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19. The impacts of COVID-19 and its policy response on access and utilization of maternal and child health services in Tanzania: A mixed methods study

Author

Shayo, Elizabeth H., primary, Nassor, Nahya Khamis, additional, Mboera, Leonard E. G., additional, Ngadaya, Esther, additional, Mangesho, Peter, additional, Bakari, Mtumwa, additional, Urassa, Mark, additional, Seif, Mohamed, additional, Tarimo, Clotilda, additional, Masemo, Ame, additional, Mmbaga, Blandina Theofil, additional, O’Sullivan, Natasha, additional, McCoy, David, additional, and Russo, Giuliano, additional

Published
2023
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29. Pattern of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Associated with Human Exposure to Dengue Virus in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Author

Mbanzulu, Kennedy Makola, primary, Wumba, Roger, additional, Mboera, Leonard E. G., additional, Kayembe, Jean-Marie Ntumba, additional, Engbu, Danoff, additional, Bojabwa, Michael Mondjo, additional, Zanga, Josué Kikana, additional, Misinzo, Gerald, additional, and Kimera, Sharadhuli Iddi, additional

Published
2022
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32. Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of African Animal Trypanosomiasis in Cattle in Lambwe, Kenya

Author

Okello, Ivy, Mafie, Eliakunda, Eastwood, Gillian, Nzalawahe, Jahashi, Mboera, Leonard E. G., Onyoyo, Samuel, Okello, Ivy, Mafie, Eliakunda, Eastwood, Gillian, Nzalawahe, Jahashi, Mboera, Leonard E. G., and Onyoyo, Samuel

Abstract

Background. African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) affects livestock productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to determine cattle AAT’s prevalence and associated risk factors in Lambwe Valley, Kenya. Methods. In a cross-sectional survey, livestock owners were recruited from four villages of Lambwe in Homa Bay, Kenya. Blood samples were collected from the jugular veins of cattle, and buffy coat smears were examined under a microscope. Parasites were further detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using a semistructured questionnaire, livestock owners were interviewed on their knowledge of AAT and control practices. Chi-square and multilevel models were used for the analysis. Results. The overall prevalence was 15.63% (71/454). Trypanosoma vivax 10.31% and T. congolense Savannah 6.01% were the common species and subspecies. A total of 61 livestock keepers were involved in the study. Of these, 91.80% (56/61) knew AAT, and 90.16% (55/61) could describe the symptoms well and knew tsetse fly bite as transmission mode. Self-treatment (54.09%; 33/61) was common, with up to 50.00% of the farmers using drugs frequently. Isometamidium (72.13%; 44/61) and diminazene (54.09%; 33/61) were drugs frequently used. Although 16.39% (10/61) of the farmers claimed to use chemoprophylactic treatment, 6/10 did not use the right drugs. Animals (92.1%; 58/63) with clinical signs had positive infections. Villages closer to the national park recorded a higher prevalence. Infections were higher in cattle owned by those self-treating (27.23%; 58/213), those using drug treatment without vector control (27.62%; 50/181), those using single-drug therapy, and those practicing communal grazing (20.00%; 59/295). Clinical signs strongly associate with positive infections under multilevel modeling. Conclusion. Cattle trypanosomiasis is prevalent in the Lambwe region of Kenya. This is influenced by inappropriate control practices, communal grazing, and the proximity of farms to the nati

Published
2022

33. Community Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Regarding Mosquitoes and Mosquito-Borne Viral Diseases in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Author

Mbanzulu, Kennedy M., Mboera, Leonard E. G., Wumba, Roger, Zanga, Josué K., Luzolo, Flory K., Misinzo, Gerald, and Kimera, Sharadhuli I.

