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Objective: The authors examined the effect of previously described facial proportions and facial asymmetry on the perception of beauty and attractiveness. The optimal values of four different facial ratios and the optimal degree of asymmetry were examined. Methods: In this study, 10 faces were adjusted to reference values and -5%, -2.5%, +2.5%, and +5% deformations were created. Participants were asked to select via online survey the most and least attractive face between 5 photographs of the same person with different facial ratio values. Finally, split-face imaging was used to generate right and left-symmetrical images. These images along with the original images were questioned to determine the most and least attractive. Results: The most attractive face was closer to the reference ratio, whereas the least attractive face was most distant from the reference. Both left and right symmetrical faces were considered less attractive than natural asymmetrical faces. Conclusion: Standardized “golden” ratios are effective reference points for the perception of facial attractiveness although deviation from these proportions does not always imply that a face will not be perceived as attractive, as some degree of asymmetry also contributes to facial attractiveness and beauty.

Shelter is one of the most basic needs that emerged with the existence of humanity and is necessary for people to continue their lives. In addition to meeting physical needs, it also has social and cultural functions. Especially in the post-disaster process, it is essential to create temporary shelter units in the face of emerging problems. Since societies can be affected simultaneously in this process, needs must be met as quickly as possible. "Flexible container designs" are seen as a solution to this problem. Flexible container designs can provide significant advantages in meeting basic needs after a disaster and in terms of rapid intervention. The study aims to present flexible model suggestions that can be used to produce temporary shelter units. Because the production of temporary shelter units is essential in terms of flexibility due to reasons such as reusability, portability, limited design periods, etc. The study discusses the designs made by the students within the scope of the Structural System Information course of the Architecture Department of Gazi University Faculty of Architecture. The students were asked to produce solutions to problems such as the emergence of shelter needs for people after disasters, bringing containers to the need area, and serving different functions. The study reveals the value of the concepts of flexibility, portability, and modularity in the design of temporary shelter units through student designs; it emphasizes the importance of these concepts in design processes in both architectural education and architectural practices. The study will contribute to the development of innovative, flexible, and portable solutions.

Farklı dozlarda uygulanan azotun dört arpa çeşidinde tane verimi ve bazı kalite özelliklerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Tokat’ta 2018-19 ve 2019-20 yetiştirme dönemlerinde Tesadüf Bloklarında Faktöriyel Deneme planına göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak yapılan bu araştırmada, dört farklı azot dozu (0, 3, 6, 9 ve 12 kg/da) ile Bolayır, Hasat, Hazar ve Ünver arpa çeşitleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada m2’deki başak sayısı, tane verimi, 1000 tane ağırlığı, hektolitre ağırlığı, ham protein oranı ve tane irilik oranları incelenmiştir. Ortalamaların karşılaştırılmasında LSD testi kullanılmıştır.İklim faktörleri çeşitlerin incelenen özelliklerini önemli derecede etkilemiştir. Araştırmada, ham protein oranı (İlk yıl önemsiz) metrekaredeki başak sayısı, tane verimi, 1000 tane ağırlığı, hektolitre ağırlığı ve tane irilik oranı açısından çeşitler arasında farklar önemli bulunmuştur. Uygulanan azot genelde belli bir doza kadar tane verimini artırmış, fakat malt kalite özelliklerini düşürmüştür. Verim ve maltlık özelliği bakımından Bolayır, yemlik özelliği bakımından Ünver çeşidinin bölge için diğer çeşitlere göre daha iyi durumda oldukları belirlenmiştir. Malt özelliği bakımından 3 kg N/da dozunun yeterli olduğu, bununla beraber, en yüksek tane verimine sahip Bolayır ve Ünver çeşitlerinin yemlik olarak yetiştirilmesi durumunda 6 kg N/da dozunun uygun olduğu belirlenmiştir. Tane verimi ve maltlık özelliği bakımından Bolayır, yine verim ve yemlik özellik bakımından Ünver çeşidinin bölge için diğer çeşitlere göre daha uygun oldukları belirlenmiştir.

