44 results on '"McCormick, Benjamin J J"'
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2. Modelling population responses to workplace minimum dietary standards introduced as workers return after social lockdowns
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McCormick, Benjamin J. J., Scalco, Andrea, Craig, Tony, Whybrow, Stephen, Horgan, Graham. W., and Macdiarmid, Jennie I.
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- 2022
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3. Short‐term dynamics of linear growth among Peruvian infants in the first year of life in a population with linear growth faltering.
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Lee, Gwenyth O., McCormick, Benjamin J. J., Yori, Pablo P., Paredes‐Olortegui, Maribel, Caulfield, Laura E., and Kosek, Margaret N.
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POOR children , *ARM circumference , *INFANT growth , *LINEAR velocity , *LENGTH measurement , *MIDDLE-income countries - Abstract
Objectives: Infant growth is recognized to vary over the short term, with periods of greater and lesser linear growth velocity. Our objectives were to (1) examine the potential differences in overall growth profiles between children who experienced cumulative growth faltering in the first year of life consistent with that seen by many children living in poverty in low‐ and middle‐income countries, versus children without growth faltering and (2) test whether biological factors were associated with the timing of magnitude of growth saltations. Methods: Thrice‐weekly measurements of length were recorded for n = 61 Peruvian infants (28 boys and 33 girls) enrolled from birth to 1 year. A total of 6040 measurements were analyzed. We tested for the evidence of saltatory growth and used hurdle models to test whether the timing and magnitude of saltations varied between children with greater or lesser growth faltering. Results: There were no differences in the duration of stasis periods or magnitude of growth saltations between children who were stunted at 1 year old (N = 18) versus those who were not stunted (N = 43). Children who experienced greater declines in LAZ in the first year of life trended toward longer periods between saltations than those with less of a decline (14.5 days vs. 13.4 days, p =.0512). A 1‐unit increase in mid upper arm circumference for age Z‐score in the 21 days prior was associated with 35% greater odds of a saltation occurring (p <.001), and a 0.128 cm greater saltation (p <.001). Conclusions: After characterizing infant growth into periods of saltation and stasis, our results suggest that increases in weight preceded increases in length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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4. Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Cryptosporidiosis in Children From 8 Low-income Sites : Results From the MAL-ED Study
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Korpe, Poonum S., Valencia, Cristian, Haque, Rashidul, Mahfuz, Mustafa, McGrath, Monica, Houpt, Eric, Kosek, Margaret, McCormick, Benjamin J. J., Yori, Pablo Penataro, Babji, Sudhir, Kang, Gagandeep, Lang, Dennis, Gottlieb, Michael, Samie, Amidou, Bessong, Pascal, Faruque, A. S. G., Mduma, Esto, Nshama, Rosemary, Havt, Alexandre, Lima, Ila F. N., Lima, Aldo A. M., Bodhidatta, Ladaporn, Shreshtha, Ashish, Petri, William A., Ahmed, Tahmeed, and Duggal, Priya
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- 2018
5. Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to assess the aetiology, burden, and clinical characteristics of diarrhoea in children in low-resource settings: a reanalysis of the MAL-ED cohort study
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Acosta, Angel Mendez, Rios de Burga, Rosa, Chavez, Cesar Banda, Flores, Julian Torres, Olotegui, Maribel Paredes, Pinedo, Silvia Rengifo, Trigoso, Dixner Rengifo, Vasquez, Angel Orbe, Ahmed, Imran, Alam, Didar, Ali, Asad, Rasheed, Muneera, Soofi, Sajid, Turab, Ali, Yousafzai, Aisha, Zaidi, Anita KM, Shrestha, Binob, Rayamajhi, Bishnu Bahadur, Strand, Tor, Ammu, Geetha, Babji, Sudhir, Bose, Anuradha, George, Ajila T, Hariraju, Dinesh, Jennifer, M. Steffi, John, Sushil, Kaki, Shiny, Karunakaran, Priyadarshani, Koshy, Beena, Lazarus, Robin P, Muliyil, Jayaprakash, Ragasudha, Preethi, Raghava, Mohan Venkata, Raju, Sophy, Ramachandran, Anup, Ramadas, Rakhi, Ramanujam, Karthikeyan, Rose, Anuradha, Roshan, Reeba, Sharma, Srujan L, Sundaram, Shanmuga, Thomas, Rahul J, Pan, William K, Ambikapathi, Ramya, Carreon, J Daniel, Doan, Viyada, Hoest, Christel, Knobler, Stacey, Miller, Mark A, Psaki, Stephanie, Rasmussen, Zeba, Richard, Stephanie A, Tountas, Karen H, Svensen, Erling, Amour, Caroline, Bayyo, Eliwaza, Mvungi, Regisiana, Pascal, John, Yarrot, Ladislaus, Barrett, Leah, Dillingham, Rebecca, Petri, William A, Scharf, Rebecca, Ahmed, AM Shamsir, Alam, Md Ashraful, Haque, Umma, Hossain, Md Iqbal, Islam, Munirul, Mahfuz, Mustafa, Mondal, Dinesh, Nahar, Baitun, Tofail, Fahmida, Chandyo, Ram Krishna, Shrestha, Prakash Sunder, Shrestha, Rita, Ulak, Manjeswori, Bauck, Aubrey, Black, Robert, Caulfield, Laura, Checkley, William, Lee, Gwenyth, Schulze, Kerry, Scott, Samuel, Murray-Kolb, Laura E, Ross, A Catharine, Schaefer, Barbara, Simons, Suzanne, Pendergast, Laura, Abreu, Cláudia B, Costa, Hilda, Di Moura, Alessandra, Filho, José Quirino, Leite, Álvaro M, Lima, Noélia L, Lima, Ila F, Maciel, Bruna LL, Medeiros, Pedro HQS, Moraes, Milena, Mota, Francisco S, Oriá, Reinaldo B, Quetz, Josiane, Soares, Alberto M, Mota, Rosa MS, Patil, Crystal L, Mahopo, Cloupas, Maphula, Angelina, Nyathi, Emanuel, Platts-Mills, James A, Liu, Jie, Rogawski, Elizabeth T, Kabir, Furqan, Lertsethtakarn, Paphavee, Siguas, Mery, Khan, Shaila S, Praharaj, Ira, Murei, Arinao, Nshama, Rosemary, Mujaga, Buliga, Havt, Alexandre, Maciel, Irene A, McMurry, Timothy L, Operario, Darwin J, Taniuchi, Mami, Gratz, Jean, Stroup, Suzanne E, Roberts, James H, Kalam, Adil, Aziz, Fatima, Qureshi, Shahida, Islam, M Ohedul, Sakpaisal, Pimmada, Silapong, Sasikorn, Yori, Pablo P, Rajendiran, Revathi, Benny, Blossom, McGrath, Monica, McCormick, Benjamin J J, Seidman, Jessica C, Lang, Dennis, Gottlieb, Michael, Guerrant, Richard L, Lima, Aldo A M, Leite, Jose Paulo, Samie, Amidou, Bessong, Pascal O, Page, Nicola, Bodhidatta, Ladaporn, Mason, Carl, Shrestha, Sanjaya, Kiwelu, Ireen, Mduma, Estomih R, Iqbal, Najeeha T, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Haque, Rashidul, Kang, Gagandeep, Kosek, Margaret N, and Houpt, Eric R
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- 2018
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6. Epidemiology and Impact of Campylobacter Infection in Children in 8 Low-Resource Settings: Results From the MAL-ED Study
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Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development Project (MAL-ED) Network Investigators, Amour, Caroline, Gratz, Jean, Mduma, Estomih, Svensen, Erling, Rogawski, Elizabeth T., McGrath, Monica, Seidman, Jessica C., McCormick, Benjamin J. J., Shrestha, Sanjaya, Samie, Amidou, Mahfuz, Mustafa, Qureshi, Shahida, Hotwani, Aneeta, Babji, Sudhir, Trigoso, Dixner Rengifo, Lima, Aldo A. M., Bodhidatta, Ladaporn, Bessong, Pascal, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Shakoor, Sadia, Kang, Gagandeep, Kosek, Margaret, Guerrant, Richard L., Lang, Dennis, Gottlieb, Michael, Houpt, Eric R., and Platts-Mills, James A.
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- 2016
7. Examining the relationships between early childhood experiences and adolescent and young adult health status in a resource-limited population: A cohort study
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Rasmussen, Zeba A., Shah, Wasiat H., Hansen, Chelsea L., Azam, Syed Iqbal, Hussain, Ejaz, Schaefer, Barbara A., Zhong, Nicole, Jamison, Alexandra F., Ahmed, Khalil, and McCormick, Benjamin J. J.
