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Bringing together the comparative case studies of revolutionary Ireland (1916-1923) and the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), this thesis provides an innovative social history of militant women’s photographic practices during conflict and in its aftermath. In particular, this study draws on material and feminist approaches to photography as it focuses on women’s roles as producers, editors, and collectors of photography across public and private networks, as it traces the complex lives and afterlives of these photographs as they circulate during and after war. Historicising and rereading militant women’s photography uncovers alternative narratives of war that enrich scholarly knowledge of gender and conflict. This research reveals that militant women used photography to articulate their own militant identities, to legitimise and negotiate their participation during war, and to contest their erasure from public narratives of conflict. Despite facing violent repression, militant women’s photographic practices subverted the institutional attempts to erase them by building counter-narratives of defiant remembrance. This thesis calls on us to recognise these narratives and bring them to the forefront of our understanding of gender and war in Ireland and Spain. In addition, reconceptualising our approach to militant women’s photographic practices enables us to move beyond linear narratives of forgetting and rediscovery, and interrogate the role of photographic visibility within patriarchal narratives of war. Within contemporary cultural discourses, visibility is framed as a means of recovery for women; however, the case studies in this thesis reveal that this renewed visibility is still formed in negotiation with patriarchal frameworks of war. Within this representation of women’s militancy, active participation is visualised within a masculinist framework that erases those who do not fit within this limited definition. This thesis argues that the alternative gazes on wa

For some chronically ill children, having an injection is a regular occurrence and can result in distress and avoidance behaviour for the child and their family. There can also be negative health implications of these children not having their injections. Research supports the effectiveness of various cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) packages for childhood needle-related distress (NRD), although which components are most effective has yet to be identified. The aim of the present study was to replicate previous research findings from McIvor (2011), by dismantling an existing manualised CBT package to determine whether cognitive and/or behavioural components were necessary for a reduction in NRD. Three treatment manuals were used to conduct this research, namely (1) a CBT manual (6 sessions), (2) a cognitive therapy (CT, 4 sessions) manual, and (3) a behavioural therapy (BT, 4 sessions) manual. Treatments were evaluated using a multiple-baseline across participants single-case design. Twelve children aged 7-13 of New Zealand European/Pakeha and Maori descent were randomly allocated to one of the three treatment conditions, with four children and their carers assigned to each condition. Case study and group analysis indicated that six sessions of CBT was more effective than four sessions of CT or four sessions of BT based on the magnitude of change displayed in relation to NRD symptoms and the number of promising single-case replications. However, when assessing individual case results in certain areas (e.g., coping and cognitions related to injections), CT and BT were just as effective as CBT for some children. Both children and carers expressed high levels of satisfaction with the three treatments and all children successfully received an injection. Treatment was also characterised by particularly low dropout rates with all 12 participants attending the required assessments and therapy sessions. Finally implications of this study are discussed including the outcom

For some chronically ill children, having an injection is a regular occurrence and can result in distress and avoidance behaviour for the child and their family. There can also be negative health implications of these children not having their injections. Research supports the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural therapy for childhood needle-related distress (NRD), although there are significant gaps in the literature that need to be addressed. The aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate a six-session cognitive-behavioural therapy to alleviate NRD among chronically ill children. The research was designed to pilot this manualised approach, which was based on an existing therapy utilised at the Massey Health Conditions Psychology Service, relevant theory and empirical research. The therapy programme known as the “Coping Kids Treatment Manual” differed from previous research by incorporating cognitive components, carer involvement and multiple exposure sessions. A single-subject multiple-baseline across participants design was used to assess the effectiveness of the treatment manual. Four chronically ill children (aged 6-14 years) of New Zealand European descent diagnosed with NRD and their carers participated in this study. Child and carer self-report measures were collected during baseline, treatment and once at one month follow-up. Results showed that, compared to pre-treatment levels, the majority of children and their carers demonstrated a reduction in distress and increase in coping behaviours related to needle injection situations. Follow-up data showed treatment gains were maintained and/or improved at one month. Most importantly, these gains were accompanied by three of the four children successfully receiving an in-vivo needle injection during session five of the intervention. Findings are interpreted in terms of previous literature, and implications are discussed according to theory, research and clinical practice. Limitations of the present s