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4. Soil net nitrogen mineralisation across global grasslands

Author

Risch, A. C., Zimmermann, S., Ochoa-Hueso, R., Schütz, M., Frey, B., Firn, J. L., Fay, P. A., Hagedorn, F., Borer, E. T., Seabloom, E. W., Harpole, W. S., Knops, J. M. H., McCulley, R. L., Broadbent, A. A. D., Stevens, C. J., Silveira, M. L., Adler, P. B., Báez, S., Biederman, L. A., Blair, J. M., Brown, C. S., Caldeira, M. C., Collins, S. L., Daleo, P., di Virgilio, A., Ebeling, A., Eisenhauer, N., Esch, E., Eskelinen, A., Hagenah, N., Hautier, Y., Kirkman, K. P., MacDougall, A. S., Moore, J. L., Power, S. A., Prober, S. M., Roscher, C., Sankaran, M., Siebert, J., Speziale, K. L., Tognetti, P. M., Virtanen, R., Yahdjian, L., and Moser, B.

Published
2019
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5. Drivers of the microbial metabolic quotient across global grasslands

Author

Risch, A. C. (A. C.), Zimmermann, S. (S.), Schütz, M. (M.), Borer, E. T. (E. T.), Broadbent, A. A. (A. A. D.), Caldeira, M. C. (M. C.), Davies, K. F. (K. F.), Eisenhauer, N. (N.), Eskelinen, A. (A.), Fay, P. A. (P. A.), Hagedorn, F. (F.), Knops, J. M. (J. M. H.), Lembrechts, J. J. (J. J.), MacDougall, A. S. (A. S.), McCulley, R. L. (R. L.), Melbourne, B. A. (B. A.), Moore, J. L. (J. L.), Power, S. A. (S. A.), Seabloom, E. W. (E. W.), Silviera, M. L. (M. L.), Virtanen, R. (R.), Yahdjian, L. (L.), Ochoa-Hueso, R. (R.), Risch, A. C. (A. C.), Zimmermann, S. (S.), Schütz, M. (M.), Borer, E. T. (E. T.), Broadbent, A. A. (A. A. D.), Caldeira, M. C. (M. C.), Davies, K. F. (K. F.), Eisenhauer, N. (N.), Eskelinen, A. (A.), Fay, P. A. (P. A.), Hagedorn, F. (F.), Knops, J. M. (J. M. H.), Lembrechts, J. J. (J. J.), MacDougall, A. S. (A. S.), McCulley, R. L. (R. L.), Melbourne, B. A. (B. A.), Moore, J. L. (J. L.), Power, S. A. (S. A.), Seabloom, E. W. (E. W.), Silviera, M. L. (M. L.), Virtanen, R. (R.), Yahdjian, L. (L.), and Ochoa-Hueso, R. (R.)

Abstract

Aim: The microbial metabolic quotient (MMQ; mg CO₂-C/mg MBC/h), defined as the amount of microbial CO₂ respired (MR; mg CO₂-C/kg soil/h) per unit of microbial biomass C (MBC; mg C/kg soil), is a key parameter for understanding the microbial regulation of the carbon (C) cycle, including soil C sequestration. Here, we experimentally tested hypotheses about the individual and interactive effects of multiple nutrient addition (nitrogen + phosphorus + potassium + micronutrients) and herbivore exclusion on MR, MBC and MMQ across 23 sites (five continents). Our sites encompassed a wide range of edaphoclimatic conditions; thus, we assessed which edaphoclimatic variables affected MMQ the most and how they interacted with our treatments. Location: Australia, Asia, Europe, North/South America. Time period: 2015–2016. Major taxa: Soil microbes. Methods: Soils were collected from plots with established experimental treatments. MR was assessed in a 5-week laboratory incubation without glucose addition, MBC via substrate-induced respiration. MMQ was calculated as MR/MBC and corrected for soil temperatures (MMQsoil). Using linear mixed effects models (LMMs) and structural equation models (SEMs), we analysed how edaphoclimatic characteristics and treatments interactively affected MMQsoil. Results: MMQsoil was higher in locations with higher mean annual temperature, lower water holding capacity and lower soil organic C concentration, but did not respond to our treatments across sites as neither MR nor MBC changed. We attributed this relative homeostasis to our treatments to the modulating influence of edaphoclimatic variables. For example, herbivore exclusion, regardless of fertilization, led to greater MMQsoil only at sites with lower soil organic C (< 1.7%). Main conclusions: Our results pinpoint the main variables related to MMQsoil across grasslands and emphasize the importance of the local edaphoclimatic conditions in controlling the response of the C cycle to anthro

Published
2023

6. Drivers of the microbial metabolic quotient across global grasslands

Author

Risch, A. C., primary, Zimmermann, S., additional, Schütz, M., additional, Borer, E. T., additional, Broadbent, A. A. D., additional, Caldeira, M. C., additional, Davies, K. F., additional, Eisenhauer, N., additional, Eskelinen, A., additional, Fay, P. A., additional, Hagedorn, F., additional, Knops, J. M. H., additional, Lembrechts, J. J., additional, MacDougall, A. S., additional, McCulley, R. L., additional, Melbourne, B. A., additional, Moore, J. L., additional, Power, S. A., additional, Seabloom, E. W., additional, Silviera, M. L., additional, Virtanen, R., additional, Yahdjian, L., additional, and Ochoa‐Hueso, R., additional