Vernalizasyon bazı bitkilerin erken gelişme dönemlerindeki düşük sıcaklık ihtiyacıdır. Bu bitkilerin vejetatif dönemden generatif döneme geçiş yapabilmesi için belli bir süre düşük sıcaklıkta kalmaları gerekir. Bu çalışma bazı arpa çeşitlerinin vernalizasyon uygulamalarına tepkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Dört kışlık, iki alternatif ve iki yazlık arpa çeşidinin kullanıldığı bu araştırma tesadüf parsellerinde faktöriyel deneme desenine göre üç tekerrürlü yürütülmüştür. Arpa çeşitlerinin çimlenmiş tohumları torf içeren küçük kaplarda 0, 4, 5 ve 6 hafta süreyle 2°C’de vernalizasyon uygulaması için bekletilmiştir. Gelişen fideler saksıya aktarılmış ve serada 22 saat ışık/2 saat karanlıkta 22°C sabit sıcaklıkta yetiştirilmiştir. Bitkilerde sapa kalkma süresi, başaklanma süresi, olgunlaşma süresi, fertil kardeş sayısı, başakta tane sayısı ve bin tane ağırlığı belirlenmiştir. Vernalizasyon uygulamalarının incelenen bütün karakterlere etkisi çeşitlere göre önemli derecede değişmiştir. Araştırmada kullanılan kışlık çeşitler Sladoran, Alba, Dicktoo ve Aydanhanım vernalizasyon ihtiyacı karşılanmadan başaklanamamışlardır. Bu çeşitlerde başaklanma süresi göz önüne alındığında dört haftalık vernalizasyon uygulamasının yeterli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Dört haftalık vernalizasyon, alternatif çeşitler Tokak 157/37’de 9 gün, Kearney’de ise 40 gün daha erken başaklanma sağlamıştır. Yazlık çeşitlerde vernalizasyon uygulaması belirgin bir değişikliğe neden olmamıştır. Vernalizasyon uygulaması süresince geçen süre de göz önüne alındığında bütün kışlık çeşitler için dört haftalık vernalizasyon süresi en uygun süre olarak görülmektedir. Alternatif çeşitler için vernalizasyon uygulaması ise genotipe bağlı değişken olduğundan dolayı, bu çeşitlerin ıslah programlarında kullanımı durumunda mutlaka vernalizasyon sürelerinin belirlenmesi gerekmektedir.

Cheese ripening entails specific biochemical changes that occur under certain conditions during storage. These changes allow different cheese varieties to develop their unique characteristics. The ripening process is influenced by both primary and secondary biochemical events. These are driven by coagulating enzymes, milk's natural enzymes, and the enzymes of both starter and non-starter microflora. The main biochemical events during cheese ripening include proteolysis, lipolysis, and the metabolism of citrate and lactate. Secondary biochemical reactions then process the primary metabolic products, such as lactic acid, fatty acids, and amino acids. This leads to the formation of volatile compounds like alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, lactones, phenols, esters, and sulfur compounds, which play a crucial role in determining the cheese's quality. These processes give each cheese type its distinctive features, like aroma, taste, color, texture, and pore structure, influencing consumer preferences. This review provides insights into the biochemical events that occur during the cheese ripening period.

Introduction: Wearable health devices have transformed personal health management by providing real-time monitoring and personalized care. However, the vast amounts of sensitive data collected by these devices pose significant privacy risks, particularly in compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The GDPR enforces strict requirements around consent, data minimization, and the right to be forgotten. Ensuring GDPR compliance is a major challenge for developers and manufacturers of wearable health devices.Methods: This study employs a systematic review to analyze current literature on GDPR compliance challenges in wearable health devices. Data were extracted from peer-reviewed studies, industry reports, and legal analyses published between 2010 and 2024. Key themes were identified through thematic analysis, focusing on consent management, data minimization, encryption, and privacy-by-design strategies.Results: The review found that security breaches and informed consent are the most significant challenges in ensuring GDPR compliance. Many wearable devices collect excessive amounts of data, conflicting with GDPR's data minimization principle. Privacy-by-design and encryption were identified as critical solutions, though these approaches introduce trade-offs in device functionality and user experience.Conclusion: Addressing GDPR compliance in wearable health devices requires a balance between robust data protection and usability. Solutions like privacy-by-design and encryption are essential but require careful implementation to avoid performance impacts. Future efforts should focus on improving user consent management and developing more efficient data governance frameworks.