Subjects
MOSQUITOES, VIRUS diseases, COMMUNITY attitudes, SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors
Abstract

Background and Objectives: Mosquito-borne viral diseases (MBVDs) create a dramatic health situation worldwide. There is a need to improve the understanding of factors to be addressed in intervention programmes. This study explored community knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding MBVD in Kinshasa. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out between January and April 2019. The socio-demographic and KAP data collected through a questionnaire were analysed using Epi Info 7. Results: The study included 1464 male and female respondents aged from 18 to 70 years old. Open garbage cans and outdoor water storage units were found in 61.2% and 33.4% of respondent residences, respectively. Polluted water bodies (80.3%) were the most mentioned as mosquito breeding places. Among 86.6% of the respondents that had heard about yellow fever, 12% knew that it is an MBVD. The majority of respondents (72.5%) were perceived to be at risk of contracting MBVD. Environment sanitation (58%) and insecticide use (25%) were among the measures implemented to control mosquitoes. The greater overall knowledge score and attitude were not associated with good practice. Conclusion: The residents of Kinshasa had limited knowledge of MBVD. Raising awareness and educational sessions are essential in empowering the community regarding the correct attitudes and practices to effectively manage the risk posed by MBVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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36. Physicochemical Characteristics of Aedes Mosquito Breeding Habitats in Suburban and Urban Areas of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Author

Mbanzulu, Kennedy Makola, Mboera, Leonard E. G., Wumba, Roger, Engbu, Danoff, Bojabwa, Michael Mondjo, Zanga, Josué, Mitashi, Patrick Mulopo, Misinzo, Gerald, and Kimera, Sharadhuli Iddi

Subjects
General Medicine
Abstract

BackgroundThe knowledge of key elements of the ecosystem affecting mosquito distribution and their population dynamics is essential for designing mosquito-borne disease interventions. The present study characterized the physicochemical properties of Aedes mosquito breeding habitats in Democratic Republic of the Congo.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was carried out in Kinshasa, from February to April 2021. The physicochemical characteristics of the natural and artificial aquatic habitats of Aedes were measured using a multiparametric device.ResultsOut of 438 breeding habitats inspected, 273 (62.3%) contained mosquito larvae. The Aedes mosquitoes identified in 76.19% of positive breeding sites were Aedes albopictus (67.30%) and Aedes aegypti (37.98%). The median values of dissolved oxygen (DO) (1.0), turbidity (19.15), and salinity (0.115) in water breeding sites of Aedes were respectively 0.8, 55.0, and 0.29 in Culex breeding sites (p < 0.05). The physicochemical characteristics of the breeding habitat for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were almost identical. In urban areas, the median temperature was 29.82 while it was 29.60 in suburban areas (p < 0.05). Significantly, the salinity was higher in bamboo and metal containers while DO was higher in tins. After analysis using simple linear regression, total dissolved solids (r = 0.23; p = 0.000), conductivity (r = 0.23), salinity (r = 0.23), and temperature (r = 0.13) were associated with larval density (p < 0.05). In the final model (r = 0.30, p = 0.01), salinity (r = 0.23) and DO (r = 0.138) adjusted to temperature, pH, and turbidity were associated positively to larvae density.ConclusionThe Aedes breeding sites and mosquito density were significantly influenced by water salinity, DO, temperature, pH, and turbidity.

Published
2022

39. Household socio-economic status and the risk of HIV infection among under five-year children in Muheza district, north-eastern Tanzania.

Author

Bwana, Veneranda M., Simulundu, Edgar, Mboera, Leonard E. G., Mfinanga, Sayoki G., and Michelo, Charles

Abstract

Background: There are pieces of evidence of the association between socioeconomic factors and HIV prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is a dearth of information on such a relationship in Tanzania. Objective: To determine the relationship between household socioeconomic factors and HIV prevalence among under five-year children in Muheza district, Tanzania. Methods: A facility-based study among HIV-exposed children with their respective mothers/guardians was conducted from June 2015 to June 2016. Information on the HIV status of the child and household socio-demographic characteristics were analyzed in the STATA version 13.0. Results: A total of 576 child-mother/guardian pairs were interviewed. Sixty-one (10.6%) children were confirmed to be HIV positive. The odds of HIV infection were found to be lower among children belonging to the heads of households with secondary and high levels of education (AOR = 0.5, 95% CI 0.2-0.9); P=0.04, those living in wealthier households (AOR = 0.5, 95% CI 0.3-0.9; P=0.03) and those whose mothers/guardians had good knowledge of HIV (AOR = 0.2, 95% CI 0.1-0.3; P<0.001) compared to their counterparts. Conclusion: Children with heads of households having high educational levels and those from wealthier households were associated with reduced odds of acquiring HIV infection in Muheza district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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40. Socio-Ecological Systems Analysis and Health System Readiness in Responding to Dengue Epidemics in Ilala and Kinondoni Districts, Tanzania