Published
2023
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8. Evolutionary history of grazing and resources determine herbivore exclusion effects on plant diversity

Author

Price, J. N. (Jodi N.), Sitters, J. (Judith), Ohlert, T. (Timothy), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Brown, C. S. (Cynthia S.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Bakker, E. S. (Elisabeth S.), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), Yahdjian, L. (Laura), Gruner, D. S. (Daniel S.), Olde Venterink, H. (Harry), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C.), Graff, P. (Pamela), Bagchi, S. (Sumanta), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos Alberto), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Blumenthal, D. M. (Dana M.), Boughton, E. H. (Elizabeth H.), Brudvig, L. A. (Lars A.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Cadotte, M. W. (Marc W.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Dickman, C. R. (Chris R.), Donohue, I. (Ian), Grégory, S. (Sonnier), Hautier, Y. (Yann), Jónsdóttir, I. S. (Ingibjörg S.), Lannes, L. S. (Luciola S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Schütz, M. (Martin), Standish, R. (Rachel), Stevens, C. J. (Carly J.), Veen, G. F. (G. F.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Wardle, G. M. (Glenda M.), Price, J. N. (Jodi N.), Sitters, J. (Judith), Ohlert, T. (Timothy), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Brown, C. S. (Cynthia S.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Bakker, E. S. (Elisabeth S.), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), Yahdjian, L. (Laura), Gruner, D. S. (Daniel S.), Olde Venterink, H. (Harry), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C.), Graff, P. (Pamela), Bagchi, S. (Sumanta), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos Alberto), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Blumenthal, D. M. (Dana M.), Boughton, E. H. (Elizabeth H.), Brudvig, L. A. (Lars A.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Cadotte, M. W. (Marc W.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Dickman, C. R. (Chris R.), Donohue, I. (Ian), Grégory, S. (Sonnier), Hautier, Y. (Yann), Jónsdóttir, I. S. (Ingibjörg S.), Lannes, L. S. (Luciola S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Schütz, M. (Martin), Standish, R. (Rachel), Stevens, C. J. (Carly J.), Veen, G. F. (G. F.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), and Wardle, G. M. (Glenda M.)

Abstract

Ecological models predict that the effects of mammalian herbivore exclusion on plant diversity depend on resource availability and plant exposure to ungulate grazing over evolutionary time. Using an experiment replicated in 57 grasslands on six continents, with contrasting evolutionary history of grazing, we tested how resources (mean annual precipitation and soil nutrients) determine herbivore exclusion effects on plant diversity, richness and evenness. Here we show that at sites with a long history of ungulate grazing, herbivore exclusion reduced plant diversity by reducing both richness and evenness and the responses of richness and diversity to herbivore exclusion decreased with mean annual precipitation. At sites with a short history of grazing, the effects of herbivore exclusion were not related to precipitation but differed for native and exotic plant richness. Thus, plant species’ evolutionary history of grazing continues to shape the response of the world’s grasslands to changing mammalian herbivory.

Published
2022

9. Nitrogen but not phosphorus addition affects symbiotic N₂ fixation by legumes in natural and semi-natural grasslands located on four continents

Author

Vázquez, E. (Eduardo), Schleuss, P.-M. (Per-Marten), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Haider, S. (Sylvia), Jentsch, A. (Anke), Kirkman, K. P. (Kevin P.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Price, J. (Jodi), Richards, A. E. (Anna E.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Schütz, M. (Martin), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Standish, R. J. (Rachel J.), Stevens, C. J. (Carly J.), Tedder, M. J. (Michelle J.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Spohn, M. (Marie), Vázquez, E. (Eduardo), Schleuss, P.-M. (Per-Marten), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Haider, S. (Sylvia), Jentsch, A. (Anke), Kirkman, K. P. (Kevin P.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Price, J. (Jodi), Richards, A. E. (Anna E.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Schütz, M. (Martin), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Standish, R. J. (Rachel J.), Stevens, C. J. (Carly J.), Tedder, M. J. (Michelle J.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), and Spohn, M. (Marie)

Abstract

Background and aims: The amount of nitrogen (N) derived from symbiotic N₂ fixation by legumes in grasslands might be affected by anthropogenic N and phosphorus (P) inputs, but the underlying mechanisms are not known. Methods: We evaluated symbiotic N₂ fixation in 17 natural and semi-natural grasslands on four continents that are subjected to the same full-factorial N and P addition experiment, using the ¹⁵N natural abundance method. Results: N as well as combined N and P (NP) addition reduced aboveground legume biomass by 65% and 45%, respectively, compared to the control, whereas P addition had no significant impact. Addition of N and/or P had no significant effect on the symbiotic N₂ fixation per unit legume biomass. In consequence, the amount of N fixed annually per grassland area was less than half in the N addition treatments compared to control and P addition, irrespective of whether the dominant legumes were annuals or perennials. Conclusion: Our results reveal that N addition mainly impacts symbiotic N₂ fixation via reduced biomass of legumes rather than changes in N₂ fixation per unit legume biomass. The results show that soil N enrichment by anthropogenic activities significantly reduces N₂ fixation in grasslands, and these effects cannot be reversed by additional P amendment.