Although political geography was first used as a concept by the German geographer Friedrich Ratzel in 1897, it remained in the shadow of the concept of geopolitics defined by his student Rudolf Kjellen in 1899. After this date, political geography, which was identified with the concept of geopolitics, maintained its importance until the 1980s with the periodic themes of classical and Cold War geopolitics serving the aims of the imperial/colonialist structure. However, in the post-1980s period, rather than the generalizing approach of the traditional period that ignores socio-spatial and cultural contexts, it has evolved into a context where it problematizes the given set-up by taking into account the reality that the geographical is political. At this point, network visualisation method has been used in this research, which aims to comparatively address the paradigmatic change and development of political geography on a global and Turkish scaleAs a result of the research, it was determined that academic studies in the field of political geography in Turkey have largely followed a course parallel to the classical and Cold War geopolitical discourse and lagged behind the critical political geography innovation trends emerging in the world.

This study focuses on Turkish immigrants living in Germany for over 60 years and their incorporation into the local religious system. Germany’s history of religious conflicts has contributed to the evaluation of a society where confessions coexist. This historical situation resulted in the developing of a religious recognition system that tried to provide equal rights to all religious groups. Turks in Germany have institutionalized chiefly based on their religion, recognizing the advantages of this system. However, among those groups, only the Alevi Community in Germany (AABF) has achieved full recognition in this system. The situation of other Turkish religious groups in Germany is not even close to that position. They are not even recognized as a religious community in many parts of the country. Taking this situation as a starting point, this article aims to understand how Alevis achieved full recognition while others still face enormous challenges. As an answer to that, our study offers a new theoretical framework. This approach combines political opportunity structures, path dependence, and transnational linkages in an eclectic frame and claims to explain the situation in the diaspora in a generalizable way. Accordingly, the institutionalization of Turks in Germany was framed by four vital factors: the projection of permanency, political opportunity structures, transnational linkages, and path dependency developed by the latter two. As it became clear that they would be permanent in Germany, Turks established and improved religious organizations. As said, they used the advantages of political opportunity structures available to them from the beginning. However, they were also transnational organizations, and those transnational linkages and initiatives resulted in delays in localization and organizational transformations for recognition. Especially those dependent on those transnational linkages due to human resources and funding, which have created path dependencies that cannot be changed even today. Those religious organizations have oscillated between political opportunities and resources provided by transnational linkages. AABF had distinct transnational linkages that did not result in creating a dependency, unlike other organizations. This allowed the organization to make necessary changes in its structure and follow a successful strategy for recognition.

Aim: Pilonidal disease (PD) is frequently encountered within the community. There are still ongoing debates regarding its treatment in general surgery clinics. Although minimally invasive methods such as phenol, laser ablation, and endoscopic pilonidal sinus treatment are gaining prominence, flap applications remain the preferred option in patients where these methods fail or the disease is widespread. In this study, we describe the clinical outcomes of patients operated on using the triangle excision and advancement flap technique, which allows for the removal of less tissue near the perianal region. Method: Prospectively collected data were retrospectively analyzed. Age, gender, body mass index (BMI), disease duration, hirsutism score, number of pits, complications, operation time, hospitalization period, and postoperative 3-, 6-, and 9-month follow-up results of the patients were analyzed. The results of the analysis showed that no complications or recurrences were observed in any patient. Results: A total of 46 patients were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 23.69 (±7.06). Of the 46 patients, 41 were men (89.1%), and 5 were women (10.9%). The mean age of the men was 23.3 (±7.33), and the mean age of the women was 26.6 (±3.5). In terms of hirsutism score, 34 patients (73%) had a score of 2, and 12 patients (27%) had a score of 3. The mean BMI was 23 (±2.16). All patients were operated on under spinal anesthesia. The mean operation time was 40 (±7.55) minutes, and the mean hospitalization time was 1 (±0) day. In terms of early complications, flap dehiscence was observed in 2 patients. Of these, one was a patient for whom a surgical drain was not placed. No bleeding was detected in any patient, and urinary retention was observed in 3 patients. Conclusion: We believe that the triangle excision and advancement flap method can be safely employed in PD.

