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2. Why Learning Foreign Words Is Hard: Evidence of Shallower Encoding for Non-Native than Native Sounding Words

Author

Marecka, Marta, McDonald, Alison, Madden, Gillian, and Fosker, Tim

Abstract

Research suggests that second language words are learned faster when they are similar in phonological structure or accent to the words of an individual's first language. Many major theories suggest this happens because of differences in frequency of exposure and context between first and second language words. Here, we examine the independent contribution of accent and phonological structure on the speed of word learning and on the depth of semantic encoding while controlling for frequency of exposure and context. Fifteen participants learned novel words associated with abstract shapes in a paired associates task. The words systematically varied in their accent and phonological structure. Learning speed was measured for each word and the depth of semantic encoding was measured via a novel manipulation of the N300 ERP component in a Picture Recognition Task of the learned items. Both non-native structure and accent slowed word learning and differences in the N300 effect indicated that semantic encoding was shallower for words with a non-native than native phonological structure, despite almost ceiling levels of accuracy. These results are consistent with a model of second language learning that proposes both accent and phonological structure influence how fast and deep new language vocabulary is learnt.

Published
2022
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6. Factors That Influence the Clinical Implementation of Aerobic Exercise in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Theory-Informed Qualitative Study

Author

Inness, Elizabeth L., Jagroop, David, Andreoli, Angie, Bayley, Mark, Biasin, Louis, Danells, Cynthia, Hall, Jayne, Mansfield, Avril, McDonald, Alison, Nishri, Diane, Salbach, Nancy M., Taylor, Denise, Wong, Karl, and Tang, Ada

Subjects
Stroke (Disease) -- Care and treatment -- Patient outcomes, Aerobic exercises -- Physiological aspects -- Health aspects, Therapeutics, Physiological -- Complications and side effects -- Patient outcomes, Physical therapy -- Complications and side effects -- Patient outcomes
Abstract

Objective. Best practice guidelines recommend that aerobic exercise (AEx) be implemented as early as possible poststroke, yet the prescription of AEx remains limited in stroke rehabilitation settings. This study used theoretical frameworks to obtain an in-depth understanding of barriers and enablers to AEx implementation in the stroke rehabilitation setting. Methods. A qualitative, descriptive study was conducted. Participants were recruited from 4 stroke rehabilitation settings in Ontario, Canada, that have participated in an implementation study to provide structured AEx programming as part of standard care. Six clinician focus groups (with 19 physical therapists and 5 rehabilitation assistants) and one-to-one interviews with 7 managers and 1 physician were conducted to explore barriers and enablers to AEx implementation. The Theoretical Domains Framework and Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research informed content analysis for clinician and manager perspectives, respectively. Results. Barriers specific to resource constraints and health care system pressures, combined with patient goals, led to interventions to improve function being prioritized over AEx. Successful implementation was enabled through an interprofessional approach and team engagement in the planning and implementation process. Health care providers described concerns about patient safety, but confidence and capability for implementing AEx were enabled by education, skill development, use of exercise tests, and consultation with individuals with content expertise. Participants described the development of supportive processes that enabled AEx implementation within team workflows and shared resources. Conclusion. Strategies to support implementation of AEx in stroke rehabilitation should incorporate knowledge and skills, the provision of clinical decision-making tools, access to expert consultation, the roles and social influence of the interprofessional team and formal and informal leaders, and supportive processes adapted to the local context. Impact. Results from this study will inform the development of a clinical implementation toolkit to support clinical uptake of AEx in the stroke rehabilitation setting. Keywords: Aerobic Exercise, Focus Groups, Interview, Physical Therapists, Stroke, Introduction Aerobic capacity is significantly compromised after stroke. (1) In the sub-acute phases of stroke recovery, cardiorespiratory fitness levels are less than one-half of age-referenced values (2-5) and below thresholds [...]

Published
2022
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13. Experiences of Physical Therapists and Professional Leaders With Implementing a Toolkit to Advance Walking Assessment Poststroke: A Realist Evaluation

Author

Salbach, Nancy M., McDonald, Alison, MacKay-Lyons, Marilyn, Bulmer, Beverly, Howe, Jo-Anne, Bayley, Mark T., McEwen, Sara, Nelson, Michelle, and Solomon, Patricia

Subjects
Disability evaluation -- Methods, Walking -- Health aspects, Stroke patients -- Medical examination -- Physiological aspects
Abstract