Published
2022

10. Long-term N-addition alters the community structure of functionally important N-cycling soil microorganisms across global grasslands

Author

Frey, B. (Beat), Moser, B. (Barbara), Tytgat, B. (Bjorn), Zimmermann, S. (Stephan), Alberti, J. (Juan), Biederman, L. A. (Lori A.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Broadbent, A. A. (Arthur A. D.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Davies, K. F. (Kendi F.), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Hagedorn, F. (Frank), Hautier, Y. (Yann), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Nepel, M. (Maximilian), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Vázquez, E. (Eduardo), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Yahdjian, L. (Laura), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Frey, B. (Beat), Moser, B. (Barbara), Tytgat, B. (Bjorn), Zimmermann, S. (Stephan), Alberti, J. (Juan), Biederman, L. A. (Lori A.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Broadbent, A. A. (Arthur A. D.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Davies, K. F. (Kendi F.), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Hagedorn, F. (Frank), Hautier, Y. (Yann), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Nepel, M. (Maximilian), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Vázquez, E. (Eduardo), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Yahdjian, L. (Laura), and Risch, A. C. (Anita C.)

Abstract

Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) input is known to alter the soil microbiome, but how N enrichment influences the abundance, alpha-diversity and community structure of N-cycling functional microbial communities in grasslands remains poorly understood. Here, we collected soils from plant communities subjected to up to 9 years of annual N-addition (10 g N m⁻² per year using urea as a N-source) and from unfertilized plots (control) in 30 grasslands worldwide spanning a large range of climatic and soil conditions. We focused on three key microbial groups responsible for two essential processes of the global N cycle: N₂ fixation (soil diazotrophs) and nitrification (AOA: ammonia-oxidizing archaea and AOB: ammonia-oxidizing bacteria). We targeted soil diazotrophs, AOA and AOB using Illumina MiSeq sequencing and measured the abundance (gene copy numbers) using quantitative PCR. N-addition shifted the structure of the diazotrophic communities, although their alpha-diversity and abundance were not affected. AOA and AOB responded differently to N-addition. The abundance and alpha-diversity of AOB increased, and their community structure shifted with N-addition. In contrast, AOA were not affected by N-addition. AOA abundance outnumbered AOB in control plots under conditions of low N availability, whereas N-addition favoured copiotrophic AOB. Overall, N-addition showed a low impact on soil diazotrophs and AOA while effects for AOB communities were considerable. These results reveal that long-term N-addition has important ecological implications for key microbial groups involved in two critical soil N-cycling processes. Increased AOB abundance and community shifts following N-addition may change soil N-cycling, as larger population sizes may promote higher rates of ammonia oxidation and subsequently increase N loss via gaseous and soil N-leaching. These findings bring us a step closer to predicting the responses and feedbacks of microbial-mediated N-cycling processes to long

Published
2022

11. Do trade-offs govern plant species’ responses to different global change treatments?

Author

Langley, J. A. (J. Adam), Grman, E. (Emily), Wilcox, K. R. (Kevin R.), Avolio, M. L. (Meghan L), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), Collins, S. L. (Scott L.), Koerner, S. E. (Sally E.), Smith, M. D. (Melinda D.), Baldwin, A. H. (Andrew H.), Bowman, W. (William), Chiariello, N. (Nona), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Harmens, H. (Harry), Hovenden, M. (Mark), Klanderud, K. (Kari), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Onipchenko, V. G. (Vladimir G.), Robinson, C. H. (Clare H.), Suding, K. N. (Katharine N.), Langley, J. A. (J. Adam), Grman, E. (Emily), Wilcox, K. R. (Kevin R.), Avolio, M. L. (Meghan L), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), Collins, S. L. (Scott L.), Koerner, S. E. (Sally E.), Smith, M. D. (Melinda D.), Baldwin, A. H. (Andrew H.), Bowman, W. (William), Chiariello, N. (Nona), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Harmens, H. (Harry), Hovenden, M. (Mark), Klanderud, K. (Kari), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Onipchenko, V. G. (Vladimir G.), Robinson, C. H. (Clare H.), and Suding, K. N. (Katharine N.)

Abstract

Plants are subject to trade-offs among growth strategies such that adaptations for optimal growth in one condition can preclude optimal growth in another. Thus, we predicted that a plant species that responds positively to one global change treatment would be less likely than average to respond positively to another treatment, particularly for pairs of treatments that favor distinct traits. We examined plant species’ abundances in 39 global change experiments manipulating two or more of the following: CO₂, nitrogen, phosphorus, water, temperature, or disturbance. Overall, the directional response of a species to one treatment was 13% more likely than expected to oppose its response to a another single-factor treatment. This tendency was detectable across the global data set, but held little predictive power for individual treatment combinations or within individual experiments. Although trade-offs in the ability to respond to different global change treatments exert discernible global effects, other forces obscure their influence in local communities.