Bu çalışmada Gümüşhane’nin Merkez ve ilçelerindeki (Kelkit, Şiran, Köse, Kürtün ve Torul) 97 halk çeşmesinden alınan su numunelerinin fiziksel, kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik kalitesi incelenmiştir. Ayrıca numunelerde Cryptosporodium spp. varlığı konvansiyonel PCR yöntemiyle araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada numunelerin hepsinde pH, elektriksel iletkenlik, nitrit (NO2) ve amonyum (NH₄⁺) değerleri içme suyu yönetmeliğine ve standardına (TS 266) uygun bulunmuştur. Numunelerin %16,49’unun bulanıklık değerlerinin yönetmelikte belirtilen sınır değerin üzerinde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Numunelerin %4,12’sinin sertlik değerlerinin Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün (DSÖ) belirlediği sınır değerin üzerinde olduğu saptanmıştır. Ağır metal açısından, 2 (%2,06) numunenin demir (Fe), 3 (%3,09) numunenin ise alüminyum (Al) miktarları yönetmelikte ve TS 266’da belirtilen sınır değerlerin üzerinde olduğu saptanmıştır. Mikrobiyolojik olarak, numunelerin %39,18’inin E.coli ve koliform grubu bakteri yönünden ilgili yönetmelik ve TS 266 standardına uygun olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Numunelerin hiçbirinde Cryptosporodium spp. saptanmamıştır. Gümüşhane halk çeşmelerinin bazılarının halk sağlığı açısından riskli olduğu kanaatine varılmıştır.

The Black Sea ecosystem faces significant challenges due to climate change and human activities. Despite this, the opportunities and potential of its Blue Economy and the role of Turkish stakeholders in the key sectors have not been well documented. To define the needs of the Black Sea’s Blue Economy and outline existing problems, a workshop entitled “Engaging Stakeholders: Trabzon Multi-Actor Forum” was held in Trabzon (Türkiye) in November 2022. Stakeholders from the research sector, academia, civil society, industry, business, competent authorities, and government shared their thoughts on various sectors of the Blue Economy, covering 17 areas. They discussed political, environmental, social, technical, legal, and economic aspects, revealing opportunities, challenges, and areas where more research is needed. This meeting provided valuable insights, indicating that efficient collaboration with stakeholders could lead to effective solutions and strategies, helping to improve the Blue Economy in the Black Sea region.

The purpose of this study is to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool to determine the level of fear of missing out (FoMO) for university students. There are many studies aiming to determine the FoMO levels of adolescents, youth and university students. However, a new scale was needed since the scales used in these studies were the adapted versions, and involved cultural differences that may lead to prejudice. 21-item pool was generated for the draft scale and applied to 343 university students. The exploratory factor analysis and parallel analysis carried out on the data, and a two-dimensional structure was formed (KMO= 0.89, Bartlett sphericity test= 0.00< 0.05). The variance explained by two factors together is 50.86%. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on a new data composed of 283 university students. The results showed that FoMO Scale is valid and reliable at a good level (X[superscript 2]/df = 2.12, CFI= 0.95, RMSEA= 0.06, Cronbach's alpha= 0.88). There was a moderate correlation between the factors (r= 0.48). The FoMO Scale; consists of 17 items in total, of which private factor has 9 items and the social factor has 8 items. The scale is basically worthwhile and unique in that it is theoretically inclusive and includes different concepts (regret of decision making etc.) and emotions (feel lost, feel deeply lonely, feel an inner guilt, eat one's heart out, and feel embarrassed) that define FoMO. The scale could be used by researchers as an efficient instrument to measure the FoMO levels of youth, as well as enabling the individuals to recognize the FoMO and go into action. Additionally, validity and reliability studies could be carried out by applying the scale at different education levels.

As innovation has gained importance worldwide, educating students as individuals with innovative qualities has become imperative. Therefore, identifying students' perceptions of innovativeness in science lessons has become an issue of concern. The aim of this study was to determine secondary school students' perceptions of innovativeness. The research was conducted according to the survey method. 'Perceptions of Innovative Thinking Scale,' was revised, and necessary scale development steps were followed. Accordingly, secondary school students' general innovative thinking perceptions and the relationships of the scale subdimensions with the variables were determined with single and correlational survey models. After the responses that 831 students gave to the scale were analysed, it was determined that the students' perceptions of innovativeness were high and that gender excepted, grade level, achievement in the subject of science, participation in the TÜBITAK 4006 science fair, and the case of receiving programming training created significant differences in the subdimensions. The research findings were discussed according to the literature. It was recommended that STEM and programming be included in science courses and that teachers guide these processes.