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Young adults -- Health aspects -- Psychological aspects ,Teenagers -- Health aspects -- Social aspects ,Youth -- Health aspects -- Social aspects ,Poor -- Health aspects -- Social aspects ,Biological sciences - Abstract
Background Adolescence is a critical point in the realization of human capital, as health and educational decisions with long-term impacts are made. We examined the role of early childhood experiences on health, cognitive abilities, and educational outcomes of adolescents followed up from a longitudinal cohort study in Pakistan, hypothesizing that early childhood experiences reflecting poverty would manifest in reduced health and development in adolescence. Methods and findings Adolescents/young adults previously followed as children aged under 5 years were interviewed. Childhood data were available on diarrhea, pneumonia, and parental/household characteristics. New data were collected on health, anthropometry, education, employment, and languages spoken; nonverbal reasoning was assessed. A multivariable Bayesian network was constructed to explore structural relationships between variables. Of 1,868 children originally enrolled, 1,463 (78.3%) were interviewed as adolescents (range 16.0-29.3 years, mean age 22.6 years); 945 (65%) lived in Oshikhandass. While 1,031 (70.5%) of their mothers and 440 (30.1%) of their fathers had received no formal education, adolescents reported a mean of 11.1 years of education. Childhood diarrhea (calculated as episodes/child-year) had no association with nonverbal reasoning score (an arc was supported in just 4.6% of bootstrap samples), health measures (with BMI, 1% of bootstrap samples; systolic and diastolic blood pressure, 0.1% and 1.6% of bootstrap samples, respectively), education (0.7% of bootstrap samples), or employment (0% of bootstrap samples). Relationships were found between nonverbal reasoning and adolescent height (arc supported in 63% of bootstrap samples), age (84%), educational attainment (100%), and speaking English (100%); speaking English was linked to the childhood home environment, mediated through maternal education and primary language. Speaking English (n = 390, 26.7% of adolescents) was associated with education (100% of bootstrap samples), self-reported child health (82%), current location (85%) and variables describing childhood socioeconomic status. The main limitations of this study were the lack of parental data to characterize the home setting (including parental mental and physical health, and female empowerment) and reliance on self-reporting of health status. Conclusions In this population, investments in education, especially for females, are associated with an increase in human capital. Against the backdrop of substantial societal change, with the exception of a small and indirect association between childhood malnutrition and cognitive scores, educational opportunities and cultural language groups have stronger associations with aspects of human capital than childhood morbidity., Author(s): Zeba A. Rasmussen 1,*, Wasiat H. Shah 2, Chelsea L. Hansen 1, Syed Iqbal Azam 3, Ejaz Hussain 4, Barbara A. Schaefer 5, Nicole Zhong 5, Alexandra F. Jamison [...]
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- 2021
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8. Trends in Risk Factors and Symptoms Associated With SARS-CoV-2 and Rhinovirus Test Positivity in King County, Washington, June 2020 to July 2022
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Hansen, Chelsea, primary, Perofsky, Amanda C., additional, Burstein, Roy, additional, Famulare, Michael, additional, Boyle, Shanda, additional, Prentice, Robin, additional, Marshall, Cooper, additional, McCormick, Benjamin J. J., additional, Reinhart, David, additional, Capodanno, Ben, additional, Truong, Melissa, additional, Schwabe-Fry, Kristen, additional, Kuchta, Kayla, additional, Pfau, Brian, additional, Acker, Zack, additional, Lee, Jover, additional, Sibley, Thomas R., additional, McDermot, Evan, additional, Rodriguez-Salas, Leslie, additional, Stone, Jeremy, additional, Gamboa, Luis, additional, Han, Peter D., additional, Duchin, Jeffery S., additional, Waghmare, Alpana, additional, Englund, Janet A., additional, Shendure, Jay, additional, Bedford, Trevor, additional, Chu, Helen Y., additional, Starita, Lea M., additional, and Viboud, Cécile, additional
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- 2022
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9. Full breastfeeding protection against common enteric bacteria and viruses: results from the MAL-ED cohort study
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Mccormick, Benjamin J. J, Richard, Stephanie A, Murray-Kolb, Laura E, Kang, Gagandeep, Lima, Aldo A. M, Mduma, Estomih, Kosek, Margaret N, Rogawski Mcquade, Elizabeth T, Houpt, Eric R, Bessong, Pascal, Shrestha, Sanjaya, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Caulfield, Laura E, Acosta, Angel Mendez, De Burga, Rosa Rios, Chavez, Cesar Banda, Flores, Julian Torres, Olotegui, Maribel Paredes, Pinedo, Silvia Rengifo, Salas, Mery Siguas, Trigoso, Dixner Rengifo, Vasquez, Angel Orbe, Ahmed, Imran, Alam, Didar, Ali, Asad, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Qureshi, Shahida, Rasheed, Muneera Abdul, Soofi, Sajid, Turab, Ali, Yousafzai, Aisha, Zaidi, Anita K. M., Bodhidatta, Ladaporn, Ammu, Geetha, Babji, Sudhir, Bose, Anuradha, George, Ajila T., Hariraju, Dinesh, Jennifer, M Steffi, John, Sushil, Kaki, Shiny, Karunakaran, Priyadarshani, Koshy, Beena, Lazarus, Robin P., Muliyil, Jayaprakash, Ragasudha, Preethi, Raghava, Mohan Venkata, Raju, Sophy, Ramachandran, Anup, Ramadas, Rakhi, Ramanujam, Karthikeyan, Rose, Anuradha, Roshan, Reeba, Sharma, Srujan L., Shanmuga Sundaram, Sundaram, Thomas, Rahul J., Pan, William K., Ambikapathi, Ramya, Carreon, J. Daniel, Doan, Viyada, Hoest, Christel, Knobler, Stacey, McCormick, Benjamin J. J., McGrath, Monica, Miller, Mark A., Psaki, Stephanie, Rasmussen, Zeba, Seidman, Jessica C., Gottlieb, Michael, Lang, Dennis R., Tountas, Karen H., Svensen, Erling, Amour, Caroline, Bayyo, Eliwaza, Mduma, Estomih R., Mvungi, Regisiana, Nshama, Rosemary, Pascal, John, Swema, Buliga Mujaga, Yarrot, Ladislaus, Mason, Carl J., Shamsir Ahmed, Ahmed, Alam, Md Ashraful, Haque, Rashidul, Haque, Umma, Hossain, Md Iqbal, Islam, Munirul, Mahfuz, Mustafa, Mondal, Dinesh, Nahar, Baitun, Tofail, Fahmida, Chandyo, Ram Krishna, Shrestha, Prakash Sunder, Shrestha, Rita, Chandyo, Manjeswori Ulak, Bauck, Aubrey, Black, Robert E., Checkley, William, Lee, Gwenyth O., Schulze, Kerry, Yori, Pablo Peñataro, Ross, A. Catharine, Schaefer, Barbara, Simons, Suzanne, Pendergast, Laura, Abreu, Cláudia B., Costa, Hilda, Di Moura, Alessandra, Filho, José Quirino, Havt, Alexandre, Leite, Álvaro M., Lima, Noélia L., Lima, Ila F., Maciel, Bruna L. L., Medeiros, Pedro H. Q. S., Moraes, Milena, Mota, Francisco S., Oriá, Reinaldo B., Quetz, Josiane, Soares, Alberto M., Mota, Rosa M. S., Patil, Crystal L., Mahopo, Cloupas, Maphula, Angelina, Nyathi, Emanuel, Samie, Amidou, Barrett, Leah, Dillingham, Rebecca, Gratz, Jean, Guerrant, Richard L., Houpt, Eric, Petri, William A., Platts-Mills, James, Rogawski, Elizabeth, Scharf, Rebecca, Rogawski, Elizabeth T., Shrestha, Binob, Rayamajhi, Bishnu Bahadur, and Strand, Tor Arne
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Diarrhea ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Breastfeeding ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Cryptosporidiosis ,Cryptosporidium ,Breast milk ,medicine.disease_cause ,Astrovirus ,Cohort Studies ,Internal medicine ,Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli ,Rotavirus ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Escherichia coli ,Humans ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,biology ,business.industry ,Campylobacter ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Sapovirus ,biology.organism_classification ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,Breast Feeding ,Viruses ,Norovirus ,Female ,business - Abstract
Background Breastfeeding is known to reduce risk of enteropathogen infections, but protection from specific enteropathogens is not well characterized. Objective To estimate the association between full breastfeeding (days fed breast milk exclusively or with non-nutritive liquids) and enteropathogen detection. Design 2,145 newborns were enrolled in eight sites, of whom 1,712 had breastfeeding and key enteropathogen data through 6 months. We focused on eleven enteropathogens: adenovirus 40/41, norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, and rotavirus, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Campylobacter spp, and typical enteropathogenic E. coli as well as entero-aggregative E. coli, Shigella and Cryptosporidium. Logistic regression was used to estimate the risk of enteropathogen detection in stools and survival analysis to estimate the timing of first detection of an enteropathogen. Results Infants with 10% more days of full breastfeeding within the preceding 30 days of a stool sample were less likely to have the three E. Coli and Campylobacter spp detected in their stool (mean odds 0.92���0.99) but equally likely (0.99���1.02) to have the viral pathogens detected in their stool. A 10% longer period of full breastfeeding from birth was associated with later first detection of the three E. Coli, Campylobacter, adenovirus, astrovirus, and rotavirus (mean hazard ratios of 0.52���0.75). The hazards declined and point estimates were not statistically significant at 3 months. Conclusions In this large multi-center cohort study, full breastfeeding was associated with lower likelihood of detecting four important enteric pathogens in the first six months of life. These results also show that full breastfeeding is related to delays in the first detection of some bacterial and viral pathogens in the stool. As several of these pathogens are risk factors for poor growth during childhood, this work underscores the importance of exclusive or full breastfeeding during the first six months of life to optimize early health., Accepted for publication in AJCN
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- 2021
