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Previous studies have reported the concentration of work in certain UK households and a corresponding decline in the number of households deriving most of their income from employment. This phenomenon, which can also be found in the US, can be attributed to the increasing number of female workers, particularly those engaged in part-time jobs. However, the growing income inequality in the UK is primarily due to the growth in inequality in the earnings of husbands, rather than to the increase in female workers., (Received December 1994; in revised form January 1995) Borooah V. K., McGregor P.P.L. and McKee P. M. (1995) Working wives and income inequality in the UK, Reg. Studies 29, 477-487. [...]

Demographic Pressure and the Irish Famine: Malthus after Mokyr 'Population, when unchecked, increases in a geometrical ratio. Subsistence increases only in an arithmetical ratio.' This comparison between the rates of [...]

There are still very mixed views about who was responsible for the famine which followed the failure of the potato crop in Ireland in 1846. It is possible to argue that a successful government response to the crop failure would have greatly reduced subsequent deaths. The government implemented a public works programme to provide employment for those facing starvation, but did not provide a high enough wage for labourers to be able to feed their families. This led to many deaths. It seems that a rise of a fifth in the average wage paid by the public works programme would have cut death rates by almost one quarter.

The article discusses the tradeoffs of three queuing disciplines including first come, first served (FCFS), priority queuing (PQ) and class-based weighted fair queuing (CBWFQ) in the business enterprise. The scheme is developed when both enterprise networks and public telecommunications infrastructure used the packet-switching Internet Protocol (IP) technology which offer an efficient integrated voice and data services. The analysis shows that the three queuing disciplines can provide a desired quality of service (QoS) to voice and data services.

National Security/Emergency Preparedness (NS/EP) requires effective communications supporting leadership and key staff in their access to information and their coordination of decisions. Results of testing voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) as a Next-Generation Network (NGN) application are presented and illustrate that effective NS/EP support is at risk during congestion possible in events requiring NS/EP services. The results also demonstrate substantial benefit of mitigating the risks with the types of differentiated service capabilities currently being advanced within the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The test results are shown to align with predictions from event simulation. Extending the event simulation to a more complex topology and application arrangement than those tested in the laboratory suggests the feasibility and means of ensuring effective NS/EP support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surgical treatment of inferior vena cava (IVC) leiomyosarcomas is not well elucidated. The preferred procedures include either IVC wedge resection or ligation. The authors present a case in which Dacron graft replacement of the midportion of the IVC with bilateral renal vein implantation was performed for an IVC leiomyosarcoma. This is, to their knowledge, the first report in the literature describing a technically successful IVC Dacron graft replacement for a primary tumor. The report is presented to demonstrate the technical feasibility of this procedure and the good long-term graft patency rate. At present complete surgical excision of the tumor seems to offer the only chance for a long-term cure. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Childhood obesity affects nearly one fifth of all children in the United States. Understanding the unique injury characteristics and treatment of tibia fractures in this population has become increasingly important. This study aims to explore the different injury characteristics between tibia fractures in obese and non-obese children., Methods: 215 skeletally immature children aged 2-18 who sustained tibia fractures between 2007.2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were analyzed by weight group: underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese as defined by body mass index (BMI) percentile based upon age. Analyses were performed on dichotomized groups: underweight and normal weight versus overweight and obese. Chi-square or Fisher's exact test was used to compare differences in categorical outcome between the 2-category BMI class variables; Wilcoxon test was used to compare continuous outcomes. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to evaluate BMI associations while controlling for age, sex, race, and mechanism of injury., Results: Distribution of BMI in the cohort included 6.5% underweight, 45.6% normal weight, 16.7% overweight and 31.2% obese. Overweight and obese children sustained fractures from low energy mechanisms at more than double the rate of normal and underweight children (20.5% versus 9.7%, p=0.028). Overweight and obese children sustained physeal fractures at a rate of 54.4% in comparison with 28.6% in their normal and underweight peers (p<0.0001, OR 2.50 (95% CI, 1.26-4.95)). Overweight and obese children sustained distal 1/3 tibia fractures at a higher rate of 56.9% compared to under and normal weight children at 33.9% (p=0.003, OR 2.24 (95% CI, 1.17-4.30)). Overweight and obese children underwent unplanned changes in treatment at a lower rate than normal and underweight children at 1% versus 8% rates of treatment change, respectively (p=0.013, OR 0.076 (95%CI, 0.009-0.655)). No significant differences were found in the rates of operative treatment, repeat reduction, post treatment complications, or physical therapy., Conclusion: Overweight children sustain tibia fractures from low energy mechanisms at higher rates than their peers. Similarly, obese and overweight patients have higher rates of physeal injuries and higher rates of distal 1/3 tibia fractures. Complication rates are similar between obese and non-obese children undergoing treatment for tibia fractures. Level of Evidence: III ., (Copyright © The Iowa Orthopaedic Journal 2022.)

Northern Ireland has been and continues to be deeply divided on the basis of religion. This paper examines and compares contemporary fertility in the two communities given the sharp declines that have occurred in recent decades. The data are drawn from the Northern Ireland Longitudinal Study and cover 108,000 women aged 16-44 in the period 1997-2007. A logit analysis of births in the period is undertaken based on individual demographic data and also the characteristics of the locality in which the woman is resident. The effect of religion is measured by its individual marginal effect averaged over the total sample, over time and by the age of the woman. The estimated average marginal effect is 4 % of the probability of a woman having a birth over the entire period. The effect peaks when the woman is between 29 and 30 years and is stable over time. When the fertility behaviour of each religious group is compared separately with those women that came from the same background but had lost their religion, it is found to differ substantially. Thus, community background is rejected as a possible explanation of the difference in fertility between declared Catholics and Protestants. Although the fertility rates of former Catholics and Protestants appear to be converging, the size of these groups is relatively small. There is no evidence to suggest that the small but distinct difference in the fertility rates of the two religious communities is likely to change in the immediate future.