Search

Additional file 1.

Through this research project we assessed the ability of psychology students to enact and detect deception enacted through feigning symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Psychometric and psychophysiological testing are often used to assess the feigning or malingering of mental health disorders in forensic settings. However, clinicians do not always have these tools readily available to them. Therefore, we have focused our investigation on verbal and nonverbal behaviours that may be indicators of deception used to identify cases of feigning or malingering. Despite the large body of existing research on cues to deception, we currently have no reliable cues that proceed or accompany deception related to feigning or malingering a psychological disorder. Through a series of four studies we aimed to identify cues to deception that are exhibited when feigning symptoms of PTSD. The aim of Study 1 was to examine: personality traits (i.e., Introversion / Extroversion and Psychoticism) that may moderate the ability to deceive; emotional and physiological arousal (i.e., heart rate variability [HRV]) associated with deception; and the influence of these variables on peoples’ confidence in their own ability to deceive. Our findings indicated that emotional and physiological arousal related to the thought of enacting deception correlated with emotional and physiological arousal related to stress. However, emotional arousal associated with stress or deception was not correlated with physiological arousal associated with stress or deception. Therefore, we were unable to identify a consistent pattern of emotional and physiological responding associated with the thought of being deceitful. In addition: deception confidence was not correlated to the physiological arousal (i.e., HRV) associated with deceit; Psychoticism had no impact on emotional or physiological arousal associated with deception or deception confidence; and Introversion / Extroversion was not correlated to physiological arousal associated with deception. However, people higher on Extraversion reported more subjective distress after thinking about enacting deception than people higher on Introversion. During this study we identified the trait of Psychoticism as needing further investigation. Subsequently, in Study 2 we further examined deceivers who were low and higher in Psychoticism. We examined: verbal and nonverbal behaviours displayed when telling the truth and deceiving; verbal and nonverbal behaviours of deceivers who were low and higher in Psychoticism; and verbal and nonverbal behaviours of more and less credible deceivers. Deception confidence and perceived credibility (as judged by raters) were also considered. Most notably, we found that people smile less when deceiving. This is different to evidential deception research. Findings indicated that deceivers higher in Psychoticism displayed unique behavioural cues. However, Psychoticism did not moderate deception confidence or perceived credibility (as judged by raters). In Study 3, we again examined verbal and nonverbal behaviours displayed when telling the truth and enacting deceit. We also assessed the verbal and nonverbal behaviors of differentially motivated deceivers, and people who were more and less prepared to deceive. Deception confidence and perceived credibility were again considered. Findings indicated that participants in this sample displayed less eye movements, raised their eyebrows less, were less facially expressive, smiled less, and pursed their lips more when deceiving. More motivated deceivers and more prepared deceivers displayed unique behaviours and motivated deceivers spent more time preparing to deceive. However, deception preparation did not impact deception confidence or perceived credibility. The main aim of Study 4 was to examine the deception detection ability of psychology students, and the difference in deception detection ability between undergraduate and postgraduate psychology students. We also investigated the impact of law enforcement experience, legal experience, and psychology work experience on the ability to detect deception. Findings indicated: students were not better than chance (if we assume chance is 50%) at making lie / truth judgments; postgraduates were better deception detectors than undergraduates; experience with law enforcement and psychology work experience were positively correlated to deception detection ability; deception detectors were better able to identify deceivers who were less motivated to feign PTSD; confidence in people’s own ability to detect deception was not related to their actual ability to detect deception; and deception detectors did not rate truthtellers as more credible than deceivers. Overall, we find that deception of mental health symptoms leads to different cues than those found in evidential research. We also conclude that Psychoticism may lead to differential behavioural cues when deceiving, as do motivation and preparation time. People are not good at detecting deceit, but experience with psychology and life experience seems to be predictors in the case of detecting feigned trauma symptoms. Methodological limitations of the current studies include: the failure of the deception task to evoke strong physiological arousal in Study 1; the lack of high psychoticism deceivers in Study 2; the disparity in the duration of the two videos used in experiments 2 and 3; the disparity in credibility scores of the more credible deceivers group between Studies 2 and 3; and the inclusion of only one independent rater in Studies 2 and 3. Additionally, in comparison to the financial remuneration often gained through successful feigning or malingering of PTSD, the financial incentive offered in Studies 2 and 3 is nominal. These limitations are addressed in the general discussion of this thesis.

Purpose To identify the salient quality of life characteristics relevant to older people in receipt of community aged care services in order to develop dimensions for a draft descriptive system for a new preference-based quality of life instrument. Methods Forty-one in-depth semi-structured interviews were undertaken with older people (65 years and over) receiving community aged care services across three Australian states to explore quality of life characteristics of importance to them. The data were analysed using framework analysis to extract broader themes which were organised into a conceptual framework. The data were then summarised into a thematic chart to develop a framework matrix which was used to interpret and synthesise the data. Care was taken throughout to retain the language that older people had adopted during the interviews to ensure that appropriate language was used when identifying and developing the quality of life dimensions. Results The analysis resulted in the identification of five salient quality of life dimensions: independence, social connections, emotional well-being, mobility, and activities. Conclusion This research finds that quality of life for older people accessing aged care services goes beyond health-related quality of life and incorporates broader aspects that transcend health. The findings represent the first stage in a multiphase project working in partnership with older people to develop a new preference-based instrument of quality of life for informing quality assessment and economic evaluation in community aged care. In future work, draft items will be developed from these dimensions and tested in face validity interviews before progressing to further psychometric testing.

Refereed/Peer-reviewed Quality of life is a critically important outcome measure in aged care. However, few studies have provided a detailed examination of what quality of life means to older adults living in residential care. In the current study, N = 43 older adults (67 to 99 years) living in six residential aged care facilities in four Australian states took part in semi-structured interviews. Participants had normal cognition through to mild /moderate cognitive impairment as measured by the PAS-Cog, were able to provide informed consent, and could participate in an interview conducted in English. Interviews were transcribed, and data was analyzed in NVivo using thematic analysis. Both physical and psycho-social aspects were identified as important for older adults’ quality of life with six key quality of life domains identified: independence, mobility, pain management, social connections, emotional well-being, and activities. More research is needed to test these domains with a more diverse sample of older adults living in residential aged care, in particular older adults from culturally and linguistically diverse communities. Such qualitative work is essential for the development of suitable quality of life measures for this population and provides valuable information to inform improvements to care practices and service provision. Some ways in which the identified quality of life domains could be used to enhance care provision are discussed.