The relationship between globalization and translation is one of the new areas of research in Translation Studies. Globalization has led to unstoppable spread of the English language across the globe. Yet, contrary to expectations, not only has the need for translation services not diminished, but it also has increased. This, according to Pym (2003), sounds paradoxical since as the global use of English is on the increase, the need for translation should be waning. In other words, in spite of the fact that the use of English is triumphant and English is already considered the language of the global village, not only has the number of translations not decreased, but the demand for them is increasing. The present study was an attempt to investigate Iranian translators’ views on this paradox. In other words, the study sought the perspectives of translators in the periphery on the paradox to see how the paradox proposed by Pym can be explained from the point of view of Iranian translators. Using snowball sampling, twenty-two translators (all holding an MA or a PhD in Translation Studies) were selected. To collect data, semi-structured interviews were conducted. Interpretive analysis of the data revealed that there are numerous reasons that raise the status and role of translation and translators in the Iranian context, which were categorized under three broad categories, namely the limited target language (English), a preference for Persian over English and ideological issues. As regards the limited English language knowledge, the in-depth interviews showed that the younger generation’s proficiency is mostly confined to oral skills and cannot cover all aspects of the English language. In other cases, technical differences between the two languages were pointed out, which was taken as a barrier for feeling at ease with using English. Additionally, the pervasiveness of English words and phrases in society, and especially technological tools, makes people with little English proficiency feel the need for the translation of these foreign words and phrases. Another broad category concerns the preference of Iranians for Persian over English. Throughout the interviews, even PhD holders pointed out that they were not that much at ease with English, and some mentioned in the interviews that if they had both the English and the Persian version of a text, they would probably prefer the Persian version. Another reason for such preference was shown to be their lack of confidence in their knowledge of English even though they had an advanced level of understanding English texts/talks. The final category dealt with ideological issues at both macro- and micro-level. At the macro-level, some participants referred to the government policy that prioritizes the Persian language over foreign languages in society. At the micro-level, one participant believed that some individuals intentionally use Persian words and phrases to prevent the marginalization of the Persian language.

Rationale and objectives: To investigate the relationship between the glucose/potassium ratio (GPR) at admission and 30-day mortality in patients diagnosed with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in the emergency department (ED). Materials and methods: Patients with a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of ≤2 before SAH and patients aged 18 years or older were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups based on their functional outcomes (poor-good) and 30-day mortality rates (survivor and non-survivor) and their clinical and laboratory values were compared. Results: The study included 134 patients with a mean age of 65.9 ± 16.7 years, of whom 68 (50.7 %) were female. The mean glucose and GPR levels in the poor functional outcome group were significantly higher than those in the good functional outcome group (p = 0.003, p = 0.03, respectively). The mean glucose and GPR levels in the non-survivor group were significantly higher than those in the survivor group (p = 0.004, p = 0.023, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified GPR as an independent predictor of 30-day mortality (p = 0.043, OR: 4.041, 95 % CI: 1.45–26.147), alongside the Rankin Scale score (p = 0.002, OR: 12.714, 95 % CI: 2.578–62.706). Other variables, including age, Hunt-Hess score, and Glasgow Coma Scale, were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the GPR is a significant independent predictor of short-term mortality in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The translation of these findings into clinical practice may help achieve better outcomes in the management of SAH patients.