Published
2022

12. Nutrient enrichment increases invertebrate herbivory and pathogen damage in grasslands

Author

Ebeling, A. (Anne), Strauss, A. T. (Alex T.), Adler, P. B. (Peter B.), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos A.), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C.), Biederman, L. A. (Lori A.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Cadotte, M. W. (Marc W.), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Firn, J. (Jennifer), Graff, P. (Pamela), Hagenah, N. (Nicole), Haider, S. (Sylvia), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Mitchell, C. E. (Charles E.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Pascual, J. (Jesus), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Sankaran, M. (Mahesh), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Schielzeth, H. (Holger), Schütz, M. (Martin), Speziale, K. L. (Karina L.), Tedder, M. (Michelle), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Blumenthal, D. M. (Dana M.), Ebeling, A. (Anne), Strauss, A. T. (Alex T.), Adler, P. B. (Peter B.), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos A.), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C.), Biederman, L. A. (Lori A.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Cadotte, M. W. (Marc W.), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Firn, J. (Jennifer), Graff, P. (Pamela), Hagenah, N. (Nicole), Haider, S. (Sylvia), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Mitchell, C. E. (Charles E.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Pascual, J. (Jesus), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Sankaran, M. (Mahesh), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Schielzeth, H. (Holger), Schütz, M. (Martin), Speziale, K. L. (Karina L.), Tedder, M. (Michelle), Virtanen, R. (Risto), and Blumenthal, D. M. (Dana M.)

Abstract

1.Plant damage by invertebrate herbivores and pathogens influences the dynamics of grassland ecosystems, but anthropogenic changes in nitrogen and phosphorus availability can modify these relationships. 2.Using a globally distributed experiment, we describe leaf damage on 153 plant taxa from 27 grasslands worldwide, under ambient conditions and with experimentally elevated nitrogen and phosphorus. 3.Invertebrate damage significantly increased with nitrogen addition, especially in grasses and non-leguminous forbs. Pathogen damage increased with nitrogen in grasses and legumes but not forbs. Effects of phosphorus were generally weaker. Damage was higher in grasslands with more precipitation, but climatic conditions did not change effects of nutrients on leaf damage. On average, invertebrate damage was relatively higher on legumes and pathogen damage was relatively higher on grasses. Community-weighted mean damage reflected these functional group patterns, with no effects of N on community-weighted pathogen damage (due to opposing responses of grasses and forbs) but stronger effects of N on community-weighted invertebrate damage (due to consistent responses of grasses and forbs). 4.Synthesis: As human-induced inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus continue to increase, understanding their impacts on invertebrate and pathogen damage becomes increasingly important. Our results demonstrate that eutrophication frequently increases plant damage and that damage increases with precipitation across a wide array of grasslands. Invertebrate and pathogen damage in grasslands is likely to increase in the future, with potential consequences for plant, invertebrate and pathogen communities, as well as the transfer of energy and nutrients across trophic levels.

Published
2022

14. Temporal rarity is a better predictor of local extinction risk than spatial rarity

Author

Wilfahrt, P. A. (Peter A.), Asmus, A. L. (Ashley L.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Henning, J. A. (Jeremiah A.), Adler, P. (Peter), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos A.), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Biederman, L. (Lori), Brudvig, L. A. (Lars A.), Cadotte, M. (Marc), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Firn, J. (Jennifer), Harpole, W. S. (W. Stanley), Hautier, Y. (Yann), Kirkman, K. P. (Kevin P.), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), Laungani, R. (Ramesh), MacDougall, A. (Andrew), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Morgan, J. W. (John W.), Mortensen, B. (Brent), Hueso, R. O. (Raul Ochoa), Ohlert, T. (Timothy), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Price, J. (Jodi), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Schuetz, M. (Martin), Shoemaker, L. (Lauren), Stevens, C. (Carly), Strauss, A. T. (Alexander T.), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Wilfahrt, P. A. (Peter A.), Asmus, A. L. (Ashley L.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Henning, J. A. (Jeremiah A.), Adler, P. (Peter), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos A.), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Biederman, L. (Lori), Brudvig, L. A. (Lars A.), Cadotte, M. (Marc), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Firn, J. (Jennifer), Harpole, W. S. (W. Stanley), Hautier, Y. (Yann), Kirkman, K. P. (Kevin P.), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), Laungani, R. (Ramesh), MacDougall, A. (Andrew), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Morgan, J. W. (John W.), Mortensen, B. (Brent), Hueso, R. O. (Raul Ochoa), Ohlert, T. (Timothy), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Price, J. (Jodi), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Schuetz, M. (Martin), Shoemaker, L. (Lauren), Stevens, C. (Carly), Strauss, A. T. (Alexander T.), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), and Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.)

Abstract

Spatial rarity is often used to predict extinction risk, but rarity can also occur temporally. Perhaps more relevant in the context of global change is whether a species is core to a community (persistent) or transient (intermittently present), with transient species often susceptible to human activities that reduce niche space. Using 5–12 yr of data on 1,447 plant species from 49 grasslands on five continents, we show that local abundance and species persistence under ambient conditions are both effective predictors of local extinction risk following experimental exclusion of grazers or addition of nutrients; persistence was a more powerful predictor than local abundance. While perturbations increased the risk of exclusion for low persistence and abundance species, transient but abundant species were also highly likely to be excluded from a perturbed plot relative to ambient conditions. Moreover, low persistence and low abundance species that were not excluded from perturbed plots tended to have a modest increase in abundance following perturbance. Last, even core species with high abundances had large decreases in persistence and increased losses in perturbed plots, threatening the long-term stability of these grasslands. Our results demonstrate that expanding the concept of rarity to include temporal dynamics, in addition to local abundance, more effectively predicts extinction risk in response to environmental change than either rarity axis predicts alone.

