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Introduction: Understanding how abundance, productivity and distribution of individual species may respond to climate change is a critical first step towards anticipating alterations in marine ecosystem structure and function, as well as developing strategies to adapt to the full range of potential changes. Methods: This study applies the NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Fisheries Climate Vulnerability Assessment method to 64 federally-managed species in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem to assess their vulnerability to climate change, where vulnerability is a function of a species’ exposure to environmental change and its biological sensitivity to a set of environmental conditions, which includes components of its resiliency and adaptive capacity to respond to these new conditions. Results: Overall, two-thirds of the species were judged to have Moderate or greater vulnerability to climate change, and only one species was anticipated to have a positive response. Species classified as Highly or Very Highly vulnerable share one or more characteristics including: 1) having complex life histories that utilize a wide range of freshwater and marine habitats; 2) having habitat specialization, particularly for areas that are likely to experience increased hypoxia; 3) having long lifespans and low population growth rates; and/or 4) being of high commercial value combined with impacts from non-climate stressors such as anthropogenic habitat degradation. Species with Low or Moderate vulnerability are either habitat generalists, occupy deep-water habitats or are highly mobile and likely to shift their ranges. Discussion: As climate-related changes intensify, this work provides key information for both scientists and managers as they address the long-term sustainability of fisheries in the region. This information can inform near-term advice for prioritizing species-level data collection and research on climate impacts, help managers to determine when and where a precautionary approach might be warranted, in harvest or other management decisions, and help identify habitats or life history stages that might be especially effective to protect or restore.

Major ecological realignments are already occurring in response to climate change. To be successful, conservation strategies now need to account for geographical patterns in traits sensitive to climate change, as well as climate threats to species-level diversity. As part of an effort to provide such information, we conducted a climate vulnerability assessment that included all anadromous Pacific salmon and steelhead (Oncorhynchus spp.) population units listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Using an expert-based scoring system, we ranked 20 attributes for the 28 listed units and 5 additional units. Attributes captured biological sensitivity, or the strength of linkages between each listing unit and the present climate; climate exposure, or the magnitude of projected change in local environmental conditions; and adaptive capacity, or the ability to modify phenotypes to cope with new climatic conditions. Each listing unit was then assigned one of four vulnerability categories. Units ranked most vulnerable overall were Chinook (O. tshawytscha) in the California Central Valley, coho (O. kisutch) in California and southern Oregon, sockeye (O. nerka) in the Snake River Basin, and spring-run Chinook in the interior Columbia and Willamette River Basins. We identified units with similar vulnerability profiles using a hierarchical cluster analysis. Life history characteristics, especially freshwater and estuary residence times, interplayed with gradations in exposure from south to north and from coastal to interior regions to generate landscape-level patterns within each species. Nearly all listing units faced high exposures to projected increases in stream temperature, sea surface temperature, and ocean acidification, but other aspects of exposure peaked in particular regions. Anthropogenic factors, especially migration barriers, habitat degradation, and hatchery influence, have reduced the adaptive capacity of most steelhead and salmon populations. Enhancing adaptive capacity is essential to mitigate for the increasing threat of climate change. Collectively, these results provide a framework to support recovery planning that considers climate impacts on the majority of West Coast anadromous salmonids.

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection of pregnant women can cause fetal microcephaly and other neurologic defects. We describe the development of a non-human primate model to better understand fetal pathogenesis. To reliably induce fetal infection at defined times, four pregnant rhesus macaques are inoculated intravenously and intraamniotically with ZIKV at gestational day (GD) 41, 50, 64, or 90, corresponding to first and second trimester of gestation. The GD41-inoculated animal, experiencing fetal death 7 days later, has high virus levels in fetal and placental tissues, implicating ZIKV as cause of death. The other three fetuses are carried to near term and euthanized; while none display gross microcephaly, all show ZIKV RNA in many tissues, especially in the brain, which exhibits calcifications and reduced neural precursor cells. Given that this model consistently recapitulates neurologic defects of human congenital Zika syndrome, it is highly relevant to unravel determinants of fetal neuropathogenesis and to explore interventions.

California’s salmonids are at the southern limits of their individual species’ ranges, and display a wide diversity of strategies to survive in California’s highly variable climate. Land use changes after statehood in 1850 eliminated important habitats, or blocked access to them, and reduced the abundance, productivity, and distribution of California’s salmon. Habitat simplification, fishing, hatchery impacts, and other stressors led to the loss of genetic and phenotypic (life history, morphological, behavioral, and physiological) diversity in salmonids. Limited diversity and habitat loss left California salmon with reduced capacity to cope with a variable and changing climate. Since 1976, California has experienced frequent droughts, as were common in the paleo-climatological record, but rare in the peak dam-building era of 1936–1976. Increasing temperatures and decreasing snowpacks have produced harsher conditions for California’s salmon in their current habitats than they experienced historically. The most likely way to promote salmon productivity and persistence in California is to restore habitat diversity, reconnect migratory corridors to spawning and rearing habitats, and refocus management to replenish the genetic and phenotypic diversity of these southernmost populations.