Author

Mboera, Leonard E. G., primary, Sindato, Calvin, additional, Mremi, Irene R., additional, Rumisha, Susan F., additional, George, Janeth, additional, Ngolongolo, Renfrid, additional, Misinzo, Gerald, additional, Karimuribo, Esron D., additional, Rweyemamu, Mark M., additional, Haider, Najmul, additional, Hamid, Muzamil Abdel, additional, and Kock, Richard, additional

Published
2021
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42. Genomic Characterization of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Thermophilic Campylobacter Strains Isolated from Layer Chicken Feces in Gangneung, South Korea by Whole-Genome Sequencing

Author

Gahamanyi, Noel, primary, Song, Dae-Geun, additional, Yoon, Kye-Yoon, additional, Mboera, Leonard E. G., additional, Matee, Mecky I., additional, Mutangana, Dieudonné, additional, Komba, Erick V. G., additional, Pan, Cheol-Ho, additional, and Amachawadi, Raghavendra G., additional

Published
2021
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48. The Governance and Implementation of the National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance in Tanzania: A Qualitative Study

Author

Frumence, Gasto, primary, Mboera, Leonard E. G., additional, Sindato, Calvin, additional, Katale, Bugwesa Z., additional, Kimera, Sharadhuli, additional, Metta, Emmy, additional, Durrance-Bagale, Anna, additional, Jung, Anne-Sophie, additional, Mshana, Stephen E., additional, Clark, Taane G., additional, Rweyemamu, Mark, additional, Legido-Quigley, Helena, additional, and Matee, Mecky I. N., additional

Published
2021
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49. Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Thermophilic Campylobacter Species in Humans and Animals in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review

Author

Gahamanyi, Noel, Mboera, Leonard E. G., Matee, Mecky I., Mutangana, Dieudonné, and Komba, Erick V. G.

Subjects
Article Subject
Abstract

Thermophilic Campylobacter species are clinically important aetiologies of gastroenteritis in humans throughout the world. The colonization of different animal reservoirs by Campylobacter poses an important risk for humans through shedding of the pathogen in livestock waste and contamination of water sources, environment, and food. A review of published articles was conducted to obtain information on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of thermophilic Campylobacter species in humans and animals in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Electronic databases, namely, PubMed, Google Scholar, Research4life-HINARI Health, and Researchgate.net, were searched using the following search terms “thermophilic Campylobacter,” “Campylobacter jejuni,” “Campylobacter coli,” “diarrhea/diarrhoea,” “antimicrobial resistance,” “antibiotic resistance,” “humans,” “animals,” “Sub-Saharan Africa,” and “a specific country name.” Initially, a total of 614 articles were identified, and the lists of references were screened in which 22 more articles were identified. After screening, 33 articles on humans and 34 on animals and animal products were included in this review. In humans, Nigeria reported the highest prevalence (62.7%), followed by Malawi (21%) and South Africa (20.3%). For Campylobacter infections in under-five children, Kenya reported 16.4%, followed by Rwanda (15.5%) and Ethiopia (14.5%). The country-level mean prevalence in all ages and under-five children was 18.6% and 9.4%, respectively. The prevalence ranged from 1.7%–62.7% in humans and 1.2%–80% in animals. The most reported species were C. jejuni and C. coli. The AMR to commonly used antimicrobials ranged from 0–100% in both humans and animals. Poultry consumption and drinking surface water were the main risk factors for campylobacteriosis. The present review provides evidence of thermophilic Campylobacter occurrence in humans and animals and high levels of AMR in SSA, emphasizing the need for strengthening both national and regional multisectoral antimicrobial resistance standard surveillance protocols to curb both the campylobacteriosis burden and increase of antimicrobial resistance in the region.

Published
2020
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