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The healthy prostate is a relatively quiescent tissue. Yet, prostate epithelium overgrowth is a common condition during aging, associated with urinary dysfunction and tumorigenesis. For over thirty years, TGF-β ligands have been known to induce cytostasis in a variety of epithelia, but the intracellular pathway mediating this signal in the prostate, and its relevance for quiescence, have remained elusive. Here, using mouse prostate organoids to model epithelial progenitors, we find that intra-epithelial non-canonical Activin A signaling inhibits cell proliferation in a Smad-independent manner. Mechanistically, Activin A triggers Tak1 and p38 ΜAPK activity, leading to p16 and p21 nuclear import. Spontaneous evasion from this quiescent state occurs upon prolonged culture, due to reduced Activin A secretion, a condition associated with DNA replication stress and aneuploidy. Organoids capable to escape quiescence in vitro are also able to implant with increased frequency into immunocompetent mice. This study demonstrates that non-canonical Activin A signaling safeguards epithelial quiescence in the healthy prostate, with potential implications for the understanding of cancer initiation, and the development of therapies targeting quiescent tumor progenitors.

Duplex collecting system is a common congenital urinary system anomaly and is usually asymptomatic. Vascular variations associated with a duplex system are common but haven't been reported as obstructive.14-month-old female had a right sided incomplete ureteral duplication complicated by lower pole hydroureteronephrosis due to distal ureteral obstruction by an aberrant vessel crossing the bifid ureters at ureteric junction of these bifid ureters. Prenatal imaging detected right hydronephrosis. Magnetic resonance suggested a diagnosis of duplicated ureters. At surgery, an aberrant artery compressed the lower moiety ureter at the bifid ureteric junction. The stenotic section was resected and ureter segments were anastomosed. The occluding small artery was not resected to preserve vascularization.An anatomical vascular variation can cause proximal ureteral dilatation and segmental hydronephrosis in a bifid system.

Cet article s’intéresse aux impacts de la conservation transfrontalière sur les frontières internationales, à partir du cas des parcs de la paix en Afrique australe. Nous analysons dans quelle mesure les frontières sont transformées et/ou mobilisées au nom d’enjeux environnementaux, tout en interrogeant la capacité de ces parcs à créer de nouveaux espaces transfrontaliers. Après être revenu sur la dimension temporelle des parcs de la paix, l’article présente leurs principales caractéristiques ainsi que le contexte de leur mise en place puis analyse comment les parcs de la paix transforment les frontières par un processus d’ouverture et de délinéarisation. Il montre enfin en quoi les enjeux actuels auxquels sont confrontés les parcs de la paix réinterrogent la place et les usages des frontières.

Aditivos alternativos aos antibióticos, como ácidos orgânicos e substâncias ricas em polifenóis como mosto de tangerina podem promover a melhoria da saúde intestinal de frangos de corte, modulando a população microbiana e melhorando a utilização de nutrientes. Neste trabalho foi estudado um produto que combina ácidos orgânicos (ácido fumárico 0,5%, ácido lático 5,13%, ácido cítrico 5,44% e ácido ascórbico 1,2%) e mosto de tangerina (Citrus reticulata) 8,36%. Para determinar o efeito e nível mais adequado de inclusão deste produto na dieta de frangos de corte, foi realizado um experimento com 1400 frangos machos, em galpão convencional, avaliando o desempenho de 1 a 42 dias de idade. As aves foram alojadas em DCB com 5 tratamentos e 7 repetições de 40 aves cada, e foram avaliadas as dietas com as inclusões do aditivo: A250 (250 mg/kg), A500 (500 mg/kg), A1000 (1000 mg/kg) mais os controles: CN (negativo) e PC (positivo, com 10 mg/kg de enramicina). As rações foram formuladas à base de milho e farelo de soja atendendo exigências nutricionais de frangos de corte de desempenho regular, sendo isonutritivas, com fitase e sem agente anticoccidiano. Foram avaliadas características de desempenho, contagem das bactérias, morfometria e morfologia do jejuno. Considerando o período total do experimento, a inclusão do Aditivo à base de ácidos orgânicos e mosto de tangerina em diferentes níveis (250, 500 e 1000 mg/kg) não diferiu da dieta controle negativo e ao controle positivo com inclusão do antibiótico enramicina para características de desempenho (p>0,05), assim como para a contagem das bactérias, morfologia, morfometria do jejuno e viabilidade considerando o período total. Quando observado de forma isolada no período de 29-35 dias o tratamento com 500 mg/kg do Aditivo melhorou o ganho de peso e o consumo de ração dos animais (p0.05), as well as for the bacteria count, morphology, morphology of jejunum and viability when considering the total period. Considering the period of 29-35 days alone, treatment with 500 mg/kg of alternative additive improved weight gain and feed intake of the chickens (p< 0.05), but had no effect on feed conversion.