10. Determinants of vaccine coverage and timeliness in a northern Pakistani village
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Jamison, Alexandra F., primary, McCormick, Benjamin J. J., additional, Hussain, Ejaz, additional, Thomas, Elizabeth D., additional, Azam, Syed Iqbal, additional, Hansen, Chelsea L., additional, and Rasmussen, Zeba A., additional
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- 2022
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11. Enteric dysfunction and other factors associated with attained size at 5 years: MAL-ED birth cohort study findings
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Richard, Stephanie A, McCormick, Benjamin J J, Murray-Kolb, Laura E, Lee, Gwyneth O, Seidman, Jessica C, Mahfuz, Mustafa, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Guerrant, Richard L, Petri, William A, Rogawski, Elizabeth T, Houpt, Eric, Kang, Gagandeep, Mduma, Estomih, Kosek, Margaret N, Lima, Aldo A M, Shrestha, Sanjaya K, Chandyo, Ram K, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Bessong, Pascal, and Caulfield, Laura E
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Male ,growth ,India ,enteric dysfunction ,Tanzania ,Body Mass Index ,Cohort Studies ,Feces ,South Africa ,iron ,Nepal ,Peru ,Body Size ,Humans ,Mannitol ,Micronutrients ,Growth Disorders ,Bangladesh ,Body Weight ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Body Height ,Lactulose ,Growth, Development, and Pediatrics ,Original Research Communications ,Intestinal Diseases ,inflammation ,Child, Preschool ,Female ,permeability ,Biomarkers ,Brazil ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
Background Poor growth in early childhood has been associated with increased risk of mortality and morbidity, as well as long-term deficits in cognitive development and economic productivity. Objectives Data from the MAL-ED cohort study were used to identify factors in the first 2 y of life that are associated with height-for-age, weight-for-age, and body mass index z-scores (HAZ, WAZ, BMIZ) at 5 y of age. Methods A total of 1017 children were followed from near birth until 5 y of age at sites in Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Nepal, Peru, South Africa, and Tanzania. Data were collected on their growth, environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), micronutrient status, enteric pathogen burden, illness prevalence, dietary intake, and various other socio-economic and environmental factors. Results EED biomarkers were related to size at 5 y. Mean lactulose:mannitol z-scores during the first 2 y of life were negatively associated with all of the growth measures (HAZ: −0.11 [95% CI: −0.19, −0.03]; WAZ: −0.16 [95% CI: −0.26, −0.06]; BMIZ: −0.11 [95% CI: −0.23, 0.0]). Myeloperoxidase was negatively associated with weight (WAZ: −0.52 [95% CI: −0.78, −0.26] and BMIZ: −0.56 [95% CI: −0.86, −0.26]); whereas α-1-antitrypsin had a negative association with HAZ (−0.28 [95% CI: −0.52, −0.04]). Transferrin receptor was positively related to HAZ (0.18 [95% CI: 0.06, 0.30]) and WAZ (0.21 [95% CI: 0.07, 0.35]). Hemoglobin was positively related to HAZ (0.06 [95% CI: 0.00, 0.12]), and ferritin was negatively related to HAZ (−0.08 [95% CI: −0.12, −0.04]). Bacterial density in stool was negatively associated with HAZ (−0.04 [95% CI: −0.08, 0.00]), but illness symptoms did not have any effect on size at 5 y. Conclusions EED markers, bacterial density, and iron markers are associated with growth at 5 y of age. Interventions to reduce bacterial burden and EED may improve long-term growth in low-income settings.
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- 2019
12. Additional file 1 of Influences on catch-up growth using relative versus absolute metrics: evidence from the MAL-ED cohort study
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Richard, Stephanie A., McCormick, Benjamin J. J., Murray-Kolb, Laura E., Bessong, Pascal, Shrestha, Sanjaya K., Mduma, Estomih, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Kang, Gagandeep, Lee, Gwenyth O., Seidman, Jessica C., Svensen, Erling, Kosek, Margaret N., and Caulfield, Laura E.
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Data_FILES - Abstract
Additional file 1.
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- 2021
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13. Introducing a drift and diffusion framework for childhood growth research
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Lewis, Fraser I, primary, Guga, Godfrey, additional, Mdoe, Paschal, additional, Mduma, Esto, additional, Mahopo, Cloupas, additional, Bessong, Pascal, additional, Richard, Stephanie A, additional, and McCormick, Benjamin J J, additional
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- 2020
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14. SMART Vaccines 2.0 decision-support platform: a tool to facilitate and promote priority setting for sustainable vaccination in resource-limited settings
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McCormick, Benjamin J J, primary, Waiswa, Peter, additional, Nalwadda, Celia, additional, Sewankambo, Nelson K, additional, and Knobler, Stacey L, additional
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- 2020
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15. Revealing the Complexity of Health Determinants in Resource-poor Settings
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Lewis, Fraser I. and McCormick, Benjamin J. J.
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- 2012
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16. Full breastfeeding protection against common enteric bacteria and viruses: results from the MAL-ED cohort study.
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McCormick, Benjamin J J, Richard, Stephanie A, Murray-Kolb, Laura E, Kang, Gagandeep, Lima, Aldo A M, Mduma, Estomih, Kosek, Margaret N, Rogawski McQuade, Elizabeth T, Houpt, Eric R, Bessong, Pascal, Shrestha, Sanjaya, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Caulfield, Laura E, and Investigators, MAL-ED Network
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VIRAL disease prevention ,ESCHERICHIA coli disease prevention ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,PREVENTION of communicable diseases ,CHILD development ,ENTEROBACTERIACEAE diseases ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,BREASTFEEDING ,SURVIVAL analysis (Biometry) ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,LONGITUDINAL method ,DISEASE risk factors - Abstract
Background Breastfeeding is known to reduce the risk of enteropathogen infections, but protection from specific enteropathogens is not well characterized. Objective The aim was to estimate the association between full breastfeeding (days fed breast milk exclusively or with nonnutritive liquids) and enteropathogen detection. Methods A total of 2145 newborns were enrolled at 8 sites, of whom 1712 had breastfeeding and key enteropathogen data through 6 mo. We focused on 11 enteropathogens: adenovirus 40/41, norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, and rotavirus, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Campylobacter spp. and typical enteropathogenic E. coli as well as entero-aggregative E. coli, Shigella and Cryptosporidium. Logistic regression was used to estimate the risk of enteropathogen detection in stools and survival analysis was used to estimate the timing of first detection of an enteropathogen. Results Infants with 10% more days of full breastfeeding within the preceding 30 d of a stool sample were less likely to have the 3 E. coli and Campylobacter spp. detected in their stool (mean odds: 0.92–0.99) but equally likely (0.99–1.02) to have the viral pathogens detected in their stool. A 10% longer period of full breastfeeding from birth was associated with later first detection of the 3 E. coli, Campylobacter , adenovirus, astrovirus, and rotavirus (mean HRs of 0.52–0.75). The hazards declined and point estimates were not statistically significant at 3 mo. Conclusions In this large multicenter cohort study, full breastfeeding was associated with lower likelihood of detecting 4 important enteric pathogens in the first 6 mo of life. These results also show that full breastfeeding is related to delays in the first detection of some bacterial and viral pathogens in the stool. As several of these pathogens are risk factors for poor growth during childhood, this work underscores the importance of exclusive or full breastfeeding during the first 6 mo of life to optimize early health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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17. Epidemiology and Impact of Campylobacter Infection in Children in 8 Low-Resource Settings: Results From the MAL-ED Study
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Amour, Caroline, Gratz, Jean, Mduma, Estomih, Svensen, Erling, Rogawski, Elizabeth T., McGrath, Monica, Seidman, Jessica C., McCormick, Benjamin J. J., Shrestha, Sanjaya, Samie, Amidou, Mahfuz, Mustafa, Qureshi, Shahida, Hotwani, Aneeta, Babji, Sudhir, Trigoso, Dixner Rengifo, Lima, Aldo A. M., Bodhidatta, Ladaporn, Bessong, Pascal, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Shakoor, Sadia, Kang, Gagandeep, Kosek, Margaret, Guerrant, Richard L., Lang, Dennis, Gottlieb, Michael, Houpt, Eric R., Platts-Mills, James A., Acosta, Angel Mendez, de Burga, Rosa Rios, Chavez, Cesar Banda, Flores, Julian Torres, Olotegui, Maribel Paredes, Pinedo, Silvia Rengifo, Salas, Mery Siguas, Vasquez, Angel Orbe, Ahmed, Imran, Alam, Didar, Ali, Asad, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Rasheed, Muneera, Soofi, Sajid, Turab, Ali, Zaidi, Anita K.M., Mason, Carl J., Bose, Anuradha, George, Ajila T., Hariraju, Dinesh, Jennifer, M. Steffi, John, Sushil, Kaki, Shiny, Karunakaran, Priyadarshani, Koshy, Beena, Lazarus, Robin P., Muliyil, Jayaprakash, Raghava, Mohan Venkata, Raju, Sophy, Ramachandran, Anup, Ramadas, Rakhi, Ramanujam, Karthikeyan, Rose, Anuradha, Roshan, Reeba, Sharma, Srujan L., Sundaram, Shanmuga, Thomas, Rahul J., Pan, William K., Ambikapathi, Ramya, Carreon, J. Daniel, Charu, Vivek, Doan, Viyada, Graham, Jhanelle, Hoest, Christel, Knobler, Stacey, Lang, Dennis R., McCormick, Benjamin J.J., Miller, Mark A., Mohale, Archana, Nayyar, Gaurvika, Psaki, Stephanie, Rasmussen, Zeba, Richard, Stephanie A., Wang, Vivian, Blank, Rebecca, Tountas, Karen H., Bayyo, Eliwaza, Mduma, Estomih R., Mvungi, Regisiana, Nshama, Rosemary, Pascal, John, Swema, Buliga Mujaga, Yarrot, Ladislaus, Ahmed, A.M. Shamsir, Haque, Rashidul, Hossain, Iqbal, Islam, Munirul, Mondal, Dinesh, Tofail, Fahmida, Chandyo, Ram Krishna, Shrestha, Prakash Sunder, Shrestha, Rita, Ulak, Manjeswori, Bauck, Aubrey, Black, Robert, Caulfield, Laura, Checkley, William, Kosek, Margaret N., Lee, Gwenyth, Schulze, Kerry, Yori, Pablo Peñataro, Murray-Kolb, Laura E., Ross, A. Catharine, Schaefer, Barbara, Simons, Suzanne, Pendergast, Laura, Abreu, Cláudia B., Costa, Hilda, Di Moura, Alessandra, Filho, José Quirino, Havt, Alexandre, Leite, Álvaro M., Lima, Aldo A.M., Lima, Noélia L., Lima, Ila F., Maciel, Bruna L.L., Medeiros, Pedro H.Q.S., Moraes, Milena, Mota, Francisco S., Oriá, Reinaldo B., Quetz, Josiane, Soares, Alberto M., Mota, Rosa M.S., Patil, Crystal L., Mahopo, Cloupas, Maphula, Angelina, Nyathi, Emanuel, Barrett, Leah, Dillingham, Rebecca, Houpt, Eric, Petri, William A., Platts-Mills, James, Scharf, Rebecca, Shrestha, Binob, Shrestha, Sanjaya Kumar, and Strand, Tor