BACKGROUND: Complete prosthetics employs the use of collapsible navigable surgical templates, which can effectively mitigate the complications associated with dental implantation at each stage of the process [1–3]. The correct positioning of the implant is of paramount importance, as it directly influences the success of subsequent prosthetics. This is because the planning of the surgical template is conducted simultaneously, taking into account the subsequent prosthetic construction [4–6]. AIM: The study aimed to compare the technique of using collapsible surgical templates versus simple ones in complete dentures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The main group consisted of 15 patients, aged 52–70 years, with four women and 11 men. Half of the patients exhibited marked atrophy of the maxilla, while the other half exhibited atrophy of the mandible. All patients underwent the technique of using collapsible surgical templates in full dentures with immediate loading. The control group consisted of 15 patients aged 50–67 years, 6 men and 9 women. They underwent surgery with the use of a conventional surgical navigation template and in whom fixation of the prosthetic structure was performed by the classical method. RESULTS: In the primary group, the initial two components of the collapsible template are fixed to the teeth. The template structures are connected to each other with pins, which eliminates micro-vibrations of the initial component. The second template element is then removed. Following the removal of the teeth, the third component of the surgical template is fixed to the pins of the initial component. Following the placement of dental implants, the temporary prosthetic construction is also fixed using a special template. The control group underwent standard surgical technique with a simple surgical template. In the main group, the accuracy of implant positioning, reduction of the risk of complications, and reduction of the operation time were observed. One-stage fixation of the temporary prosthetic structure did not cause aesthetic and functional inconvenience to the patients. In the control group, errors in implant placement were observed in 34% of cases, and intraoperative complications related to neuralgia developed. CONCLUSIONS: The use of advanced technology enhances the effectiveness of dental implantation.

onsidering the appreciated role that lexis plays in learning an additional language, research studies addressing vocabulary knowledge have attracted the attention of language teachers and researchers. The study of vocabulary learning strategies and how they relate to language learners’ vocabulary knowledge, therefore, is of immediate pedagogical as well as theoretical relevance. This study investigates the relationship between Iranian EFL learners' vocabulary learning strategies and their breadth (meaning recall and meaning recognition) and depth of vocabulary knowledge. To collect data, the Vocabulary Learning Strategies Survey, Depth of Vocabulary Knowledge Test, Meaning Recall Task and Vocabulary Level Test were given to two hundred and thirty (56 male and 144 female) English majors. Structural Equation Modeling was utilized to analyze the data and test the hypothesized model. Results indicated that strategies associated with direct individualized attempts (determination strategies) were significant predictors of both vocabulary breadth and depth knowledge and that mnemonic/memory strategies significantly predicted vocabulary breadth positively but depth negatively. Other strategies seemed to have different effects on various dimensions of vocabulary knowledge. The study has pedagogical implications for vocabulary learning and teaching.

Background: Currently, recommended pre-operative risk assessment models including the revised cardiac risk index (RCRI) are not very effective in predicting postoperative myocardial damage after non-elective surgery, especially for elderly patients. Aims: This study aimed to create a new risk prediction model to assess myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery (MINS) in elderly patients and compare it with the RCRI, a well-known pre-operative risk prediction model. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 370 elderly patients who were over 65 years of age and had non-elective surgery in a tertiary hospital. Each patient underwent detailed physical evaluations before the surgery. The study cohort was divided into two groups: patients who had MINS and those who did not. Results: In total, 13% (48 out of 370 patients) of the patients developed MINS. Multivariable analysis revealed that creatinine, lymphocyte, aortic regurgitation (moderate-severe), stroke, hemoglobin, ejection fraction, and D-dimer were independent determinants of MINS. By using these parameters, a model called “CLASHED” was developed to predict postoperative MINS. The ROC analysis comparison demonstrated that the new risk prediction model was significantly superior to the RCRI in predicting MINS in elderly patients undergoing non-elective surgery (AUC: 0.788 vs. AUC: 0.611, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our study shows that the new risk preoperative model successfully predicts MINS in elderly patients undergoing non-elective surgery. In addition, this new model is found to be superior to the RCRI in predicting MINS.

Recent advances in tunnel infrastructure have emphasized safety, operational efficiency and low operating costs. Modern tunnels are equipped with systems to improve both safety and operational performance. This study investigates the effect of tunnel lighting and vehicle breakdown scenarios on driver lane changing behaviour (LCB) using a driving simulator modelled on the third longest twin-tube tunnel. Data were collected from 125 drivers considering various driver characteristics with different lighting conditions and the presence of a stopped vehicle in a lane. The results show that drivers tend to slow down and change lanes more safely in response to red and flashing lights. In contrast, blue sky lights, which are designed to reduce stress and compare with other dangerous scenarios, had no significant effect on LCB. In addition, demographic factors such as gender and previous simulator experience played a role in influencing LCB tendencies. Female drivers and those familiar with simulators showed more cautious behaviour. The findings showed valuable insights into how tunnel lighting systems can improve safety. Results highlighted the potential for dynamic lighting and targeted driver training programs to improve tunnel safety. All these findings may contribute to ongoing efforts to improve traffic management and reduce accidents in tunnel environments.