The term exstrophy-epispadias complex refers to a group of midline defects ranging from epispadias to cloacal exstrophy. Bladder exstrophy is the most frequent malformation of this spectrum and it can present as a classical or a variant form. We report a case of a hybrid bladder exstrophy variant having some characteristics of both a duplicate bladder exstrophy and a superior vesical fistula.

Docteur·es... nous espérons le devenir sans savoir grand-chose de la réalité que recouvre ce titre. Nous ne sommes pas dupes : nous savons les carrières universitaires hasardeuses et difficiles, les résultats rarement à la hauteur des sacrifices consentis. Mais que devient-on concrètement, au lendemain de la soutenance, déjà plus doctorant·es et sans assurance de décrocher un jour un poste à l’Université ? Cette question seule suffisait à alimenter notre curiosité en recevant les récits de d...

Swidden agricultural practices reflect a great deal of Indigenous and traditional ethnobotanical knowledge; however, such system and livelihoods are in decline worldwide and tend to disappear. This study aimed to survey the main characteristics of land use and agrobiodiversity of the swidden culture practiced by the Guaraní, in Serra do Mar (São Paulo state, Southeast Brazil). We likewise studied the socioeconomic and cultural characteristics of the Guaraní, focusing specifically on their ethnobotanical knowledge, to help conserve traditional agricultural practices in the deep tropics. A total of eighteen ethnobotanical surveys were carried out on 18 production units (10 × 10 m) in the cultivation phase after combustion took place. All species of agricultural use were indicated by the smallholders and identified to species level. Semi-structured interviews based on the design and diagnosis method World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) were carried out in either Portuguese or the native language with 48 smallholders in the village. Main topics discussed were the history of each sampled plot, socio-economic aspects of the production units, aspects of agricultural management to characterize the level of intensification, and forms of managing vegetation and criteria for making decisions about the maintenance of wild species in the agricultural plots. The ethnobotanical survey showed 65 varieties of plants for agricultural use, totaling 39 species, they are used for cultural-ritualistic, ecological, food, economic, medicinal, and ornamental aspects. Main crops found were corn (Zea mays), potato (Solanum tuberosum) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Fire is vital for Guarani’s agricultural practices. Fields are small and occupy just 0.25% of the indigenous land. The Guaraní’s traditional agroforest systems are independent of external inputs and are important for conservation of seeds and agrobiodiversity. There are three factors that maintain the dynamics of Guarani’s agricultural systems, namely: religiosity, the network of kinships and the existence of legal owned territories. Swidden and slash and mulch systems are part of the maintenance of the cultural autonomy of the Guaraní, providing them with a way to obtain financial and food resources directly and indirectly from the biome in a sustainable way. Hence, protecting this ethnoecology guarantees the cultural, physical, and social existence of the Guaraní and likewise helps to conserve the remnants of the Atlantic Forest hotspot.

Dans ce livre, le philosophe Baptiste Morizot poursuit sa réflexion entamée dans ses ouvrages précédents pour penser les rapports entre les sociétés humaines et le monde vivant. Il s’intéresse plus en détail ici à la question de la protection de la nature en proposant au lecteur un certain nombre de pistes de réflexion pour en repenser les conceptions et les pratiques. Nous tenons à préciser d’emblée que ce n’est pas en tant que philosophe que nous apprécierons la portée de l’ouvrage, mais pl...

