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Objective: Emerging adulthood is characterized by maturation of executive functions (EF) and changes in health behaviors (HB). Interestingly, EF are bi-directionally related to many specific HB; yet how EF performs in relation to overall patterns of HB engagement is unclear. Groupings of HB and the relationship between these HB groupings and EF were examined. Participants: Full-time college students were recruited from three large Mid- and Southwest universities (N = 1,387). Methods: Online self-report questionnaires assessing demographics, HB, and EF were completed. Results: Latent class analysis of HB revealed three classes: (1) "High Substance Use," (2) "Moderately Healthy," (3) "Healthy." In general, the Healthy class had significantly greater EF compared to no significant differences between the other two classes. Conclusions: Collective engagement in HB is associated with EF. Interventions targeting both HB and EF simultaneously may be most efficacious.

Executive functioning is a multidimensional construct measured in various ways. Despite the widespread utilization of the Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale, Short Form (BDEFS-SF), factor analytic work on the measure is scarce, and limited work has investigated its latent factor structure in a sample of English-speaking, American adults. The present study sought to address this gap in the literature by using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA). Four-hundred thirty-four (434) individuals (M age = 37.9) participated online via Amazon's Mechanical Turk as part of a larger cross-sectional, survey-based study and completed the BDEFS-SF. The sample was randomly split to conduct EFAs and CFAs. Results from EFAs revealed that structures with one (executive dysfunction), two (behavioral/emotional and cognitive), and five (self-motivation, self-restraint, self-management to time, self-organization/problem solving, and self-regulation of emotion) factors accounted for 60.5%, 67.4%, and 81.0% of the variance, respectively, with each providing logical patterns of factor loadings. CFAs revealed that each factor structure demonstrated good-to-excellent fit (goodness of fit indices ranged from .99 to 1.00). However, statistical comparison of the models via [chi].sup.2-difference tests revealed that the five-factor model described by the BDEFS-SF's author provided statistically significantly improved fit (ps < .001) over both the one- and two-factor models identified via EFAs. It is likely that the BDEFS-SF broadly mirrors the five-factor dimensionality described by its author and seen in its longer, parent scale, although continued study is needed to further verify and/or challenge this conclusion. Limitations of the present paper and directions of future inquir are discussed., Author(s): John W. Lace [sup.1] , Andrew McGrath [sup.1] , Zachary C. Merz [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.262962.b, 0000 0004 1936 9342, Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University, , St. [...]

The integrative model of criminal choice proposes that cognitive and/or affective appraisals partially mediate the personality-crime relationship. The current study tests the integrated model of criminal choice across three different levels of subjective apprehension risk. Participants made hypothetical criminal choices in response to three vignette scenarios presenting criminal opportunities varying in the implied risk of apprehension. Consistent with the integrated model of criminal choice, when risk of apprehension was not manipulated, cognitive and affective appraisals (perceived risk and negative affect) partially mediated the relationship between personality (honesty-humility) and criminal choice. Higher levels of honesty-humility predicted increased perceived risk and negative affect, which in turn predicted decreased intentions to offend. When risk of apprehension was experimentally increased, personality did not affect either variable. As predicted, in both baseline and increased levels of risk of apprehension, higher levels of honesty-humility, perceived risk, and negative affect were found to significantly predict lower intentions to offend. Additionally, decreased perceived risk predicted reduced negative affect. These findings suggest that the mediating relationship between personality and crime may be dependent on the level of subjective risk of apprehension. Future studies may investigate whether different levels of situational risk moderate the relationship between personality and cognitive/affective appraisals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing and delivering effective rehabilitation programs that meet the specific needs of First Nations people and overcome barriers to engagement has been suggested as a way to address the overrepresentation of First Nations Australians in the correctional system. This project used a critical realist epistemology to understand perceptions of First Nations people participating in rehabilitation programs to contribute to improvements in treatment responsivity. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five First Nations people serving community-based orders and five First Nations Program Facilitators. The data were analyzed thematically. Four overarching themes emerged: (a) the importance of culture and colonization, (b) intrinsic motivation to change, (c) communication and language: the role of the First Nations facilitator, and (d) connection: life after jail. These findings highlight the need for cultural healing as a crucial factor for programs aimed at First Nations Australians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study uses a phantom to investigate the dosimetric impact of rotational setup errors for Single Isocenter Multiple Targets (SIMT) HyperArc plans. Additionally, it evaluates intra‐fractional rotational setup errors in patients treated with Encompass immobilization system. Methods: The Varian HyperArc system (Varian Medical systems) was used to create plans targeting spherical PTVs with diameters of 5, 10, and 15 mm and with offsets of 1.3–5.3 cm from the isocenter. Dosimetric parameters, including mean and maximum dose, D99% and D95% were evaluated for various rotational setup errors ranging from 0.5° to 2° for the PTVs and certain CTVs created within PTVs. These rotational errors were applied in an order and direction that resulted in the maximum displacement of targets. The rotation was applied both uniformly around all three axes and individually around each axis. Furthermore, to link the findings to actual treatment scenarios, the intra‐fractional rotational setup errors were obtained for stereotactic cranial patients treated with the Encompass system using CBCT images acquired during treatments. Results: The maximum displacement of 2.7 mm was observed for targets located at 4.4 and 4.5 cm from the isocenter with rotational setup errors of 2°. The dose reduction for D99% values corresponding to this displacement were about 50%, 40%, and 30% for PTVs with diameters of 5, 10, and 15 mm, respectively. Both D99% and D95% showed a consistent trend of dose reduction across various rotational errors and PTV volumes. While the maximum dose remained consistent for different targets with various rotational errors, the mean dose decreased by approximately 25%, 12%, and 6% for PTVs with diameters of 5, 10, and 15 cm, respectively, with rotational errors of 2°. In addition, by analyzing CBCT images, the absolute mean rotational setup errors obtained during treatment with Encompass for pitch, roll, and yaw were 0.17° ± 0.13°, 0.11° ± 0.10°, and 0.12° ± 0.10° respectively. This data, combined with existing studies, suggest that a 0.5° rotational setup error is a safe choice to consider for calculating additional PTV margin to ensure adequate CTV coverage. Therefore, the assessment of maximum displacement and dosimetric parameters in this study, for a 0.5° rotational error, highlights the need for an additional 0.7 mm PTV margin for targets positioned at distances of 4.4 cm or greater from the isocenter. Conclusions: For SIMT Plans, a 0.5° rotational setup error is recommended as a basis for calculating additional PTV margins to ensure adequate CTV coverage when using the Encompass system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]