Objective. The iWalk study showed significant increase in use of the 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT) and 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) poststroke following provision of a toolkit. This paper examined the influence of contextual circumstances on use of the toolkit and implementation strategy across acute care and inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation settings. Methods. A theory-based toolkit and implementation strategy was designed to support guideline recommendations to use standardized tools for evaluation of walking, education, and goal-setting poststroke. The toolkit comprised a mobile app, video, and educational guide outlining instructions for 3 learning sessions. After completing learning sessions, 33 physical therapists and 7 professional leaders participated in focus groups or interviews. As part of a realist evaluation, the study compared and synthesized site-specific context-mechanism-outcome descriptions across sites to refine an initial theory of how the toolkit would influence practice. Results. Analysis revealed 3 context-mechanism-outcomes: (1) No onsite facilitator? No practice change in acute care: Without an onsite facilitator, participants lacked authority to facilitate and coordinate the implementation strategy; (2) Onsite facilitation fostered integration of select practices in acute care: When onsite facilitation occurred in acute care, walk test administration and use of reference values for patient education were adopted variably with high functioning patients; (3) Onsite facilitation fostered integration of most practices in rehabilitation settings: When onsite facilitation occurred, many participants incorporated 1 or both tests to evaluate and monitor walking capacity, and reference values were applied for inpatient and outpatient education and goal setting. Participants preferentially implemented the 10MWT over the 6MWT because set-up and administration were easier and a greater proportion of patients could walk 10 m. Conclusion. Findings underscore contextual factors and activities essential to eliciting change in assessment practice in stroke rehabilitation across care settings. Impact. This study shows that to foster recommended walking assessment practices, an onsite facilitator should be present to enable learning sessions and toolkit use. Keywords: Guidelines, Knowledge Translation, Standardized Assessment, Stroke, Toolkit, Walking, Introduction Stroke rehabilitation guidelines provide recommendations to guide diverse aspects of physical therapist practice. (1-4) Toolkits are a potentially low-cost strategy to support widespread implementation of recommendations for assessment and [...]

Published
2021
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14. 3D mapping of intensity field about the focus of a micrometer scale parabolic mirror

Author

McDonald, Alison, McConnell, Gail, Cox, David C., Riis, Erling, and Griffin, Paul F.

Subjects
Physics - Optics
Abstract

We report on the fabrication and diffraction-limited characterization of parabolic focusing micromirrors. Sub - micron beam waists are measured for mirrors with 10 {\mu}m radius aperture and measured fixed focal lengths in the range from 24 {\mu}m to 36 {\mu}m. Optical characterization of the 3D intensity in the nearfield produced when the device is illuminated with collimated light is performed using a modified confocal microscope. Results are compared directly with angular spectrum simulations, yielding strong agreement between experiment and theory, and identifying the competition between diffraction and focusing in the regime probed., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures. Accepted to Optics Express

Published
2014
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18. Examining the effectiveness of different dental recall strategies on maintenance of optimum oral health: the INTERVAL dental recalls randomised controlled trial

Author

Clarkson, Jan E., Pitts, Nigel B., Fee, Patrick A., Goulao, Beatriz, Boyers, Dwayne, Ramsay, Craig R., Floate, Ruth, Braid, Hazel J., Ord, Fiona S., Worthington, Helen V., van der Pol, Marjon, Young, Linda, Freeman, Ruth, Gouick, Jill, Humphris, Gerry M., Mitchell, Fiona E., McDonald, Alison M., Norrie, John D. T., Sim, Kirsty, Douglas, Gail, and Ricketts, David

Published
2021
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20. Changing the tone of clinical study design in the cannabis industry

Author

Antony Joseph M, McDonald Alison C., Noorbakhsh Farshid, Guthrie Najla, and Evans Mal

Subjects
cannabinoid, brain activity, circadian rhythms, clinical trials, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract

Cannabis (also known as marijuana) is the most frequently used psychoactive substance globally. Cannabis exerts therapeutic functions for many indications and has vast potential as a health and wellness product. Advances in our understanding of the composition and pharmacological properties of cannabis have revealed interactions between cannabis, an individuals’ circadian rhythms and their endocannabinoid signaling. Exogenously administered cannabinoids can bidirectionally entrain central and peripheral clocks that comprise circadian rhythms, and malfunctions in the endocannabinoid system are reported to impact neurological processes. Therefore, it is necessary to account for the circadian rhythm when designing clinical trials examining the pharmacological properties of cannabis-based products for health and wellness to limit its potential confounding impact on results. Consideration of the entrainment capabilities of the endocannabinoid system is warranted when designing clinical trials.