The caecum is one of the rarest sites of intestinal duplication cysts. The most common symptomatology includes vomiting, abdominal pain, abdominal distention, palpable mass and rectal bleeding. Most of the duplications are diagnosed within the first two years of life, including prenatal diagnosis. Only few cases of caecal duplication have been reported in the literature up to the present day. We are going to present a case of a five-years old girl with caecum duplication who reached our ward due to abdominal distension with no other symptoms.

Estima-se que aproximadamente 21% dos territórios ocupados por florestas tropicais estejam cobertos por Sistemas Agrícolas Itinerantes (SAIs). Devido a escassez de estudos que caracterizem os SAIs dos Mybás na Serra do Mar, e que investiguem os serviços ecossistêmicos proporcionados ou prejudicados por estes, realizou-se a diagnose (por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas), o levantamento dos estoques de carbono e da agrobiodiversidade dos sistemas agrícolas da aldeia Rio Branco. Pôde-se constatar que os SAIs são manejados com técnicas que levam em consideração o etnoconhecimento e ao mesmo tempo são um reservatório de grande agrobiodiversidade, principalmente de diversas variedades do Milho Guarani (Axati Etei). Foram identificadas 65 variedades de plantas de uso agrícola, perfazendo 39 espécies. Além disso o SAIs são fonte de renda e de subsistência. Os Guarani produziram nos últimos anos Sistema Agrícolas de Derruba e Mulch (SDMs), cujo manejo com fogo é substituído pela poda. Para verificar os estoques de carbono e a agrobiodiversidade no momento de cultivo entre estes distintos sistemas, a biomassa e o estoque de carbono foram estimados a partir de medidas de DAP (Diâmetro à Altura do Peito) das árvores com mais de 5 cm e de sua altura sendo essas identificadas ao nível de espécie. Verificou-se que os SAIs avaliados estocam mais carbono que sistemas agrícolas tradicionais incipientes do bioma Amazônico e assemelham-se a valores encontradas em fragmentos florestais jovens de Unidades de Preservação Ambiental da Mata Atlântica, com média de 16,25 ton.ha-1 nos SAIs e de 75,7 ton.ha-1 nos SDMs. A regressão linear para as cronossequencias no momento do cultivo mostrou tendências de aumento nos níveis de carbono tanto para SAIs quanto para SDMs. A biodiversidade no momento do cultivo é baixa, o índice de Shannon foi de H\'=0,9 nos SAIs e H\'= 1,36 nos SDMs. Observou-se uma tendência linear de aumento da riqueza de espécies ao longo do tempo de cultivo nos SDMs porém uma diminuição dessa nos SAIs. It is estimated that approximately 21% of the territories occupied by tropical forests are covered by Shifting Cultivation (SC). Due to the lack of studies that characterize the Mybá\'s SC in Serra do Mar, and that investigate the ecosystem services provided or impaired by them, the systems diagnosis was made (through semi-structured interviews), subsequently was made the survey of carbon stocks and agrobiodiversity agricultural systems in the Rio Branco village. It was found that SCs are managed with techniques that take into account ethno-knowledge and at the same time are a reservoir of agrobiodiversity, mainly of several varieties of Guarani\'s Maize (Axati Etei). 65 varieties of plants for agricultural use were identified, making up 39 species. In addition, SCs are a source of income and subsistence. The Guarani have in recent years produced the Agricultural System of Slash and Mulch (SMs), whose management with fire is replaced by pruning. To check the carbon stocks and agrobiodiversity at the time of cultivation between these different systems, the biomass and the carbon stock were estimated from DBH ( Diameter at breast height ) measurements of trees over 5 cm ,their these being identified at the species level. It was found that the SCs evaluated store more carbon than traditional incipient agricultural systems in the Amazon biome and are similar to values found in young forest fragments from Environmental Conservation Units in the Atlantic Forest, with an average of 16.25 ton.ha-1 in SCs and 75.7 ton.ha-1 in the SMs. The linear regression for the chronosequences at the time of cultivation showed trends of increasing carbon levels for both SCs and SMs. Biodiversity at the time of cultivation is low, the Shannon index was H\'= 0.9 in SCs and H\' = 1.36 in SMs. There was a linear trend towards an increase in species richness over the time of cultivation in the SMs, but a decrease in this in the SCs.