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Diarrhea ,Male ,growth ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Campylobacter ,Gastroenteritis ,Cohort Studies ,Editor's Choice ,Child Development ,children ,Cost of Illness ,inflammation ,Risk Factors ,Campylobacter Infections ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Female ,Prospective Studies ,Articles and Commentaries ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
In a multisite birth cohort study, we document a high burden of Campylobacter infection using enzyme immunoassay, demonstrate an association between Campylobacter and linear growth shortfalls and both increased intestinal permeability and intestinal and systemic inflammation, and identify potential interventions., Background. Enteropathogen infections have been associated with enteric dysfunction and impaired growth in children in low-resource settings. In a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED), we describe the epidemiology and impact of Campylobacter infection in the first 2 years of life. Methods. Children were actively followed up until 24 months of age. Diarrheal and nondiarrheal stool samples were collected and tested by enzyme immunoassay for Campylobacter. Stool and blood samples were assayed for markers of intestinal permeability and inflammation. Results. A total of 1892 children had 7601 diarrheal and 26 267 nondiarrheal stool samples tested for Campylobacter. We describe a high prevalence of infection, with most children (n = 1606; 84.9%) having a Campylobacter-positive stool sample by 1 year of age. Factors associated with a reduced risk of Campylobacter detection included exclusive breastfeeding (risk ratio, 0.57; 95% confidence interval, .47–.67), treatment of drinking water (0.76; 0.70–0.83), access to an improved latrine (0.89; 0.82–0.97), and recent macrolide antibiotic use (0.68; 0.63–0.74). A high Campylobacter burden was associated with a lower length-for-age Z score at 24 months (−1.82; 95% confidence interval, −1.94 to −1.70) compared with a low burden (−1.49; −1.60 to −1.38). This association was robust to confounders and consistent across sites. Campylobacter infection was also associated with increased intestinal permeability and intestinal and systemic inflammation. Conclusions. Campylobacter was prevalent across diverse settings and associated with growth shortfalls. Promotion of exclusive breastfeeding, drinking water treatment, improved latrines, and targeted antibiotic treatment may reduce the burden of Campylobacter infection and improve growth in children in these settings.
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- 2016
18. Characteristics associated with the transition to partial breastfeeding prior to 6 months of age: Data from seven sites in a birth cohort study.
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Richard, Stephanie A., McCormick, Benjamin J. J., Murray‐Kolb, Laura E., Patil, Crystal L., Chandyo, Ram K., Mahopo, Cloupas, Maciel, Bruna L., Bose, Anuradha, Mahfuz, Mustafa, Ambikapathi, Ramya, Olortegui, Maribel Paredes, and Caulfield, Laura E.
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FOOD security , *DIET , *INFANT nutrition , *BREASTFEEDING , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *DATA analysis software , *LONGITUDINAL method , *PROPORTIONAL hazards models - Abstract
The WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life. However, the transition of the infants' diet to partial breastfeeding with the addition of animal milks and/or solids typically occurs earlier than this. Here, we explored factors associated with the timing of an early transition to partial breastfeeding across seven sites of a birth cohort study in which twice weekly information on infant feeding practices was collected. Infant (size, sex, illness and temperament), maternal (age, education, parity and depressive symptoms), breastfeeding initiation practices (time of initiation, colostrum and pre‐lacteal feeding) and household factors (food security, crowding, assets, income and resources) were considered. Three consecutive caregiver reports of feeding animal milks and/or solids (over a 10‐day period) were characterized as a transition to partial breastfeeding, and Cox proportional hazard models with time (in days) to partial breastfeeding were used to evaluate associations with both fixed and time‐varying characteristics. Overall, 1470 infants were included in this analysis. Median age of transition to partial breastfeeding ranged from 59 days (South Africa and Tanzania) to 178 days (Bangladesh). Overall, higher weight‐for‐length z‐scores were associated with later transitions to partial breastfeeding, as were food insecurity, and infant cough in the past 30 days. Maternal depressive symptoms (evaluated amongst 1227 infants from six sites) were associated with an earlier transition to partial breastfeeding. Relative thinness or heaviness within each site was related to breastfeeding transitions, as opposed to absolute z‐scores. Further research is needed to understand relationships between local perceptions of infant body size and decisions about breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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19. Influences on catch-up growth using relative versus absolute metrics: evidence from the MAL-ED cohort study.
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Richard, Stephanie A., McCormick, Benjamin J. J., Murray-Kolb, Laura E., Bessong, Pascal, Shrestha, Sanjaya K., Mduma, Estomih, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Kang, Gagandeep, Lee, Gwenyth O., Seidman, Jessica C., Svensen, Erling, Kosek, Margaret N., Caulfield, Laura E., MAL-ED Network Investigators, Acosta, Angel Mendez, de Burga, Rosa Rios, Chavez, Cesar Banda, Flores, Julian Torres, Olotegui, Maribel Paredes, and Pinedo, Silvia Rengifo
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GROWTH of children , *CHILD development , *STUNTED growth , *POOR children , *JUVENILE diseases , *CHILD nutrition - Abstract
Background: Poor growth in early childhood has been considered irreversible after 2-3 years of age and has been associated with morbidity and mortality over the short-term and with poor economic and cognitive outcomes over the long-term. The MAL-ED cohort study was performed in eight low-income settings with the goal of evaluating relationships between the child's environment and experience (dietary, illness, and pathogen exposure, among others) and their growth and development. The goal of this analysis is to determine whether there are differences in the factors associated with growth from 24 to 60 months using two different metrics.Methods: Across six MAL-ED sites, 942 children had anthropometry data at 24 and 60 months, as well as information about socioeconomic status, maternal height, gut permeability (lactulose-mannitol z-score (LMZ)), dietary intake from 9 to 24 months, and micronutrient status. Anthropometric changes were in height- or weight-for-age z-score (HAZ, WAZ), their absolute difference from the growth standard median (HAD (cm), WAD (kg)), as well as recovery from stunting/underweight. Outcomes were modeled using multivariate regression.Results: At 24 months, almost half of the cohort was stunted (45%) and 21% were underweight. Among those who were stunted at 24 months (n = 426), 185 (43%) were no longer stunted at 60 months. Most children increased their HAZ from 24 to 60 months (81%), whereas fewer (33%) had positive changes in their HAD. Linear regression models indicate that girls improved less than boys from 24 to 60 months (HAZ: -0.21 (95% CI -0.27, -0.15); HAD: -0.75 (-1.07, -0.43)). Greater intestinal permeability (higher LMZ) at 0-24 months was associated with lower relative and absolute changes from 24 to 60 months (HAZ: -0.10 (-0.16, -0.04); HAD: -0.47 (-0.73, -0.21)). Maternal height (per 10 cm) was positively associated with changes (HAZ: 0.09 (0.03, 0.15); HAD: 0.45 (0.15, 0.75)). Similar relationships were identified for changes in WAZ and WAD.Conclusions: The study children demonstrated improved growth from 24 to 60 months of age, but only a subset had positive changes in HAD and WAD. The same environmental factors were associated with growth from 24 to 60 months regardless of metric used (change in HAZ or HAD, or WAZ and WAD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
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20. Effects of Child and Maternal Histo-Blood Group Antigen Status on Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Enteric Infections in Early Childhood
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Colston, Josh M, primary, Francois, Ruthly, additional, Pisanic, Nora, additional, Peñataro Yori, Pablo, additional, McCormick, Benjamin J J, additional, Olortegui, Maribel Paredes, additional, Gazi, Md Amran, additional, Svensen, Erling, additional, Ahmed, Mondar Maruf Moin, additional, Mduma, Esto, additional, Liu, Jie, additional, Houpt, Eric R, additional, Klapheke, Robert, additional, Schwarz, Julia W, additional, Atmar, Robert L, additional, Black, Robert E, additional, and Kosek, Margaret N, additional