Distributional changes for fish populations may be difficult to interpret since temperature responses are often confounded with ontogenetic shifts. However, the relative importance of these two types of fish movement (temperature responses and ontogenetic shifts) to population distribution remains largely unstudied. This study presents the first attempt to compare the two types of movement in depth, latitude and longitude for 10 abundant groundfish species across size class and subregion. We utilized large, quality‐controlled datasets from random depth‐stratified, bottom trawl surveys consistently conducted during the summer along NE Pacific shelf from 1996 to 2015. We show that the size structure of each species varied across years and subregions with dramatically strong or poor recruitments for some species in 2015 during a marine heatwave. Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated that ontogenetic shifts in depth represented the primary movement pattern while temperature responses in latitude and longitude constituted a major, but a secondary pattern. Re‐run by size class, PCA results further showed that the influence of temperature and ontogeny on population distribution varied by size classes with greater ontogenetic shifts in smaller fish and elevated temperature responses in larger fish. We further show substantial ontogeny‐induced movements by depth, latitude and longitude with high variability among species and subregions. Our analyses suggest that failing to account for size structure can lead to serious misinterpretation of population distributional changes in all three dimensions: depth, latitude and longitude for populations with or without episodic recruitments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial and temporal management measures to reduce nontarget catch are important strategies for rebuilding overfished rockfish (Sebastes spp.) populations in the Northeast Pacific. We describe efforts to support reducing rockfish bycatch in central California trawl fisheries by testing the efficacy of move-on rules on catch data from 2002 to 2010. Move-on rules are regulations or guidelines that trigger the temporary closure of a fishery in a targeted area when a bycatch threshold is reached, without the closure of the entire fishery. Move-on rules based on spatiotemporal autocorrelation (clustering) were effective in reducing bycatch with modest impact on target catch, removing between 35% and 77% of future hauls with bycatch within a specified distance and time of a bycatch-containing haul, while foregoing target catch by an average of 12%. The spatial and temporal peak clustering scales show correlation with the level of schooling behavior by each species; however, the efficiency of the rules measured either in reduction in bycatch hauls or diminished target catch was not strongly affected by those aggregation behaviors. Our analysis provides information for fishers, such as those in the California Risk Pool, in the continuing development of responses that are more refined in both scale and impact. Les mesures de gestion spatiale et temporelle visant a reduire les prises d'especes non ciblees constituent d'importantes strategies pour la reconstitution des stocks de sebastes (Sebastes spp.) surexploites dans le nord-est du Pacifique. Nous decrivons des efforts visant a appuyer la reduction des prises accessoires de sebastes dans la peche au chalut du centre de la Californie en verifiant l'efficacite des regles d'evitement a la lumiere de donnees sur les prises de 2002 a 2010. Les regles d'evitement sont des reglements ou directives qui declenchent la fermeture provisoire d'une peche dans une region ciblee quand un seuil de prises accessoires est atteint, sans toutefois entrainer la fermeture de l'ensemble de la peche. Des regles d'evitement reposant sur l'autocorrelation spatiotemporelle (agregation) se sont averees efficaces pour reduire les prises accessoires tout en n'ayant qu'un impact limite sur les prises cibles, retirant de 35 % a 77 % des traits futurs comprenant des prises accessoires dans un rayon et une periode donnes d'un trait contenant des prises accessoires, tout en excluant 12 % des prises ciblees en moyenne. Les echelles spatiotemporelles d'agregation maximum sont correlees au degre de comportement de rassemblement en banc de chaque espece; cependant, ces comportements d'agregation n'ont pas une grande incidence sur l'efficacite des regles telle que mesuree par la reduction des prises accessoires ou des prises ciblees. Notre analyse fournit des renseignements aux pecheurs, comme ceux de la California Risk Pool, pour l'elaboration continue de mesures plus raffinees en ce qui concerne tant leur echelle que leur incidence. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Groundfish species often occur in multispecies complexes. Fisheries targeting demersal stocks therefore typically capture more than a single target, and catches often include less productive species (weak stocks) alongside [...]

The authors of this article explored the role of spirituality in the college experiences of 14 African American college women. Often overlooked, racially isolated, misrepresented, and misunderstood, African American women often turn to spirituality as a transformative, regenerative, and uplifting space. Using faith development theory and Black feminist thought as a framework, the findings of this study provide insight into how and why African American women use spirituality to successfully navigate through their college experiences. Discussion and implications for practice are offered for enhancing the spiritual development and success of African American college women.