Published
2021

15. Microbial processing of plant remains is co‐limited by multiple nutrients in global grasslands

Author

Ochoa-Hueso, R. (Raul), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Hobbie, S. E. (Sarah E.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Collins, S. L. (Scott L.), Alberti, J. (Juan), Bahamonde, H. A. (Hector A.), Brown, C. S. (Cynthia S.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Dickman, C. R. (Chris R.), Ebeling, A. (Anne), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Esch, E. H. (Ellen H.), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fernandez, V. (Victoria), Gusewell, S. (Sabine), Gutierrez-Larruga, B. (Blanca), Hofmockel, K. (Kirsten), Laungani, R. (Ramesh), Lind, E. (Eric), Lopez, A. (Andrea), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Price, J. N. (Jodi N.), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Sarneel, J. M. (Judith M.), Schutz, M. (Martin), Siebert, J. (Julia), Standish, R. J. (Rachel J.), Ayuso, S. V. (Sergio Velasco), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Wardle, G. M. (Glenda M.), Wiehl, G. (Georg), Yahdjian, L. (Laura), and Zamin, T. (Tara)

Subjects
decomposition, eutrophication, fertilization, carbon cycling and sequestration, food and beverages, nutrient (co‐)limitation, microbial activity, NutNet
Abstract

Microbial processing of aggregate‐unprotected organic matter inputs is key for soil fertility, long‐term ecosystem carbon and nutrient sequestration and sustainable agriculture. We investigated the effects of adding multiple nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium plus nine essential macro‐ and micro‐nutrients) on decomposition and biochemical transformation of standard plant materials buried in 21 grasslands from four continents. Addition of multiple nutrients weakly but consistently increased decomposition and biochemical transformation of plant remains during the peak‐season, concurrent with changes in microbial exoenzymatic activity. Higher mean annual precipitation and lower mean annual temperature were the main climatic drivers of higher decomposition rates, while biochemical transformation of plant remains was negatively related to temperature of the wettest quarter. Nutrients enhanced decomposition most at cool, high rainfall sites, indicating that in a warmer and drier future fertilized grassland soils will have an even more limited potential for microbial processing of plant remains.

Published
2020

16. Global impacts of fertilization and herbivore removal on soil net nitrogen mineralization are modulated by local climate and soil properties

Author

Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Zimmermann, S. (Stefan), Moser, B. (Barbara), Schuetz, M. (Martin), Hagedorn, F. (Frank), Firn, J. (Jennifer), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Adler, P. B. (Peter B.), Biederman, L. A. (Lori A.), Blair, J. M. (John M.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Broadbent, A. A. (Arthur A. D.), Brown, C. S. (Cynthia S.), Cadotte, M. W. (Marc W.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Davies, K. F. (Kendi F.), di Virgilio, A. (Augustina), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Knops, J. M. (Johannes M. H.), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Melbourne, B. A. (Brett A.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Siebert, J. (Julia), Silveira, M. L. (Maria L.), Speziale, K. L. (Karina L.), Stevens, C. J. (Carly J.), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Yahdjian, L. (Laura), Ochoa-Hueso, R. (Raul), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Zimmermann, S. (Stefan), Moser, B. (Barbara), Schuetz, M. (Martin), Hagedorn, F. (Frank), Firn, J. (Jennifer), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Adler, P. B. (Peter B.), Biederman, L. A. (Lori A.), Blair, J. M. (John M.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Broadbent, A. A. (Arthur A. D.), Brown, C. S. (Cynthia S.), Cadotte, M. W. (Marc W.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Davies, K. F. (Kendi F.), di Virgilio, A. (Augustina), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Knops, J. M. (Johannes M. H.), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Melbourne, B. A. (Brett A.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Siebert, J. (Julia), Silveira, M. L. (Maria L.), Speziale, K. L. (Karina L.), Stevens, C. J. (Carly J.), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Yahdjian, L. (Laura), and Ochoa-Hueso, R. (Raul)

Abstract

Soil nitrogen (N) availability is critical for grassland functioning. However, human activities have increased the supply of biologically limiting nutrients, and changed the density and identity of mammalian herbivores. These anthropogenic changes may alter net soil N mineralization (soil net Nmin), that is, the net balance between N mineralization and immobilization, which could severely impact grassland structure and functioning. Yet, to date, little is known about how fertilization and herbivore removal individually, or jointly, affect soil net Nmin across a wide range of grasslands that vary in soil and climatic properties. Here we collected data from 22 grasslands on five continents, all part of a globally replicated experiment, to assess how fertilization and herbivore removal affected potential (laboratory‐based) and realized (field‐based) soil net Nmin. Herbivore removal in the absence of fertilization did not alter potential and realized soil net Nmin. However, fertilization alone and in combination with herbivore removal consistently increased potential soil net Nmin. Realized soil net Nmin, in contrast, significantly decreased in fertilized plots where herbivores were removed. Treatment effects on potential and realized soil net Nmin were contingent on site‐specific soil and climatic properties. Fertilization effects on potential soil net Nmin were larger at sites with higher mean annual precipitation (MAP) and temperature of the wettest quarter (T.q.wet). Reciprocally, realized soil net Nmin declined most strongly with fertilization and herbivore removal at sites with lower MAP and higher T.q.wet. In summary, our findings show that anthropogenic nutrient enrichment, herbivore exclusion and alterations in future climatic conditions can negatively impact soil net Nmin across global grasslands under realistic field conditions. This is an important context‐dependent knowledge for grassland management worldwide.