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- 2019
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21. Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to assess the aetiology, burden, and clinical characteristics of diarrhoea in children in low-resource settings: a reanalysis of the MAL-ED cohort study
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Platts-Mills, James A, primary, Liu, Jie, additional, Rogawski, Elizabeth T, additional, Kabir, Furqan, additional, Lertsethtakarn, Paphavee, additional, Siguas, Mery, additional, Khan, Shaila S, additional, Praharaj, Ira, additional, Murei, Arinao, additional, Nshama, Rosemary, additional, Mujaga, Buliga, additional, Havt, Alexandre, additional, Maciel, Irene A, additional, McMurry, Timothy L, additional, Operario, Darwin J, additional, Taniuchi, Mami, additional, Gratz, Jean, additional, Stroup, Suzanne E, additional, Roberts, James H, additional, Kalam, Adil, additional, Aziz, Fatima, additional, Qureshi, Shahida, additional, Islam, M Ohedul, additional, Sakpaisal, Pimmada, additional, Silapong, Sasikorn, additional, Yori, Pablo P, additional, Rajendiran, Revathi, additional, Benny, Blossom, additional, McGrath, Monica, additional, McCormick, Benjamin J J, additional, Seidman, Jessica C, additional, Lang, Dennis, additional, Gottlieb, Michael, additional, Guerrant, Richard L, additional, Lima, Aldo A M, additional, Leite, Jose Paulo, additional, Samie, Amidou, additional, Bessong, Pascal O, additional, Page, Nicola, additional, Bodhidatta, Ladaporn, additional, Mason, Carl, additional, Shrestha, Sanjaya, additional, Kiwelu, Ireen, additional, Mduma, Estomih R, additional, Iqbal, Najeeha T, additional, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, additional, Ahmed, Tahmeed, additional, Haque, Rashidul, additional, Kang, Gagandeep, additional, Kosek, Margaret N, additional, Houpt, Eric R, additional, Acosta, Angel Mendez, additional, Rios de Burga, Rosa, additional, Chavez, Cesar Banda, additional, Flores, Julian Torres, additional, Olotegui, Maribel Paredes, additional, Pinedo, Silvia Rengifo, additional, Trigoso, Dixner Rengifo, additional, Vasquez, Angel Orbe, additional, Ahmed, Imran, additional, Alam, Didar, additional, Ali, Asad, additional, Rasheed, Muneera, additional, Soofi, Sajid, additional, Turab, Ali, additional, Yousafzai, Aisha, additional, Zaidi, Anita KM, additional, Shrestha, Binob, additional, Rayamajhi, Bishnu Bahadur, additional, Strand, Tor, additional, Ammu, Geetha, additional, Babji, Sudhir, additional, Bose, Anuradha, additional, George, Ajila T, additional, Hariraju, Dinesh, additional, Jennifer, M. Steffi, additional, John, Sushil, additional, Kaki, Shiny, additional, Karunakaran, Priyadarshani, additional, Koshy, Beena, additional, Lazarus, Robin P, additional, Muliyil, Jayaprakash, additional, Ragasudha, Preethi, additional, Raghava, Mohan Venkata, additional, Raju, Sophy, additional, Ramachandran, Anup, additional, Ramadas, Rakhi, additional, Ramanujam, Karthikeyan, additional, Rose, Anuradha, additional, Roshan, Reeba, additional, Sharma, Srujan L, additional, Sundaram, Shanmuga, additional, Thomas, Rahul J, additional, Pan, William K, additional, Ambikapathi, Ramya, additional, Carreon, J Daniel, additional, Doan, Viyada, additional, Hoest, Christel, additional, Knobler, Stacey, additional, Miller, Mark A, additional, Psaki, Stephanie, additional, Rasmussen, Zeba, additional, Richard, Stephanie A, additional, Tountas, Karen H, additional, Svensen, Erling, additional, Amour, Caroline, additional, Bayyo, Eliwaza, additional, Mvungi, Regisiana, additional, Pascal, John, additional, Yarrot, Ladislaus, additional, Barrett, Leah, additional, Dillingham, Rebecca, additional, Petri, William A, additional, Scharf, Rebecca, additional, Ahmed, AM Shamsir, additional, Alam, Md Ashraful, additional, Haque, Umma, additional, Hossain, Md Iqbal, additional, Islam, Munirul, additional, Mahfuz, Mustafa, additional, Mondal, Dinesh, additional, Nahar, Baitun, additional, Tofail, Fahmida, additional, Chandyo, Ram Krishna, additional, Shrestha, Prakash Sunder, additional, Shrestha, Rita, additional, Ulak, Manjeswori, additional, Bauck, Aubrey, additional, Black, Robert, additional, Caulfield, Laura, additional, Checkley, William, additional, Lee, Gwenyth, additional, Schulze, Kerry, additional, Scott, Samuel, additional, Murray-Kolb, Laura E, additional, Ross, A Catharine, additional, Schaefer, Barbara, additional, Simons, Suzanne, additional, Pendergast, Laura, additional, Abreu, Cláudia B, additional, Costa, Hilda, additional, Di Moura, Alessandra, additional, Filho, José Quirino, additional, Leite, Álvaro M, additional, Lima, Noélia L, additional, Lima, Ila F, additional, Maciel, Bruna LL, additional, Medeiros, Pedro HQS, additional, Moraes, Milena, additional, Mota, Francisco S, additional, Oriá, Reinaldo B, additional, Quetz, Josiane, additional, Soares, Alberto M, additional, Mota, Rosa MS, additional, Patil, Crystal L, additional, Mahopo, Cloupas, additional, Maphula, Angelina, additional, and Nyathi, Emanuel, additional
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- 2018
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22. Epidemiology of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli infections and associated outcomes in the MAL-ED birth cohort
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Rogawski, Elizabeth T., Guerrant, Richard L., Havt, Alexandre, Lima, Ila F. N., Medeiros, Pedro H. Q. S., Seidman, Jessica C., McCormick, Benjamin J. J., Babji, Sudhir, Hariraju, Dinesh, Bodhidatta, Ladaporn, Shrestha, Jasmin, Anania, Japhat, Maro, Athanasia, Samie, Amidou, Yori, Pablo Peñataro, Qureshi, Shahida, Mahfuz, Mustafa, Bessong, Pascal O., Kosek, Margaret N., Ahmed, Tahmeed, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Lang, Dennis R., Gottlieb, Michael, Houpt, Eric R., and Lima, Aldo A. M.
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Male ,International Cooperation ,Maternal Health ,Social Sciences ,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ,Pediatrics ,Biochemistry ,Disease Outbreaks ,Cohort Studies ,Feces ,Families ,Sociology ,Risk Factors ,Antibiotics ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Diarréia ,Children ,Immune Response ,Escherichia coli Infections ,Social Research ,Virulence ,Antimicrobials ,Child Health ,Drugs ,Bacterial Pathogens ,Breast Feeding ,Medical Microbiology ,Female ,Pathogens ,Research Article ,Diarrhea ,Immunology ,Gastroenterology and Hepatology ,Microbiology ,Age Distribution ,Signs and Symptoms ,Diagnostic Medicine ,Microbial Control ,Escherichia coli ,Humans ,Microbial Pathogens ,Inflammation ,Pharmacology ,Bacteria ,Infant, Newborn ,Organisms ,Infant ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Campylobacter ,Age Groups ,Multivariate Analysis ,People and Places ,Linear Models ,Women's Health ,Population Groupings ,Neonatology ,Biomarkers - Abstract
Background Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) have been associated with mildly inflammatory diarrhea in outbreaks and in travelers and have been increasingly recognized as enteric pathogens in young children with and without overt diarrhea. We examined the risk factors for EAEC infections and their associations with environmental enteropathy biomarkers and growth outcomes over the first two years of life in eight low-resource settings of the MAL-ED study. Methods EAEC infections were detected by PCR gene probes for aatA and aaiC virulence traits in 27,094 non-diarrheal surveillance stools and 7,692 diarrheal stools from 2,092 children in the MAL-ED birth cohort. We identified risk factors for EAEC and estimated the associations of EAEC with diarrhea, enteropathy biomarker concentrations, and both short-term (one to three months) and long-term (to two years of age) growth. Results Overall, 9,581 samples (27.5%) were positive for EAEC, and almost all children had at least one detection (94.8%) by two years of age. Exclusive breastfeeding, higher enrollment weight, and macrolide use within the preceding 15 days were protective. Although not associated with diarrhea, EAEC infections were weakly associated with biomarkers of intestinal inflammation and more strongly with reduced length at two years of age (LAZ difference associated with high frequency of EAEC detections: -0.30, 95% CI: -0.44, -0.16). Conclusions Asymptomatic EAEC infections were common early in life and were associated with linear growth shortfalls. Associations with intestinal inflammation were small in magnitude, but suggest a pathway for the growth impact. Increasing the duration of exclusive breastfeeding may help prevent these potentially inflammatory infections and reduce the long-term impact of early exposure to EAEC., Author summary Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) are pathogens that infect the intestine and can cause diarrhea. They are also commonly identified among young children in low-resource settings, who can carry the pathogen without symptomatic diarrhea. We examined the risk factors for EAEC infections and their associations with child health outcomes over the first two years of life in eight low-resource settings of the MAL-ED study. EAEC infections were detected using molecular methods in more than 30,000 stools collected from 2,092 children in the MAL-ED study. We identified risk factors for EAEC and estimated the associations of EAEC with diarrhea, markers of intestinal health, and child growth. Almost all children were infected with EAEC at least once by two years of age. Exclusive breastfeeding, higher enrollment weight, and recent macrolide antibiotic use were protective against these infections. Although not associated with diarrhea in these children, EAEC infections were associated with intestinal inflammation and reduced length at two years of age. EAEC may impact child development, even in the absence of diarrhea, by causing intestinal inflammation and impairing child growth.