Oncorhynchus mykiss form partially migratory populations with anadromous fish that undergo marine migrations and residents that complete their life cycle in fresh water. Many populations' anadromous components are threatened or endangered, prompting interest in understanding ecological and evolutionary processes underlying anadromy and residency. In this paper, we synthesize information to better understand genetic and environmental influences on O. mykiss life histories, identify critical knowledge gaps, and suggest next steps. Anadromy and residency appear to reflect interactions among genetics, individual condition, and environmental influences. First, an increasing body of literature suggests that anadromous and resident individuals differ in the expression of genes related to growth, smoltification, and metabolism. Second, the literature supports the conditional strategy theory, where individuals adopt a life history pattern based on their conditional status relative to genetic thresholds along with ultimate effects of size and age at maturation and iteroparity. However, except for a generally positive association between residency and high lipid content plus a large attainable size in fresh water, the effects of body size and growth are inconsistent. Thus, individuals can exhibit plasticity in variable environments. Finally, patterns in anadromy and residency among and within populations suggested a wide range of possible environmental influences at different life stages, from freshwater temperature to marine survival. Although we document a number of interesting correlations, direct tests of mechanisms are scarce and little data exist on the extent of residency and anadromy. Consequently, we identified as many data gaps as conclusions, leaving ample room for future research. Les truites arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss) forment des populations partiellement migratrices incluant des individus anadromes qui effectuent des migrations marines et des individus residents dont le cycle biologique se deroule entierement en eau douce. Les elements anadromes de nombreuses populations sont menaces ou en voie de disparition, ce qui suscite un interet envers la comprehension des processus ecologiques et evolutionnaires qui sous-tendent l'anadromie et la residence. Nous presentons une synthese de l'information disponible dans le but de mieux comprendre les influences genetiques et environnementales sur les cycles biologiques d'O. mykiss, de cerner les lacunes critiques en matiere de connaissances et de proposer des avenues de recherche future. L'anadromie et la residence semblent temoigner d'interactions entre la genetique, l'etat des individus et des influences environnementales. D'abord, de plus en plus d'etudes donnent a penser que les individus anadromes et residents different sur le plan de l'expression des genes associes a la croissance, a la smoltification et au metabolisme. Deuxiemement, la documentation appuie la theorie de la strategie conditionnelle selon laquelle les individus adoptent un motif de cycle biologique base sur leur etat conditionnel par rapport a des seuils genetiques, ainsi que sur les effets finaux de la taille et de l'age a la maturite et de l'iteroparite. Cependant, a l'exception d'une association generalement positive entre la residence et un contenu lipidique eleve en plus d'une grande taille pouvant etre atteinte en eau douce, les effets de la taille du corps et de la croissance ne sont pas uniformes. Ainsi, des individus peuvent presenter une plasticite dans des milieux variables. Enfin, des motifs d'anadromie et de residence entre les populations et au sein de ces dernieres indiqueraient un grand eventail d'influences environnementales possibles a differentes etapes du cycle de vie, allant de la temperature de l'eau douce a la survie en mer. Bien que nous documentions un certain nombre de correlations interessantes, les tests directs des mecanismes sont rares et peu de donnees existent sur l'ampleur de la residence et de l'anadromie. Par consequent, nous cernons autant de lacunes sur le plan des donnees que de conclusions, ce qui laisse amplement de place pour des travaux futurs. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Oncorhynchus mykiss is one of several salmonine fishes (Oncorhynchus, Salmo, Salvelinus spp.) that display a form of partial migration; some individuals in a population undergo marine migrations (i.e., anadromy) [...]

The purpose of this paper is to showcase a unique partnership between research and professional collaboration in Therapeutic Recreation practice. Key influences in collaboration include, Jaymieson O'Neill's work as the Recreation Therapist at the Niagara Children's Centre and her graduate research conducted at Brock University grounded in therapeutic recreation (TR) principles and practices and Ability Online the first social media platform for young people with disabilities founded in 1990, provides an inclusive and supportive online community which inspires, motivates, and assists young people with disabilities in reaching their full potential and offers parents a network of support and resources to enhance their own personal well-being. Jaymieson O'Neill at Niagara Children's Centre has established a successful and innovative professional collaboration with Michelle McClure at Ability Online to work together to maximize the support provided to families of children with disabilities across the Niagara Region. This article will offer the reader a review of the professional partnership between the Niagara Children's Centre and Ability Online to promote a family leisure engagement and a review of the findings from the research conducted by Jaymieson on the experiences of parent caregivers in creating well-being in their lives. A clear connection will be made regarding the impact the research findings have had on TR best practice that influenced the professional collaboration between the Niagara Children's Centre and Ability Online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies which investigate the relationship between critical thinking skills and instruction focus on how teaching strategies affect the development of critical thinking. In this paper we investigate how student [...]