The healthy prostate is a relatively quiescent tissue. Yet, prostate epithelium overgrowth is a common condition during ageing, associated with urinary dysfunction and tumorigenesis. For over thirty years, TGF-β ligands have been known to induce cytostasis in a large variety of epithelia, but the intracellular pathway mediating this signal in the prostate, as well as its relevance for quiescence, have remained elusive.Here, using mouse prostate organoids to model epithelial progenitors, we found that intra-epithelial non-canonical Activin A signalling inhibited cell proliferation in a Smad-independent manner. Mechanistically, Activin A triggered Tak1 and p38 MAPK activity, leading to p16 and p21 nuclear import. Spontaneous evasion from this quiescent state occurred upon prolonged culture, due to reduced Activin A secretion, a condition associated with DNA replication stress and aneuploidy. Organoids capable to escape quiescencein vitrowere also able to implant with increased frequency into immunocompetent mice.Our study demonstrates that non-canonical Activin A signalling safeguards epithelial quiescence in the healthy prostate, with potential implications for the understanding of cancer initiation, and the development of therapies targeting quiescent tumour progenitors.

Se por um lado o comércio internacional pode gerar ganhos econômicos, por outro, tem o potencial de exercer pressão sobre o meio ambiente, principalmente se for baseado na exploração intensiva de recursos naturais. No caso dos países da América Latina, que são reconhecidamente grandes exportadores de "commodities" baseadas em recursos naturais, a crescente demanda chinesa por este tipo de "commodities" representa um "trade-off". Enquanto que pela ótica econômica fortalecer as relações comerciais com a China pode favorecer ganhos (econômicos), pela ótica ambiental pode estimular a especialização na produção e exportação de recursos naturais. Este estudo fornece evidências empíricas sobre a vulnerabilidade ambiental do comércio bilateral da Argentina, do Brasil, do Chile e do Peru com a China, no período de 2000 a 2011. Os resultados, de acordo com a metodologia utilizada, revelam uma clara tendência de aumento das pressões ambientais durante todo o período analisado nesses países latino-americanos selecionados. De fato, tal padrão exportador revela-se potencialmente insustentável no longo prazo, principalmente no que tange à escala de exploração dos recursos naturais. Portanto, isso implica dizer que Argentina, Brasil, Chile e Peru seguem uma trajetória divergente de um modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável. Whether international trade can generate economic gains on one hand, on the other, it has the potential to put pressure on the environment, especially when it is based on intensive exploitation of natural resources. In the case of Latin American countries, which are recognized as great exporters of commodities based on natural resources, the growing of China's demand for these types of commodities represents a trade-off. While from an economic perspective, strengthening trade relations with China may support (economic) gains, from an environmental perspective this can stimulate specialization in production and exports of natural resources. Thereby, this paper provides empirical evidences from 2000 to 2011 about the environmental vulnerability of bilateral trade between Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Peru with China. The results found here, according to the methodology used, reveal a clear increasing trend of environmental pressure in these selected Latin American countries during the period analyzed. Indeed, such export pattern proves to be potentially unsustainable in the long run, especially with regard to the scale of natural resources use. Therefore, this implies that Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Peru are following on a divergent path from a sustainable development model.

International audience; A major challenge faced by human societies is to promote development that truly makes difference for people without jeopardizing their environment. This is particularly urgent in developing countries where, despite decades of development programs, local populations often live under poverty thresholds. With this study, we participate in the ongoing debate about the necessary global revision of development theory and practice in the rural Sahel. We retrace the development trajectories in the Ferlo, the northern silvopastoral zone of Senegal. We highlight how development has evolved from the 1940s to the present, from centralized development action programs focused on hydraulic infrastructure to current polycentric development with growing environmental concerns. We highlight multi-scale events that have influenced the successive development paradigms in the area. Focusing on the past thirty years, we analyzed twenty-five environment and natural resource management-oriented projects, describing the evolution of their objectives and actions over time and identifying recurring flaws: redundancy, lack of synergy, and questionable relevance to local needs We put forth that a more resilient thinking-based development paradigm is necessary to guide the growing number of environment-oriented development actions, including the African Great Green Wall, for which massive investments are ongoing throughout Ferlo and across the Sahel