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- 2017
23. Causal pathways from enteropathogens to environmental enteropathy : findings from the MAL-ED birth cohort study
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Kosek, Margaret N., Ahmed, Tahmeed, Bhutta, Zulfiquar, Caulfield, Laura, Guerrant, Richard, Houpt, Eric, Kang, Gagandeep, Lee, Gwenyth, Lima, Aldo, McCormick, Benjamin J. J., Platts-Mills, James, and Seidman, Jessica
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Saúde da Criança ,Child Health ,Desnutrição - Abstract
Background: Environmentalenteropathy (EE),the adverseimpact offrequent and numerous entericinfections on the gut resulting in a state of persistent immune activation and altered permeability, has been proposed as a key determinant of growth failure in children in low- and middle-income populations. A theory-driven systems model to critically evaluate pathways through which enteropathogens, gut permeability, and intestinal and sys- temic in fl ammation affect child growth was conducted within the framework of the Etiology, Risk Factors and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development (MAL-ED) birth cohort study that included children from eight countries. Methods: Non-diarrheal stool samples ( N = 22,846) from 1253 children from multiple sites were evaluated for a panel of 40 enteropathogens and fecal concentrations of myeloperoxidase, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and neopterin. Among these same children, urinary lactulose:mannitol (L:M) ( N = 6363) and plasma alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) ( N = 2797)werealsomeasured.The temporalsampling design was used to create a directedacyclic graph of proposed mechanistic pathways between enteropathogen detection in non-diarrheal stools, biomarkers of in- testinal permeabilityand in fl ammation, systemic in fl ammation and change in length- and weight- for age inchil- dren 0 – 2 years of age. Findings: Children in these populations had frequent enteric infections and high levels of both intestinal and sys- temic in fl ammation. Higher burdens of enteropathogens, especially those categorized as being enteroinvasive or causing mucosal disruption, were associated with elevated biomarker concentrations of gut and systemic in fl am- mation and, via these associations, indirectly associated with both reduced linear and ponderal growth. Evidence for the association with reduced linear growth was stronger for systemic in fl ammation than for gut in fl amma- tion; the opposite was true of reduced ponderal growth. Although Giardia was associated with reduced growth, the association was not mediated by any of the biomarkers evaluated. Interpretation: The large quantity of empirical evidence contributing to this analysis supports the conceptual model of EE. The effects of EE on growth faltering in young children were small, but multiple mechanistic pathways underlying the attribution of growth failure to asymptomatic enteric infections had statistical support in the analysis. The strongest evidence for EE was the association between enteropathogens and linear growth mediated through systemic in fl ammation. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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- 2017
24. Early Life Experiences and Trajectories of Cognitive Development.
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McCormick, Benjamin J. J., Caulfield, Laura E., Richard, Stephanie A., Pendergast, Laura, Seidman, Jessica C., Maphula, Angelina, Koshy, Beena, Blacy, Ladislaus, Roshan, Reeba, Nahar, Baitun, Shrestha, Rita, Rasheed, Muneera, Svensen, Erling, Rasmussen, Zeba, Scharf, Rebecca J., Haque, Sayma, Oria, Reinaldo, and Murray-Kolb, Laura E.
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ANTHROPOMETRY , *CHILD development , *CHILD nutrition , *CHILDREN'S accident prevention , *COGNITIVE testing , *DIARRHEA , *DISCRIMINANT analysis , *EXPERIENCE , *FEVER , *INFANT development , *INFANT nutrition , *INGESTION , *LONGITUDINAL method , *MEDICAL cooperation , *SCIENTIFIC observation , *RESEARCH , *RESPIRATORY infections , *VOMITING , *HOME environment , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *MIDDLE-income countries , *LOW-income countries , *NUTRIENT density , *CHILDREN - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Multiple factors constrain the trajectories of child cognitive development, but the drivers that differentiate the trajectories are unknown. We examine how multiple early life experiences differentiate patterns of cognitive development over the first 5 years of life in low-and middle-income settings. METHODS: Cognitive development of 835 children from the Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development (MAL-ED) multisite observational cohort study was assessed at 6, 15, 24 (Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development), and 60 months (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence). Markers of socioeconomic status, infection, illness, dietary intake and status, anthropometry, and maternal factors were also assessed. Trajectories of development were determined by latent class-mixed models, and factors associated with class membership were examined by discriminant analysis. RESULTS: Five trajectory groups of cognitive development are described. The variables that best discriminated between trajectories included presence of stimulating and learning resources in the home, emotional or verbal responsivity of caregiver and the safety of the home environment (especially at 24 and 60 months), proportion of days (0-24 months) for which the child had diarrhea, acute lower respiratory infection, fever or vomiting, maternal reasoning ability, mean nutrient densities of zinc and phytate, and total energy from complementary foods (9-24 months). CONCLUSIONS: A supporting and nurturing environment was the variable most strongly differentiating the most and least preferable trajectories of cognitive development. In addition, a higher quality diet promoted cognitive development while prolonged illness was indicative of less favorable patterns of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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25. A Longitudinal Study of Household Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Characteristics and Environmental Enteropathy Markers in Children Less than 24 Months in Iquitos, Peru
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Exum, Natalie G., primary, Lee, Gwenyth O., additional, Olórtegui, Maribel Paredes, additional, Yori, Pablo Peñataro, additional, Salas, Mery Siguas, additional, Trigoso, Dixner Rengifo, additional, Colston, Josh M., additional, Schwab, Kellogg J., additional, McCormick, Benjamin J. J., additional, and Kosek, Margaret N., additional
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- 2018
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26. Bayesian Network analysis of piglet scours
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McCormick, Benjamin J. J., primary, Van Breda, Lechelle K., additional, and Ward, Michael P., additional
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- 2017
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27. Dynamics and Trends in Fecal Biomarkers of Gut Function in Children from 1–24 Months in the MAL-ED Study
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McCormick, Benjamin J. J., primary, Lee, Gwenyth O., additional, Seidman, Jessica C., additional, Haque, Rashidul, additional, Mondal, Dinesh, additional, Quetz, Josiane, additional, Lima, Aldo A. M., additional, Babji, Sudhir, additional, Kang, Gagandeep, additional, Shrestha, Sanjaya K., additional, Mason, Carl J., additional, Qureshi, Shahida, additional, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., additional, Olortegui, Maribel Paredes, additional, Yori, Pablo Peñataro, additional, Samie, Amidou, additional, Bessong, Pascal, additional, Amour, Caroline, additional, Mduma, Estomih, additional, Patil, Crystal L., additional, Guerrant, Richard L., additional, Lang, Dennis R., additional, Gottlieb, Michael, additional, Caulfield, Laura E., additional, and Kosek, Margaret N., additional
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- 2016
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28. Intestinal permeability and inflammation mediate the association between nutrient density of complementary foods and biochemical measures of micronutrient status in young children: results from the MAL-ED study.
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McCormick, Benjamin J J, Murray-Kolb, Laura E, Lee, Gwenyth O, Schulze, Kerry J, Ross, A Catharine, Bauck, Aubrey, Lima, Aldo A M, Maciel, Bruna L L, Kosek, Margaret N, Seidman, Jessica C, Ambikapathi, Ramya, Bose, Anuradha, John, Sushil, Kang, Gagandeep, Turab, Ali, Mduma, Estomih, Bessong, Pascal, Shrestra, Sanjaya K, Ahmed, Tahmeed, and Mahfuz, Mustafa
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ANEMIA ,MALNUTRITION risk factors ,FECAL analysis ,ALPHA 1-antitrypsin ,CALCIUM ,CHILDREN'S health ,COENZYMES ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,DISACCHARIDES ,FERRITIN ,GLYCOPROTEINS ,INFLAMMATION ,INGESTION ,SMALL intestine ,NUTRITIONAL assessment ,PERMEABILITY ,PEROXIDASE ,RISK assessment ,MICRONUTRIENTS ,TRANSFERRIN ,VITAMIN A ,VITAMIN B6 ,ZINC compounds ,MANNITOL ,NUTRIENT density ,DISEASE complications ,DISEASE risk factors - Abstract
Background Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is thought to increase the risk of micronutrient deficiencies, but few studies adjust for dietary intakes and systemic inflammation. Objective We tested whether EED is associated with micronutrient deficiency risk independent of diet and systemic inflammation, and whether it mediates the relation between intake and micronutrient status. Methods Using data from 1283 children in the MAL-ED (Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health) birth cohort we evaluated the risk of anemia, low retinol, zinc, and ferritin, and high transferrin receptor (TfR) at 15 mo. We characterized gut inflammation and permeability by myeloperoxidase (MPO), neopterin (NEO), and α-1-antitrypsin (AAT) concentrations from asymptomatic fecal samples averaged from 9 to 15 mo, and averaged the lactulose:mannitol ratio z -score (LMZ) at 9 and 15 mo. Nutrient intakes from complementary foods were quantified monthly from 9 to 15 mo and densities were averaged for analyses. α-1-Acid glycoprotein at 15 mo characterized systemic inflammation. Relations between variables were modeled using a Bayesian network. Results A greater risk of anemia was associated with LMZ [1.15 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.31)] and MPO [1.16 (1.01, 1.34)]. A greater risk of low ferritin was associated with AAT [1.19 (1.03, 1.37)] and NEO [1.22 (1.04, 1.44)]. A greater risk of low retinol was associated with LMZ [1.24 (1.08, 1.45)]. However, MPO was associated with a lower risk of high transferrin receptor [0.86 (0.74, 0.98)], NEO with a lower risk of low retinol [0.75 (0.62, 0.89)], and AAT with a lower risk of low plasma zinc [0.83 (0.70, 0.99)]. Greater nutrient intake densities (vitamins A and B6, calcium, protein, and zinc) were negatively associated with EED. Inverse associations between nutrient densities and micronutrient deficiency largely disappeared after adjustment for EED, suggesting that EED mediates these associations. Conclusions EED is independently associated with an increased risk of low ferritin, low retinol, and anemia. Greater nutrient density from complementary foods may reduce EED, and the control of micronutrient deficiencies may require control of EED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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29. Early Life Child Micronutrient Status, Maternal Reasoning, and a Nurturing Household Environment have Persistent Influences on Child Cognitive Development at Age 5 years: Results from MAL-ED.
