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In densely populated and rapidly ageing countries like Singapore, the demographic pressures on urban environments will increasingly demand planning and design responses. The inclusive neighbourhood that integrates active ageing strategies is proposed as a pragmatic model that serves the needs of current generations of older adults and generations in the future. While the inclusive neighbourhood promotes the ideals of diversity and social equity as shared values for the maintenance of social cohesion, the strategies and programmes associated with active ageing attend to physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Together, the concepts integrate qualities that address life satisfaction. Secondary research was undertaken to include the current literature on inclusive neighbourhoods, active ageing programmes, health and ageing, neighbourhood design, planning guidelines and standards, and case studies. The purpose of the research was to propose design strategies from a transdisciplinary perspective.

Since September 2006, an international Aerospace Industry Steering Committee was assembled at Stanford University. Since February 2009, the committee has been formally working on developing guidelines for validating, qualifying and certifying structural health monitoring systems. Working within the G-11 division of SAE International, the committee has compiled guidelines for civil transport aircraft. Some of these guidelines can be used for military applications. However, military guidelines are needed to address specific military considerations including concept of operations. The military guidelines should also cover the wider spectrum of military aircraft types and should focus on the key elements required for integrating structural health monitoring within military systems. Therefore, a G-11 Aerospace Industry Steering Committee Military Aircraft Working Group was formed to develop such guidelines. This article describes the motivation, rationale, scope, milestones and initial work of the Military Aircraft Working Group. The results of the guidelines will form the future framework for the military community.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate short-term case fatality and long-term mortality after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) using data from The Health Improvement Network database.METHODS: Thirty-day case fatality was stratified by age, sex, and calendar year after ICH and SAH using logistic regression. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to estimate the risk of death during the first year of follow-up and survivors at 1 year.RESULTS: Case fatality after ICH was 42.0%, compared with 28.7% after SAH. It increased with age (ICH: 29.7% for 20-49 years, 54.6% for 80-89 years; SAH: 20.3% for 20-49 years, 56.7% for 80-89 years; both p-trend < 0.001), and decreased over the period 2000-2001 to 2006-2008 (ICH: from 53.1% to 35.8%, p-trend < 0.001; SAH: from 33.3% to 24.7%, p-trend = 0.02). Risk of death was significantly higher among stroke patients during the first year of follow-up compared with controls (ICH: hazard ratio [HR] 2.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.09-3.24, p < 0.01; SAH: HR 2.87, 95% CI 2.07-3.97, p < 0.01) and remained elevated among survivors at 1 year (ICH: HR 2.02, 95% CI 1.75-2.32, p < 0.01; SAH: HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.02-1.69, p = 0.03).CONCLUSIONS: More than one-third of individuals die in the first month after hemorrhagic stroke, and patients younger than 50 years are more likely to die after ICH than SAH. Short-term case fatality has decreased over time. Patients who survive hemorrhagic stroke have a continuing elevated risk of death compared with matched individuals from the general population.

Designing Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) for Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) is inherently complex. UAS are a system of systems (SoS) and IVHM is a product-service, thus the designer has to take into account many factors, such as: the design of the other systems of the UAS (e.g. engines, structure, communications), the split of functions between elements of the UAS, the intended operation/mission of the UAS, the cost verses benefit of monitoring a system/component/part, different techniques for monitoring the health of the UAS, optimizing the health of the fleet and not just the individual UAS, amongst others. The design of IVHM cannot sit alongside, or after, the design of UAS, but itself be integrated into the overall design to maximize IVHM’s potential. \ud \ud Many different methods exist to help design complex products and manage the process. One method used is the V-diagram which is based on three concepts: decomposition & definition; integration & testing; and verification & validation. This paper adapts the V-diagram so that it can be used for designing IVHM for UAS. The adapted v-diagram splits into different tracks for the different system elements of the UAS and responses to health states (decomposition and definition). These tracks are then combined into an overall IVHM provision for the UAS (integration and testing), which can be verified and validated. The stages of the adapted V-diagram can easily be aligned with the stages of the V-diagram being used to design the UAS bringing the design of the IVHM in step with the overall design process. The adapted V-diagram also allows the design IVHM for a UAS to be broken down in to smaller tasks which can be assigned to people/teams with the relevant competencies. The adapted V-diagram could also be used to design IVHM for other SoS and other vehicles or products.