Published
2020

17. General destabilizing effects of eutrophication on grassland productivity at multiple spatial scales

Author

Hautier, Y. (Yann), Zhang, P. (Pengfei), Loreau, M. (Michel), Wilcox, K. R. (Kevin R.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Byrnes, J. E. (Jarrett E. K.), Koerner, S. E. (Sally E.), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), Lefcheck, J. S. (Jonathan S.), Hector, A. (Andy), Adler, P. B. (Peter B.), Alberti, J. (Juan), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos A.), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Brudvig, L. A. (Lars A.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Cadotte, M. (Marc), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Carroll, O. (Oliver), Crawley, M. (Mick), Collins, S. L. (Scott L.), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Dee, L. E. (Laura E.), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Gilbert, B. (Benjamin), Hansar, A. (Amandine), Isbell, F. (Forest), Knops, J. M. (Johannes M. H.), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Morgan, J. W. (John W.), Mori, A. S. (Akira S.), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Pos, E. T. (Edwin T.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Price, J. N. (Jodi N.), Reich, P. B. (Peter B.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Sankaran, M. (Mahesh), Schutz, M. (Martin), Smith, M. (Melinda), Stevens, C. (Carly), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Wardle, G. M. (Glenda M.), Wilfahrt, P. A. (Peter A.), Wang, S. (Shaopeng), Hautier, Y. (Yann), Zhang, P. (Pengfei), Loreau, M. (Michel), Wilcox, K. R. (Kevin R.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Byrnes, J. E. (Jarrett E. K.), Koerner, S. E. (Sally E.), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), Lefcheck, J. S. (Jonathan S.), Hector, A. (Andy), Adler, P. B. (Peter B.), Alberti, J. (Juan), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos A.), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Brudvig, L. A. (Lars A.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Cadotte, M. (Marc), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Carroll, O. (Oliver), Crawley, M. (Mick), Collins, S. L. (Scott L.), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Dee, L. E. (Laura E.), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Gilbert, B. (Benjamin), Hansar, A. (Amandine), Isbell, F. (Forest), Knops, J. M. (Johannes M. H.), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Morgan, J. W. (John W.), Mori, A. S. (Akira S.), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Pos, E. T. (Edwin T.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Price, J. N. (Jodi N.), Reich, P. B. (Peter B.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Sankaran, M. (Mahesh), Schutz, M. (Martin), Smith, M. (Melinda), Stevens, C. (Carly), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Wardle, G. M. (Glenda M.), Wilfahrt, P. A. (Peter A.), and Wang, S. (Shaopeng)

Abstract

Eutrophication is a widespread environmental change that usually reduces the stabilizing effect of plant diversity on productivity in local communities. Whether this effect is scale dependent remains to be elucidated. Here, we determine the relationship between plant diversity and temporal stability of productivity for 243 plant communities from 42 grasslands across the globe and quantify the effect of chronic fertilization on these relationships. Unfertilized local communities with more plant species exhibit greater asynchronous dynamics among species in response to natural environmental fluctuations, resulting in greater local stability (alpha stability). Moreover, neighborhood communities that have greater spatial variation in plant species composition within sites (higher beta diversity) have greater spatial asynchrony of productivity among communities, resulting in greater stability at the larger scale (gamma stability). Importantly, fertilization consistently weakens the contribution of plant diversity to both of these stabilizing mechanisms, thus diminishing the positive effect of biodiversity on stability at differing spatial scales. Our findings suggest that preserving grassland functional stability requires conservation of plant diversity within and among ecological communities.

Published
2020

18. Sensitivity of global soil carbon stocks to combined nutrient enrichment

Author

Crowther, T. W., primary, Riggs, C., additional, Lind, E. M., additional, Borer, E. T., additional, Seabloom, E. W., additional, Hobbie, S. E., additional, Wubs, J., additional, Adler, P. B., additional, Firn, J., additional, Gherardi, L., additional, Hagenah, N., additional, Hofmockel, K. S., additional, Knops, J. M. H., additional, McCulley, R. L., additional, MacDougall, A. S., additional, Peri, P. L., additional, Prober, S. M., additional, Stevens, C. J., additional, and Routh, D., additional

Published
2019
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19. Soil net nitrogen mineralisation across global grasslands

Author

Risch, A C, Zimmermann, S, Ochoa-Hueso, R, Schütz, M, Frey, B, Firn, J L, Fay, P A, Hagedorn, F, Borer, E T, Seabloom, E W, Harpole, W S, Knops, J M H, McCulley, R L, Broadbent, A A D, Stevens, C J, Silveira, M L, Adler, P B, Báez, S, Biederman, L A, Blair, J M, Brown, C S, Caldeira, M C, Collins, S L, Daleo, P, di Virgilio, A, Ebeling, A, Eisenhauer, N, Esch, E, Eskelinen, A, Hagenah, N, Hautier, Y, Kirkman, K P, MacDougall, A S, Moore, J L, Power, S A, Prober, S M, Roscher, C, Sankaran, M, Siebert, J, Speziale, K L, Tognetti, P M, Virtanen, R, Yahdjian, L, Moser, B, Risch, A C, Zimmermann, S, Ochoa-Hueso, R, Schütz, M, Frey, B, Firn, J L, Fay, P A, Hagedorn, F, Borer, E T, Seabloom, E W, Harpole, W S, Knops, J M H, McCulley, R L, Broadbent, A A D, Stevens, C J, Silveira, M L, Adler, P B, Báez, S, Biederman, L A, Blair, J M, Brown, C S, Caldeira, M C, Collins, S L, Daleo, P, di Virgilio, A, Ebeling, A, Eisenhauer, N, Esch, E, Eskelinen, A, Hagenah, N, Hautier, Y, Kirkman, K P, MacDougall, A S, Moore, J L, Power, S A, Prober, S M, Roscher, C, Sankaran, M, Siebert, J, Speziale, K L, Tognetti, P M, Virtanen, R, Yahdjian, L, and Moser, B