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McCormick, Benjamin J J, Richard, Stephanie A, Caulfield, Laura E, Pendergast, Laura L, Seidman, Jessica C, Koshy, Beena, Roshan, Reeba, Shrestha, Rita, Svensen, Erling, Blacy, Ladislaus, Rasmussen, Zeba, Maphula, Angelina, Scharf, Rebecca, Nahar, Baitun, Haque, Sayma, Rasheed, Muneera, Oria, Reinaldo, Rogawski, Elizabeth T, Murray-Kolb, Laura E, and Acosta, Angel Mendez
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- *
REASONING in children , *COGNITION in children , *COGNITIVE development , *MICRONUTRIENTS , *CHILD development , *HOUSEHOLDS , *FOOD combining , *TRANSFERRIN receptors - Abstract
Background: Child cognitive development is influenced by early-life insults and protective factors. To what extent these factors have a long-term legacy on child development and hence fulfillment of cognitive potential is unknown.Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the relation between early-life factors (birth to 2 y) and cognitive development at 5 y.Methods: Observational follow-up visits were made of children at 5 y, previously enrolled in the community-based MAL-ED longitudinal cohort. The burden of enteropathogens, prevalence of illness, complementary diet intake, micronutrient status, and household and maternal factors from birth to 2 y were extensively measured and their relation with the Wechsler Preschool Primary Scales of Intelligence at 5 y was examined through use of linear regression.Results: Cognitive T-scores from 813 of 1198 (68%) children were examined and 5 variables had significant associations in multivariable models: mean child plasma transferrin receptor concentration (β: -1.81, 95% CI: -2.75, -0.86), number of years of maternal education (β: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.45), maternal cognitive reasoning score (β: 0.09, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.15), household assets score (β: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.24, 1.04), and HOME child cleanliness factor (β: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.05, 1.15). In multivariable models, the mean rate of enteropathogen detections, burden of illness, and complementary food intakes between birth and 2 y were not significantly related to 5-y cognition.Conclusions: A nurturing home context in terms of a healthy/clean environment and household wealth, provision of adequate micronutrients, maternal education, and cognitive reasoning have a strong and persistent influence on child cognitive development. Efforts addressing aspects of poverty around micronutrient status, nurturing caregiving, and enabling home environments are likely to have lasting positive impacts on child cognitive development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
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30. How multiple episodes of exclusive breastfeeding impact estimates of exclusive breastfeeding duration: report from the eight‐site MAL‐ED birth cohort study
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Ambikapathi, Ramya, primary, Kosek, Margaret N., additional, Lee, Gwenyth O., additional, Mahopo, Cloupas, additional, Patil, Crystal L., additional, Maciel, Bruna L., additional, Turab, Ali, additional, Islam, M Munirul, additional, Ulak, Manjeswori, additional, Bose, Anuradha, additional, Paredes Olortegui, Maribel, additional, Pendergast, Laura L., additional, Murray‐Kolb, Laura E., additional, Lang, Dennis, additional, McCormick, Benjamin J. J., additional, and Caulfield, Laura E., additional
- Published
- 2016
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31. Epidemiology and Impact ofCampylobacterInfection in Children in 8 Low-Resource Settings: Results From the MAL-ED Study
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Amour, Caroline, primary, Gratz, Jean, additional, Mduma, Estomih, additional, Svensen, Erling, additional, Rogawski, Elizabeth T., additional, McGrath, Monica, additional, Seidman, Jessica C., additional, McCormick, Benjamin J. J., additional, Shrestha, Sanjaya, additional, Samie, Amidou, additional, Mahfuz, Mustafa, additional, Qureshi, Shahida, additional, Hotwani, Aneeta, additional, Babji, Sudhir, additional, Trigoso, Dixner Rengifo, additional, Lima, Aldo A. M., additional, Bodhidatta, Ladaporn, additional, Bessong, Pascal, additional, Ahmed, Tahmeed, additional, Shakoor, Sadia, additional, Kang, Gagandeep, additional, Kosek, Margaret, additional, Guerrant, Richard L., additional, Lang, Dennis, additional, Gottlieb, Michael, additional, Houpt, Eric R., additional, and Platts-Mills, James A., additional
- Published
- 2016
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32. Diarrheal disease and enteric infections in LMIC communities: how big is the problem?
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McCormick, Benjamin J. J., primary and Lang, Dennis R., additional
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- 2016
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33. Relationships among Common Illness Symptoms and the Protective Effect of Breastfeeding in Early Childhood in MAL-ED: An Eight-Country Cohort Study.
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Richard, Stephanie A., McCormick, Benjamin J. J., Seidman, Jessica C., Rasmussen, Zeba, Kosek, Margaret N., Rogawski, Elizabeth T., Petri, William, Bose, Anuradha, Mduma, Estomih, Maciel, Bruna L. L., Chandyo, Ram Krishna, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Turab, Ali, Bessong, Pascal, Mahfuz, Mustafa, and Caulfield, Laura E.
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- 2018
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34. Modeling Environmental Influences on Child Growth in the MAL-ED Cohort Study: Opportunities and Challenges
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Richard, Stephanie A., primary, McCormick, Benjamin J. J., additional, Miller, Mark A., additional, Caulfield, Laura E., additional, and Checkley, William, additional
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- 2014
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35. Methods of Analysis of Enteropathogen Infection in the MAL-ED Cohort Study
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Platts-Mills, James A., primary, McCormick, Benjamin J. J., additional, Kosek, Margaret, additional, Pan, William K., additional, Checkley, William, additional, and Houpt, Eric R., additional
- Published
- 2014
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36. Infant Nutritional Status, Feeding Practices, Enteropathogen Exposure, Socioeconomic Status, and Illness Are Associated with Gut Barrier Function As Assessed by the Lactulose Mannitol Test in the MAL-ED Birth Cohort.
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Lee, Gwenyth O., McCormick, Benjamin J. J., Seidman, Jessica C., Kosek, Margaret N., Haque, Rashidul, Paredes Olortegui, Maribel, Lima, Aldo A. M., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Kang, Gagandeep, Samie, Amidou, Amour, Caroline, Mason, Carl J., Ahmed, Tahmeed, Peñataro Yori, Pablo, Oliveira, Domingos B., Alam, Didar, Babji, Sudhir, Bessong, Pascal, Mduma, Estomih, and Shrestha, Sanjaya K.
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- 2017
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37. Dynamics and Trends in Fecal Biomarkers of Gut Function in Children from 1-24 Months in the MAL-ED Study.
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McCormick, Benjamin J. J., Lee, Gwenyth O., Seidman, Jessica C., Haque, Rashidul, Mondal, Dinesh, Quetz, Josiane, Lima, Aldo A. M., Babji, Sudhir, Kang, Gagandeep, Shrestha, Sanjaya K., Mason, Carl J., Qureshi, Shahida, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Olortegui, Maribel Paredes, Yori, Pablo Peñataro, Sarnie, Amidou, Bessong, Pascal, Amour, Caroline, Mduma, Estomih, and Patil, Crystal L.
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- 2017
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38. Association Between Stool Enteropathogen Quantity and Disease in Tanzanian Children Using TaqMan Array Cards: A Nested Case-Control Study
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Platts-Mills, James A., primary, Swai, Ndealilia, additional, Saidi, Queen, additional, Amour, Caroline, additional, Gratz, Jean, additional, Liu, Jie, additional, Kumburu, Happiness, additional, Mduma, Esto, additional, McCormick, Benjamin J. J., additional, Svensen, Erling, additional, Kibiki, Gibson, additional, Maro, Athanasia, additional, and Houpt, Eric R., additional
- Published
- 2014
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39. Incriminating bluetongue virus vectors with climate envelope models
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PURSE, BETHAN V., primary, MCCORMICK, BENJAMIN J. J., additional, MELLOR, PHILIP S., additional, BAYLIS, MATTHEW, additional, BOORMAN, JOHN P. T., additional, BORRAS, DAVID, additional, BURGU, IBRAHIM, additional, CAPELA, RUBEN, additional, CARACAPPA, SANTO, additional, COLLANTES, FRANCISCO, additional, DE LIBERATO, CLAUDIO, additional, DELGADO, JUAN A., additional, DENISON, ERIC, additional, GEORGIEV, GEORGI, additional, HARAK, MEDHI EL, additional, DE LA ROCQUE, STEPHAN, additional, LHOR, YOUSSEF, additional, LUCIENTES, JAVIER, additional, MANGANA, OLGA, additional, MIRANDA, MIGUEL ANGEL, additional, NEDELCHEV, NEDELCHO, additional, NOMIKOU, KYRIAKI, additional, OZKUL, AYKUT, additional, PATAKAKIS, MICHAEL, additional, PENA, ISABEL, additional, SCARAMOZZINO, PAOLA, additional, TORINA, ALESSANDRA, additional, and ROGERS, DAVID J., additional
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- 2007
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40. EPIPOI: A user-friendly analytical tool for the extraction and visualization of temporal parameters from epidemiological time series.