Published
2020
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23. Measurements in optical microscopy

Author

McDonald, Alison

Subjects
610
Abstract

Optical microscopy is a powerful technique that allows visualisation of structures that are invisible with the naked eye. With innovations in computer technology, detectors, optics and photochemistry, the field of microscopy has developed significantly in recent years with highly sophisticated systems commercially available as a matter of routine. With the advent of new microscopes new challenges arise, particularly in the quantification of data so that the end-user may better understand the images obtained. For accurate quantification, the microscope has to be accurately aligned and calibrated, and one must be aware of the tolerances of use. Some of these parameters, such as resolution, are well-documented but other properties of the microscope, such as the effect of the dose of light on the specimen or the size of the optical focus and its repeatability over time, are less well understood. The aim of this thesis is to identify areas which are generally not tested or calibrated by the vendor or end user of an optical microscope, and provide methods that can inform on the performance. Following the introduction, the second and third chapters describe improved techniques for assessing the alignment and performance of a laser scanning microscope. The second part of this thesis, Chapters 4 and 5, describe the implications of accurate measurements in microscopy to measurements in both a life sciences application and a physical sciences application. Chapter 6 concludes the thesis and includes a discussion of future opportunities that may follow.

Published
2012
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27. PD13-02 CAN EXPERIENCE OF BLUE LIGHT CYSTOSCOPY IMPROVE A SURGEON'S WHITE LIGHT RESECTION? DATA FROM THE PHOTO TRIAL

Author

Gravestock, Paul, primary, Vadiveloo, Thenmalar, additional, Lewis, Rebecca, additional, Duncan, Anne, additional, Penegar, Steven, additional, Clark, Emma, additional, Yu, Ge, additional, Mariappan, Paramananthan, additional, Cresswell, Joanne, additional, Mcgrath, John, additional, N’dow, James, additional, Nabi, Ghulam, additional, Mostafid, Hugh, additional, Kelly, John, additional, Ramsay, Craig, additional, Lazarowicz, Henry, additional, Allan, Angela, additional, Breckons, Matthew, additional, Campbell, Karen, additional, Campbell, Louise, additional, Feber, Andy, additional, Mcdonald, Alison, additional, Norrie, John, additional, Orozco-Leal, Giovany, additional, Rice, Stephen, additional, Tandogdu, Zafer, additional, Taylor, Ernest, additional, Wilson, Laura, additional, Vale, Luke, additional, Maclennan, Graeme, additional, Hall, Emma, additional, and Heer, Rakesh, additional

Published
2023
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28. Mesh, graft, or standard repair for women having primary transvaginal anterior or posterior compartment prolapse surgery: two parallel-group, multicentre, randomised, controlled trials (PROSPECT)

Author

Glazener, Cathryn MA, Breeman, Suzanne, Elders, Andrew, Hemming, Christine, Cooper, Kevin G, Freeman, Robert M, Smith, Anthony RB, Reid, Fiona, Hagen, Suzanne, Montgomery, Isobel, Kilonzo, Mary, Boyers, Dwayne, McDonald, Alison, McPherson, Gladys, MacLennan, Graeme, and Norrie, John

Published
2017
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31. The clinical and cost effectiveness of surgical interventions for stones in the lower pole of the kidney: the percutaneous nephrolithotomy, flexible ureterorenoscopy and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy for lower pole kidney stones randomised controlled trial (PUrE RCT) protocol

Author

McClinton, Sam, Starr, Kathryn, Thomas, Ruth, MacLennan, Graeme, Lam, Thomas, Hernandez, Rodolfo, Pickard, Robert, Anson, Ken, Clark, Terry, MacLennan, Steven, Thomas, David, Smith, Daron, Turney, Ben, McDonald, Alison, Cameron, Sarah, and Wiseman, Oliver

Published
2020
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39. Between Two Rocks and in a Hard Place: Reflecting on the Biomechanical Basis of Shoulder Occupational Musculoskeletal Disorders.

Author

Dickerson, Clark R., McDonald, Alison C., and Chopp-Hurley, Jaclyn N.

