a systematic scoping review to identify cohort studies published in English from 2010-2020 that included: (1) cancer survivors who were AYAs (age 15-39 years) at diagnosis and (2) outcomes of subsequent malignant neoplasms (SMNs), chronic conditions, and/or late mortality (>5 years postdiagnosis). There were 652 abstracts identified and, ultimately, 106 unique studies were included, of which 23, 34, and 54 studies related to the risk of SMNs, chronic conditions, and mortality, respectively. Studies investigating late effects among survivors of any primary cancer reported that AYA cancer survivors were at higher risk of SMN, chronic conditions, and all-cause mortality compared to controls. There was an indication that the following factors increased risk: radiation exposure (n = 3) for SMNs; younger attained age (n = 4) and earlier calendar period of diagnosis (n = 3) for chronic conditions; and non-Hispanic Black or Hispanic (n = 5), low socioeconomic status (n = 3), and earlier calendar period of diagnosis (n = 4) for late mortality. More studies including the full AYA age spectrum, treatment data, and results stratified by age, sex, and cancer type are needed to advance knowledge about late effects in AYA cancer survivors.

Adenovirus-induced fulminant hepatitis is rare. It has been reported in children with primary immunodeficiency, following transplantation or while receiving chemotherapy for hematological malignancy. We present the case of an infant recovering from chemotherapy for atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) in whom a diagnosis of hepatic necrosis due to adenovirus was made., (© 2015 Japan Pediatric Society.)

Hyponatremia is a common electrolyte abnormality among children and adults. Visual disturbance associated with hyponatremia has been described in the past; however, all of these cases presented primarily with other classical signs and symptoms of hyponatremia, such as seizures, gastrointestinal upset, lethargy, or headache. We present a child who developed blindness on post-operative day #6 after resection of a brain tumour. Computed tomography of the head showed no new bleed, mass lesion, edema, or occipital lobe pathology. Laboratory evaluation revealed acute hyponatremia (115 mmol/L). No other obvious symptoms of hyponatremia were present prior to its identification. As her hyponatremia was gradually corrected, her blindness completely resolved. This is the first reported patient with acute hyponatremia to present primarily with blindness; a "precondition" of chronically increased intracranial pressure (first hit) compounded by acute hyponatremia (second hit) may have induced reversible visual loss. Checking electrolytes should be the standard of care for neurosurgical patients with acute visual disturbance or other unexplained symptoms. It is a simple measure that quickly identifies a dangerous but reversible condition.