In March 2015, the UK Military Aircraft Structural Airworthiness Advisory Group endorsed MASAAG Paper 123; the paper provides guidance on best practice processes required to integrate matured SHM systems into UK military aircraft. The paper benefited from the work of the SAE G-11 SHM technical committee and included contents covering the UK military perspective to provide a good opportunity for peer reviews. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the F-35 Structural Prognostics & Health Management (SPHM) development processes and review the processes of MASAAG Paper 123. Comparisons between these processes should indicate the applicability of MASAAG Paper 123 to modern SHM systems and identify any gaps or redundancies that should be considered in the future issues of MASAAG Paper 123 or in the intended international military guidebook of the SAE G-11 SHM technical committee. doi: 10.12783/SHM2015/6

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) techniques have been developed as a cost effective alternative to currently adopted Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) methods which have well understood levels of performance. Quantitative performance assessment, as used in NDT, needs to be applied to SHM techniques to establish their performance levels as a basis for technique comparison and also as a requirement for practical aerospace application according to set regulations. One such measurand is Probability of Detection (POD). This paper reports experiments conducted to investigate the location accuracy of the Acoustic Emission (AE) system in monitoring events from HsuNielson and fatigue crack AE sources as a route to establish the POD of AE in SHM. It was found that fatigue crack tips could be located at 90% POD within 10 mm accuracy.

Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) is the transformation of system data into information to support operational decisions. IVHM has to take into account the vehicle’s use and maintenance throughout its whole life cycle. The decisions made during the design of the IVHM system on-board a vehicle will have through life implications. Unmanned Air Systems (UAS) consisting of various elements operating as one in a System of Systems (SoS), but with each element having a unique set of stakeholders and requirements, only adds to the complexity. It is therefore important to understand the requirements of an IVHM system throughout a UAS’s life and how these requirements interact with each other. This paper describes the development of a cascading Quality Function Deployment (QFD) to relate the mission and customer’s requirements to the requirements for an IVHM system for the UAS through a hierarchical system of Houses of Quality (HoQ), each representing a different stakeholder group representing aspects of operating an UAS. The UAS considered in this paper to illustrate the process of creating a QFD for the assessment of IVHM requirements is a long endurance civil commercial UAS offering a flight/data service. The paper also comments on how the IVHM requirements QFD process can be adapted for use with other assets.

Acoustic Emission (AE) is recognized for its potential as a Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) technique, offering several advantages, such as passive sensing and wide area monitoring, making it particularly attractive for aerospace applications. Realistic structures, like aircraft wings for example, consist of structural elements of complex geometry, manufactured with different materials. Individually these elements may influence the performance of the SHM technique in detecting and locating structural damage. In this research, the capabilities of the AE technique to identify and locate damage in complex structures were assessed. These assessments were performed without disclosure of the damage location to the AE equipment operator. Four piezoelectric AE sensors were mounted on spars of the aircraft wing representative structure prior to conducting a series of constant amplitude loading fatigue tests. One of the spars contained a fatigue crack seeded at a location unknown to the damage monitoring analyst. The sensors monitored AE generated from the spars and event location estimates were obtained using time of flight analysis with a wave velocity value determined experimentally. The AE monitoring successful detected and located the hidden fatigue crack; this was independently verified by three nondestructive testing (NDT) methods., 9th International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring: A Roadmap to Intelligent Structures, September 10-12 2013, Palo Alto, California, USA

Following asymmetric cell division during spore formation in Bacillus subtilis , a forespore expressed membrane protein SpoIIQ, interacts across an intercellular space with a mother cell-expressed membrane protein, SpoIIIAH. Their interaction can serve as a molecular “ratchet” contributing to the migration of the mother cell membrane around that of the forespore in a phagocytosis-like process termed engulfment. Upon completion of engulfment, SpoIIQ and SpoIIIAH are integral components of a recently proposed intercellular channel allowing passage from the mother cell into the forespore of factors required for late gene expression in this compartment. Here we show that the extracellular domains of SpoIIQ and SpoIIIAH form a heterodimeric complex in solution. The crystal structure of this complex reveals that SpoIIQ has a LytM-like zinc-metalloprotease fold but with an incomplete zinc coordination sphere and no metal. SpoIIIAH has an α-helical subdomain and a protruding β-sheet subdomain, which mediates interactions with SpoIIQ. SpoIIIAH has sequence and structural homology to EscJ, a type III secretion system protein that forms a 24-fold symmetric ring. Superposition of the structures of SpoIIIAH and EscJ reveals that the SpoIIIAH protomer overlaps with two adjacent protomers of EscJ, allowing us to generate a dodecameric SpoIIIAH ring by using structural homology. Following this superposition, the SpoIIQ chains also form a closed dodecameric ring abutting the SpoIIIAH ring, producing an assembly surrounding a 60 Å channel. The dimensions and organization of the proposed complex suggest it is a plausible model for the extracellular component of a gap junction-like intercellular channel.