Abstract

Soil nitrogen mineralisation (Nmin), the conversion of organic into inorganic N, is important for productivity and nutrient cycling. The balance between mineralisation and immobilisation (net Nmin) varies with soil properties and climate. However, because most global-scale assessments of net Nmin are laboratory-based, its regulation under field-conditions and implications for real-world soil functioning remain uncertain. Here, we explore the drivers of realised (field) and potential (laboratory) soil net Nmin across 30 grasslands worldwide. We find that realised Nmin is largely explained by temperature of the wettest quarter, microbial biomass, clay content and bulk density. Potential Nmin only weakly correlates with realised Nmin, but contributes to explain realised net Nmin when combined with soil and climatic variables. We provide novel insights of global realised soil net Nmin and show that potential soil net Nmin data available in the literature could be parameterised with soil and climate data to better predict realised Nmin.

Published
2019

20. Soil net nitrogen mineralisation across global grasslands

Author

Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Ecology and Biodiversity, Risch, A C, Zimmermann, S, Ochoa-Hueso, R, Schütz, M, Frey, B, Firn, J L, Fay, P A, Hagedorn, F, Borer, E T, Seabloom, E W, Harpole, W S, Knops, J M H, McCulley, R L, Broadbent, A A D, Stevens, C J, Silveira, M L, Adler, P B, Báez, S, Biederman, L A, Blair, J M, Brown, C S, Caldeira, M C, Collins, S L, Daleo, P, di Virgilio, A, Ebeling, A, Eisenhauer, N, Esch, E, Eskelinen, A, Hagenah, N, Hautier, Y, Kirkman, K P, MacDougall, A S, Moore, J L, Power, S A, Prober, S M, Roscher, C, Sankaran, M, Siebert, J, Speziale, K L, Tognetti, P M, Virtanen, R, Yahdjian, L, Moser, B, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Ecology and Biodiversity, Risch, A C, Zimmermann, S, Ochoa-Hueso, R, Schütz, M, Frey, B, Firn, J L, Fay, P A, Hagedorn, F, Borer, E T, Seabloom, E W, Harpole, W S, Knops, J M H, McCulley, R L, Broadbent, A A D, Stevens, C J, Silveira, M L, Adler, P B, Báez, S, Biederman, L A, Blair, J M, Brown, C S, Caldeira, M C, Collins, S L, Daleo, P, di Virgilio, A, Ebeling, A, Eisenhauer, N, Esch, E, Eskelinen, A, Hagenah, N, Hautier, Y, Kirkman, K P, MacDougall, A S, Moore, J L, Power, S A, Prober, S M, Roscher, C, Sankaran, M, Siebert, J, Speziale, K L, Tognetti, P M, Virtanen, R, Yahdjian, L, and Moser, B

Published
2019

21. Soil net nitrogen mineralisation across global grasslands

Author

Risch, A. C. (A. C.), Zimmermann, S. (S.), Ochoa-Hueso, R. (R.), Schutz, M. (M.), Frey, B. (B.), Firn, J. L. (J. L.), Fay, P. A. (P. A.), Hagedorn, F. (F.), Borer, E. T. (E. T.), Seabloom, E. W. (E. W.), Harpole, W. S. (W. S.), Knops, J. M. (J. M. H.), McCulley, R. L. (R. L.), Broadbent, A. A. (A. A. D.), Stevens, C. J. (C. J.), Silveira, M. L. (M. L.), Adler, P. B. (P. B.), Baez, S. (S.), Biederman, L. A. (L. A.), Blair, J. M. (J. M.), Brown, C. S. (C. S.), Caldeira, M. C. (M. C.), Collins, S. L. (S. L.), Daleo, P. (P.), di Virgilio, A. (A.), Ebeling, A. (A.), Eisenhauer, N. (N.), Esch, E. (E.), Eskelinen, A. (A.), Hagenah, N. (N.), Hautier, Y. (Y.), Kirkman, K. P. (K. P.), MacDougall, A. S. (A. S.), Moore, J. L. (J. L.), Power, S. A. (S. A.), Prober, S. M. (S. M.), Roscher, C. (C.), Sankaran, M. (M.), Siebert, J. (J.), Speziale, K. L. (K. L.), Tognetti, P. M. (P. M.), Virtanen, R. (R.), Yahdjian, L. (L.), Moser, B. (B.), Risch, A. C. (A. C.), Zimmermann, S. (S.), Ochoa-Hueso, R. (R.), Schutz, M. (M.), Frey, B. (B.), Firn, J. L. (J. L.), Fay, P. A. (P. A.), Hagedorn, F. (F.), Borer, E. T. (E. T.), Seabloom, E. W. (E. W.), Harpole, W. S. (W. S.), Knops, J. M. (J. M. H.), McCulley, R. L. (R. L.), Broadbent, A. A. (A. A. D.), Stevens, C. J. (C. J.), Silveira, M. L. (M. L.), Adler, P. B. (P. B.), Baez, S. (S.), Biederman, L. A. (L. A.), Blair, J. M. (J. M.), Brown, C. S. (C. S.), Caldeira, M. C. (M. C.), Collins, S. L. (S. L.), Daleo, P. (P.), di Virgilio, A. (A.), Ebeling, A. (A.), Eisenhauer, N. (N.), Esch, E. (E.), Eskelinen, A. (A.), Hagenah, N. (N.), Hautier, Y. (Y.), Kirkman, K. P. (K. P.), MacDougall, A. S. (A. S.), Moore, J. L. (J. L.), Power, S. A. (S. A.), Prober, S. M. (S. M.), Roscher, C. (C.), Sankaran, M. (M.), Siebert, J. (J.), Speziale, K. L. (K. L.), Tognetti, P. M. (P. M.), Virtanen, R. (R.), Yahdjian, L. (L.), and Moser, B. (B.)