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Alonso, Wladimir J. and McCormick, Benjamin J. J.
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PUBLIC health , *EPIDEMIOLOGY , *INFECTIOUS disease transmission , *EPIDEMIOLOGICAL research , *ETIOLOGY of diseases - Abstract
Background: There is an increasing need for processing and understanding relevant information generated by the systematic collection of public health data over time. However, the analysis of those time series usually requires advanced modeling techniques, which are not necessarily mastered by staff, technicians and researchers working on public health and epidemiology. Here a user-friendly tool, EPIPOI, is presented that facilitates the exploration and extraction of parameters describing trends, seasonality and anomalies that characterize epidemiological processes. It also enables the inspection of those parameters across geographic regions. Although the visual exploration and extraction of relevant parameters from time series data is crucial in epidemiological research, until now it had been largely restricted to specialists. Methods: EPIPOI is freely available software developed in Matlab (The Mathworks Inc) that runs both on PC and Mac computers. Its friendly interface guides users intuitively through useful comparative analyses including the comparison of spatial patterns in temporal parameters. Results: EPIPOI is able to handle complex analyses in an accessible way. A prototype has already been used to assist researchers in a variety of contexts from didactic use in public health workshops to the main analytical tool in published research. Conclusions: EPIPOI can assist public health officials and students to explore time series data using a broad range of sophisticated analytical and visualization tools. It also provides an analytical environment where even advanced users can benefit by enabling a higher degree of control over model assumptions, such as those associated with detecting disease outbreaks and pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2012
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41. Iron Deficiency is Related to Depressive Symptoms in United States Nonpregnant Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of NHANES 2005-2010.
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Ciulei MA, Ahluwalia N, McCormick BJJ, Teti DM, and Murray-Kolb LE
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- Humans, Female, United States epidemiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Nutrition Surveys, Depression epidemiology, Iron, Biomarkers, Hemoglobins, Prevalence, Iron Deficiencies, Anemia, Iron-Deficiency epidemiology, Anemia, Iron-Deficiency diagnosis, Anemia
- Abstract
Background: Findings of the association between iron status and depressive symptoms in nonpregnant women of reproductive age (WRA) are equivocal, limited by a small sample size, or did not consistently control for confounders., Objective: We tested the association between iron status and depressive symptoms in WRA with the NHANES data (2005-2010)., Methods: Nonpregnant WRA (20-44 y) with complete data on iron (ferritin and transferrin receptor (TfR)) and anemia (hemoglobin) biomarkers, depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), and sociodemographic variables were included. Logistic and negative binomial regressions were used to estimate presence (odds ratios) and magnitude (prevalence ratios), respectively, for depressive symptoms by iron deficiency (ID)/anemia/ID anemia in the total sample and stratified by poverty:income ratio (≤ 1.85 or >1.85)., Results: Among 2516 females, the prevalence of ID was 8 to 16% (depending on the iron biomarker used), of anemia 8%, of which 52 to 65% were also ID. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 10%. Crude logistic models showed that females with ID (TfR ≥ 8.3 mg/L or body iron <0 mg/kg) from the total sample had 1.82 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24, 2.68) and 1.62 (95% CI: 1.05, 2.48), respectively, higher odds of depressive symptoms than females with iron sufficiency; these associations were attenuated after adjustments for confounders. Adjusted negative binomial models showed that females with ID (TfR ≥ 8.3 mg/L) from the total and low-income samples showed 1.19 (95% CI: 1:00, 1.40) and 1.27 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.58), respectively, higher prevalence ratios of depressive symptoms scores than females with iron sufficiency., Conclusions: These nationally representative data indicate that nonpregnant WRA with ID (based on high TfR) in the United States have higher prevalence of somatic depressive symptoms scores than those with iron sufficiency, especially if they are of low income., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2023
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42. Age and Sex Normalization of Intestinal Permeability Measures for the Improved Assessment of Enteropathy in Infancy and Early Childhood: Results From the MAL-ED Study.
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Kosek MN, Lee GO, Guerrant RL, Haque R, Kang G, Ahmed T, Bessong P, Ali A, Mduma E, Peñataro Yori P, Faubion WA, Lima AAM, Paredes Olortegui M, Mason C, Babji S, Singh R, Qureshi S, Kosek PS, Samie A, Pascal J, Shrestha S, McCormick BJJ, Seidman JC, Lang DR, Zaidi A, Caulfield LE, and Gottlieb M
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- Africa South of the Sahara epidemiology, Age Factors, Asia, Western epidemiology, Biomarkers metabolism, Female, Humans, Infant, Intestinal Diseases epidemiology, Intestinal Diseases metabolism, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Permeability, Reference Values, Sex Factors, South America epidemiology, Intestinal Diseases diagnosis, Intestinal Mucosa metabolism, Lactulose metabolism, Mannitol metabolism
- Abstract
Objectives: The aim of the study was to describe changes in intestinal permeability in early childhood in diverse epidemiologic settings., Methods: In a birth cohort study, the lactulose:mannitol (L:M) test was administered to 1980 children at 4 time points in the first 24 months of life in 8 countries. Data from the Brazil site with an incidence of diarrhea similar to that seen in the United States and no growth faltering was used as an internal study reference to derive age- and sex-specific z scores for mannitol and lactulose recoveries and the L:M ratio., Results: A total of 6602 tests demonstrated mannitol recovery, lactulose recovery, and the L:M ratio were associated with country, sex, and age. There was heterogeneity in the recovery of both probes between sites with mean mannitol recovery ranging for 1.34% to 5.88%, lactulose recovery of 0.19% to 0.58%, and L:M ratios 0.10 to 0.17 in boys of 3 months of age across different sites. We observed strong sex-specific differences in both mannitol and lactulose recovery, with boys having higher recovery of both probes. Alterations in intestinal barrier function increased in most sites from 3 to 9 months of age and plateaued or diminished from 9 to 15 months of age., Conclusions: Alterations in recovery of the probes differ markedly in different epidemiologic contexts in children living in the developing world. The rate of change in the L:M-z ratio was most rapid and consistently disparate from the reference standard in the period between 6 and 9 months of age, suggesting that this is a critical period of physiologic impact of enteropathy in these populations.
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- 2017
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43. Epidemiology and Impact of Campylobacter Infection in Children in 8 Low-Resource Settings: Results From the MAL-ED Study.
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Amour C, Gratz J, Mduma E, Svensen E, Rogawski ET, McGrath M, Seidman JC, McCormick BJ, Shrestha S, Samie A, Mahfuz M, Qureshi S, Hotwani A, Babji S, Trigoso DR, Lima AA, Bodhidatta L, Bessong P, Ahmed T, Shakoor S, Kang G, Kosek M, Guerrant RL, Lang D, Gottlieb M, Houpt ER, and Platts-Mills JA
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- Campylobacter Infections physiopathology, Campylobacter Infections prevention & control, Child Development, Cohort Studies, Diarrhea epidemiology, Diarrhea microbiology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Gastroenteritis epidemiology, Gastroenteritis microbiology, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Prevalence, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Campylobacter Infections epidemiology, Cost of Illness
- Abstract
Background: Enteropathogen infections have been associated with enteric dysfunction and impaired growth in children in low-resource settings. In a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED), we describe the epidemiology and impact of Campylobacter infection in the first 2 years of life., Methods: Children were actively followed up until 24 months of age. Diarrheal and nondiarrheal stool samples were collected and tested by enzyme immunoassay for Campylobacter Stool and blood samples were assayed for markers of intestinal permeability and inflammation., Results: A total of 1892 children had 7601 diarrheal and 26 267 nondiarrheal stool samples tested for Campylobacter We describe a high prevalence of infection, with most children (n = 1606; 84.9%) having a Campylobacter-positive stool sample by 1 year of age. Factors associated with a reduced risk of Campylobacter detection included exclusive breastfeeding (risk ratio, 0.57; 95% confidence interval, .47-.67), treatment of drinking water (0.76; 0.70-0.83), access to an improved latrine (0.89; 0.82-0.97), and recent macrolide antibiotic use (0.68; 0.63-0.74). A high Campylobacter burden was associated with a lower length-for-age Z score at 24 months (-1.82; 95% confidence interval, -1.94 to -1.70) compared with a low burden (-1.49; -1.60 to -1.38). This association was robust to confounders and consistent across sites. Campylobacter infection was also associated with increased intestinal permeability and intestinal and systemic inflammation., Conclusions: Campylobacter was prevalent across diverse settings and associated with growth shortfalls. Promotion of exclusive breastfeeding, drinking water treatment, improved latrines, and targeted antibiotic treatment may reduce the burden of Campylobacter infection and improve growth in children in these settings., (© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America.)
- Published
- 2016
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44. Influenza and specific humidity in French Guiana: when analytical simplicity is golden.
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Alonso WJ, McCormick BJ, and Schuck-Paim C
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- Humans, Climate, Influenza, Human epidemiology
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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