Subjects
*SHOULDER, *MUSCULOSKELETAL system diseases, *ROCK music, *SHOULDER disorders, *SHOULDER injuries, *EMPLOYEE reviews
Abstract

Objective: The aim was to review the biomechanical origins of occupational shoulder damage, while considering the complexity of shoulder mechanics and musculoskeletal consequences of diverse task demands. Background: Accessible measures of physical exposures are the primary focus of occupational shoulder assessments and analyses. This approach has led to guidelines and intervention strategies that are often inadequate for mitigating shoulder disorders amongst the complexity of modern workplace demands. Integration of complex shoulder mechanics into occupational assessments, analyses, and interventions is critical for reducing occupational shoulder injury risk. Method: This narrative review describes shoulder biomechanics in the context of common injury mechanisms and consequent injuries, with a particular focus on subacromial impingement syndrome. Several modulators of shoulder injury risk are reviewed, including fatigue, overhead work, office ergonomics considerations, and pushing and pulling task configurations. Results: Relationships between work requirements, muscular demands, fatigue, and biomechanical tissue loads exist. This review highlights that consideration of specific workplace factors should be integrated with our knowledge of the intricate arrangement and interpersonal variability of the shoulder complex to proactively evaluate occupational shoulder demands and exposures. Conclusion: A standard method for evaluating shoulder muscle exposures during workplace tasks does not exist. An integrated approach is critical for improved work design and prevention of shoulder tissue damage and accompanying disability. Application: This review is particularly relevant for researchers and practitioners, providing guidance for work design and evaluation for shoulder injury prevention by understanding the importance of the unique and complex mechanics of the shoulder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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41. Single-incision mini-slings versus standard synthetic mid-urethral slings for surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women: The SIMS RCT

Author

Abdel-Fattah, Mohamed, primary, Cooper, David, additional, Davidson, Tracey, additional, Kilonzo, Mary, additional, Boyers, Dwayne, additional, Bhal, Kiron, additional, McDonald, Alison, additional, Wardle, Judith, additional, N’Dow, James, additional, MacLennan, Graeme, additional, and Norrie, John, additional

Published
2022
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42. Photodynamic versus white-light-guided resection of first-diagnosis non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: PHOTO RCT

Author

Heer, Rakesh, primary, Lewis, Rebecca, additional, Duncan, Anne, additional, Penegar, Steven, additional, Vadiveloo, Thenmalar, additional, Clark, Emma, additional, Yu, Ge, additional, Mariappan, Paramananthan, additional, Cresswell, Joanne, additional, McGrath, John, additional, N’Dow, James, additional, Nabi, Ghulam, additional, Mostafid, Hugh, additional, Kelly, John, additional, Ramsay, Craig, additional, Lazarowicz, Henry, additional, Allan, Angela, additional, Breckons, Matthew, additional, Campbell, Karen, additional, Campbell, Louise, additional, Feber, Andy, additional, McDonald, Alison, additional, Norrie, John, additional, Orozco-Leal, Giovany, additional, Rice, Stephen, additional, Tandogdu, Zafer, additional, Taylor, Ernest, additional, Wilson, Laura, additional, Vale, Luke, additional, MacLennan, Graeme, additional, and Hall, Emma, additional

Published
2022
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44. Synthetic sling or artificial urinary sphincter for men with urodynamic stress incontinence after prostate surgery: the MASTER non-inferiority RCT

Author

Constable, Lynda, primary, Abrams, Paul, additional, Cooper, David, additional, Kilonzo, Mary, additional, Cotterill, Nikki, additional, Harding, Chris, additional, Drake, Marcus J, additional, Pardoe, Megan N, additional, McDonald, Alison, additional, Smith, Rebecca, additional, Norrie, John, additional, McCormack, Kirsty, additional, Ramsay, Craig, additional, Uren, Alan, additional, Mundy, Tony, additional, Glazener, Cathryn, additional, and MacLennan, Graeme, additional

Published
2022
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46. TISU: Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, as first treatment option, compared with direct progression to ureteroscopic treatment, for ureteric stones: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Author

McClinton, Samuel, Cameron, Sarah, Starr, Kathryn, Thomas, Ruth, MacLennan, Graeme, McDonald, Alison, Lam, Thomas, N’Dow, James, Kilonzo, Mary, Pickard, Robert, Anson, Ken, Keeley, Frank, Burgess, Neil, Clark, Charles Terry, MacLennan, Sara, Norrie, John, and for the TISU Study Group

Published
2018
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47. Male synthetic sling versus artificial urinary sphincter trial for men with urodynamic stress incontinence after prostate surgery (MASTER): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Author

Constable, Lynda, Cotterill, Nikki, Cooper, David, Glazener, Cathryn, Drake, Marcus J., Forrest, Mark, Harding, Chris, Kilonzo, Mary, MacLennan, Graeme, McCormack, Kirsty, McDonald, Alison, Mundy, Anthony, Norrie, John, Pickard, Robert, Ramsay, Craig, Smith, Rebecca, Wileman, Samantha, Abrams, Paul, and (Chief Investigator) for the MASTER Study Group

Published
2018
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