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In response to political concern about rising inequalities, professions are expected to play a leading role in solving the problem of low levels of social mobility. The profession of architecture is a puzzling case. Although the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) centres issues of diversity and inclusion, architecture's professional workforce remains highly, and stubbornly, socially exclusive. Only one in ten practising architects is estimated to come from a working-class background. Rather than theorising architecture as a coherent, singular profession, I employ the construct of a Bourdieusian field to show how individuals compete for different forms of capital - creative, public service and commercial - in order to accumulate material and status rewards. Thus theorised, I argue that architecture's social exclusion, clearly evident in its historical emergence as a 'gentlemanly' profession, continues to be integral to its contemporary professional dynamics. By analysing the career histories of 55 individuals employed across architecture, I outline the ways in which class plays an important structuring role in relation to both access to and progression through the field. However, for the most part, this passes unnoticed. Individuals tell modest career narratives of luck and agency, which downplay structural enablers and constraints. While class is highly salient, it remains frequently silenced. Further, I contend that two nominally progressive policy arenas developed largely outside the field of architecture, Equalities Diversity and Inclusion (EDI) and 'social mobility', are unlikely to carry substantial positive effect. Arguing from a critical standpoint, I suggest instead that the neo-liberal formulation of these agendas runs the risk of obfuscating or even exacerbating social exclusion within architecture. However, progressive potential is also embedded in the field, in ways which point towards the possibility of more radical change.

This study explores the impact of Black Male Initiative (BMI) programs on the success and wellness of Black men at a large, diverse, public urban university from the distinctive perspective of Black men themselves. The risk factors that limit the educational achievement of Black students have been well documented and researched. Furthermore, the literature has addressed a range of academic and social variables---including race and gender---affecting the persistence and retention rates of Black male students. This study uses a qualitative case study approach to explore the benefits of specific high impact programs at an urban university system have on Black male students' academic success. The research questions provided a sound foundation to determine the benefits Black males believed they acquired through their participation in the City University of New York (CUNY) Black Male Initiative (BMI). This study seeks to add to the discourse on the educational achievement of Black male students by examining the impact of individual student experiences and feelings about being enrolled in CUNY BMI as it relates to their identities as Black males. The narrative that emerged through a series of structured interviews from focus groups and individual interviews gives rich insight into Black men's understanding of the dimensions of BMI programs that have the most significant impact on their success. Specifically, Black men underscored the importance of mentoring and academic support services to their success. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]

How do sport policies and practices work to sustain social relations of power and give succour to dominant ideologies? What are the limits and possibilities of sport in providing an alternative and an oppositional vision of cultural politics aild practice? Addressing these questions has been an enduring aim of the critical sociology of sport over the past thirty years. The research upon which this PhD by publication is based can be situated in this critical sociology of sport tradition. In different empirical contexts, drawing on varied (primarily qualitative) methodological approaches, and using diverse conceptual frameworks, my research has been oriented to the problematic of sport, social reproduction and transformation. \. I am not uncritical of the critical sociology of sport. This PhD overview represents a critique of this critical sociology of sport. Focusing on the limitations of the dominant interpretations of Marxist theorising, a distinctive theoretical position described as radical critique is outlined. It is a position that is premised on the irreformability of capitalism's fundamental structures on the one hand (hence the need for social revolution), while acknowledging the social significance of sport on the other (hence the necessity for an engaged critique of sport). It is a position that emerges out of the disjuncture between the revolutionary kernel of Marxist theory and the non-revolutionary history of sport as a social practice. The PhD overview is divided into three substantive sections. After the introduction and a commentary on methodological issues, the first section provides an overview of critique and focuses on the development of critical sociology and its relationship to political intervention. The second section focuses on disciplinary issues and traces the place of Marxism in the critical sociology of sport and outlines the distinctive approach that encapsulates the body of works submitted, namely radical critique. The third section is a commentary on the publications submitted and exemplifies to a greater or lesser extent the radical critique of sporting policies and practices.

First, we argue that createdness is an essential aspect of Christian theology. Second, we argue that createdness and rational contingency are either held together or lost together in interactions between science and theology. Ultimately, we aim to demonstrate that there can be no interaction between science and theology as coherent disciplines in their own right except where the scientific contribution relies on rational contingency and the theological contribution articulates the createdness of the natural order. We begin by developing a grammar of createdness, based on the theology of Colin E. Gunton, to enable us to describe theologically the createdness of the natural order and entities within it. Moreover, this allows us to identify the theological motifs that safeguard and endanger the concept of createdness. Key motifs in support include the divine prevenience, trinitarian divine action in the form of divine action-in-relation, and a conceptualisation of the God-world relationship as a divine gifting of the world with the personal ‘space’ for existing in creaturely integrity. In the second section, we test our grammar by determining the createdness of the evolutionary process in the theology of Pierre-Marie-Joseph Teilhard de Chardin. We conclude that Teilhard’s understanding of evolution disregards its rational contingency, and we trace this back to a failure to safeguard the createdness of the process. For example, Teilhard inadequately secures the divine prevenience, which leads him to introduce an evolutionary Christology and eschatology. In the third section, we apply our grammar to contemporary discussions of divine action at the science-theology interface and also from within popular science. We determine that despite the existence of some fruitful work on the inherent dynamism and potential of the evolutionary process, the createdness and the rational contingency of evolution are not preserved theologically or scientifically. Specifically, in both the science-theology material and the popular science material, there is an assumption that governing divine action is superfluous and undesirable. We finish by illustrating the importance of rational contingency and createdness for science-theology interaction by sketching a model of divine action in evolution that accounts for both.

The choices provided by an operating system to the application developer for managing memory came in two forms: no choice at all, with the operating system making all decisions about managing memory; or the choice to implement virtual memory management specific to the individual application. The second of these choices is, for all intents and purposes, the same as the first: no choice at all. For many application developers, the cost of implementing a customised virtual memory management system is just too high. The results is that, regardless of the level of flexibility available, the developer ends up using the system-provided default. Further exacerbating the problem is the tendency for operating system developers to be extremely unimaginative when providing that same default. Advancements in virtual memory techniques such as prefetching, remote paging, compressed caching, and user-level page replacement coupled with the provision of user-level virtual memory management should have heralded a new era of choice and an application-centric approach to memory management. Unfortunately, this has failed to materialise. This dissertation describes the design and implementation of the Heracles virtual memory management system. The Heracles approach is one of inclusion rather than exclusion. The main goal of Heracles is to provide an extensible environment that is configurable to the extent of providing application-centric memory management without the need for application developers to implement their own. However, should the application developer wish to provide a more specialised implementation for all or any part of Heracles, the system is constructed around well-defined interfaces that allow new implementations to be "plugged in" where required. The result is a virtual memory management hierarchy that is highly configurable, highly flexible, and can be adapted at run-time to meet new phases in the application's behaviour. Furthermore, different parts of an application's address space can have different hierarchies associated with managing its memory.