Abstract

Soil nitrogen mineralisation (Nmin), the conversion of organic into inorganic N, is important for productivity and nutrient cycling. The balance between mineralisation and immobilisation (net Nmin) varies with soil properties and climate. However, because most global-scale assessments of net Nmin are laboratory-based, its regulation under field-conditions and implications for real-world soil functioning remain uncertain. Here, we explore the drivers of realised (field) and potential (laboratory) soil net Nmin across 30 grasslands worldwide. We find that realised Nmin is largely explained by temperature of the wettest quarter, microbial biomass, clay content and bulk density. Potential Nmin only weakly correlates with realised Nmin, but contributes to explain realised net Nmin when combined with soil and climatic variables. We provide novel insights of global realised soil net Nmin and show that potential soil net Nmin data available in the literature could be parameterised with soil and climate data to better predict realised Nmin.

Published
2019

22. Productivity is a poor predictor of plant species richness

Author

Adler, P B, Seabloom, E W, Borer, E T, Hillebrand, H, Hautier, Y, Hector, A, Harpole, W Stanley; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3404-9174, O'Halloran, L R, Grace, J B, Anderson, T Michael, Bakker, J D, Biederman, L A, Brown, C S, Buckley, Y M, Calabrese, L B, Chu, C J, Cleland, E E, Collins, S L, Cottingham, K L, Crawley, M J, Damschen, E I, Davies, K F, DeCrappeo, N M, Fay, P A, Firn, J, Frater, P, Gasarch, E I, Gruner, D S, Hagenah, N, Hille Ris Lambers, J, Humphries, H, Jin, V L, Kay, A D, Kirkman, K P, Klein, J A, Knops, J M H, La Pierre, K J, Lambrinos, J G, Li, W, MacDougall, A S, McCulley, R L, Melbourne, B A, Mitchell, C E, Moore, J L, Morgan, J W, Mortensen, B, Orrock, J L, Prober, S M, Pyke, D A, Risch, A C, Schuetz, M, Smith, M D, Stevens, C J, Sullivan, L L, Wang, G, Wragg, P D, Wright, J P, Yang, L H, Adler, P B, Seabloom, E W, Borer, E T, Hillebrand, H, Hautier, Y, Hector, A, Harpole, W Stanley; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3404-9174, O'Halloran, L R, Grace, J B, Anderson, T Michael, Bakker, J D, Biederman, L A, Brown, C S, Buckley, Y M, Calabrese, L B, Chu, C J, Cleland, E E, Collins, S L, Cottingham, K L, Crawley, M J, Damschen, E I, Davies, K F, DeCrappeo, N M, Fay, P A, Firn, J, Frater, P, Gasarch, E I, Gruner, D S, Hagenah, N, Hille Ris Lambers, J, Humphries, H, Jin, V L, Kay, A D, Kirkman, K P, Klein, J A, Knops, J M H, La Pierre, K J, Lambrinos, J G, Li, W, MacDougall, A S, McCulley, R L, Melbourne, B A, Mitchell, C E, Moore, J L, Morgan, J W, Mortensen, B, Orrock, J L, Prober, S M, Pyke, D A, Risch, A C, Schuetz, M, Smith, M D, Stevens, C J, Sullivan, L L, Wang, G, Wragg, P D, Wright, J P, and Yang, L H

Abstract

For more than 30 years, the relationship between net primary productivity and species richness has generated intense debate in ecology about the processes regulating local diversity. The original view, which is still widely accepted, holds that the relationship is hump-shaped, with richness first rising and then declining with increasing productivity. Although recent meta-analyses questioned the generality of hump-shaped patterns, these syntheses have been criticized for failing to account for methodological differences among studies. We addressed such concerns by conducting standardized sampling in 48 herbaceous-dominated plant communities on five continents. We found no clear relationship between productivity and fine-scale (meters−2) richness within sites, within regions, or across the globe. Ecologists should focus on fresh, mechanistic approaches to understanding the multivariate links between productivity and richness.

Published
2011

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