The informal learning environment and the station technique provide students with learning environments where they can be active and materialize the abstract terms. With this regard, the purpose of the study was to determine the contribution of activities, which are carried out through the station technique in informal learning environments (STiIL), to the cognitive, affective, and life skills of eleventh-grade high school students. The participants of the study are 26 eleventh-grade students. The "Musculoskeletal System" topic within the scope of the study is addressed through the station technique in the 2018-2019 educational year. The data-gathering tools for the study are semi-structured questionnaires, focus group interviews, and researcher journals. Deductive and descriptive analyses were performed together on the qualitative data. Results showed that teaching with STiIL increases learning and retention of knowledge in the cognitive domain. It improves the affective skills of students in terms of eagerness to learn and makes the teaching and learning process entertaining. Self-confidence and communication skills stand out in the life skills domain.

Background: Social media is an online communication tool that is now a necessary component of our everyday existence. It enables people to communicate, exchange data, and produce web content. This article aims to display the effect of social media on academic performance, social interaction, and mental health among a sample of Iraqi university students. Patients and methods: The study was conducted on 440 Iraqi students from different colleges, and the data were collected through a questionnaire. Results: The majority of the sample (98.4%) mentioned they currently use social media, and the mobile phone was the most used device (95.9%) for viewing social media. The study found that social media has both positive and negative effects on social interaction and academic performance. Most of the participants (60.7%) and (21.6%) agreed and strongly agreed that the use of social media is improving connection and information exchange with others. However, (30.9%) strongly agreed that social media may lead them to limit their time with friends and family members. Regarding academic performance, most of the sample (44.5%) strongly agreed that the use of social media may lead to wasting time specified for studying, and 26.8% of them strongly agreed that it distracted them from studying. More than half of those students (53.4%) agreed and strongly agreed that social media harms their academic performance in general. Conclusion: The study concluded that social media has a significant impact on the academic performance, social interaction, and mental health of university students, and it is important to spread awareness among them to reduce excessive and bad use of social media.

The supervision system is one of the most important pillars of the education system and undoubtedly plays an important role on its development. However, new regulations made almost every year cause constant questioning about whether it works or not in the supervision system and its practices. In this study, it was deemed important to evaluate the supervision system from the perspective of those who directly supervise. Therefore, detailed interviews were held with education supervisors regarding the changes and regulations. It was determined that the majority of the participants evaluated the current structure negatively. The results of constant changes in the supervision structure affect both the supervisors and the whole system, and cause a great deal of damage in many ways. The supervisors mostly stated that there is uncertainty in the supervision system and that it damages the independent structure of the system and so this creates a vicious circle. The fact that changes and innovations made to improve the system are constantly putting the system into a dead end. It is recommended to make changes that will ensure the development of educational supervision in a stable manner.

In this study, the conceptual associations of colors in preschool children were examined with an interdisciplinary perspective. Designed as a preliminary review, this study provides insights and suggestions about how conceptual associations of colors can be used for developing products and services for kids and improving the effectiveness of learning activities in education. This study was designed as descriptive survey because it describes an existing situation. This research's working group was chosen through a purposive sampling method. The study also includes interpreted components. Two-stage interviews were made with 204 children aged between 60 and 72 months in pre-school education in Ankara with active participation of their form teachers, and the data were collected using the context analysis technique. The study found that children show dominant preference for certain colors in connection with certain concepts and they made consistent spectrum preference for certain concepts. These preferences indicate that the children aged between 60 and 72 months are able to make associations between concepts and colors and attribute meanings to colors in the background, with important hints for the use of colors in designing products and planning learning activities for children.

In social sciences, it is accepted that the concept of psychological resilience reduces stress and is characterized as a personality skill and supports the ability of individuals to cope with different events and situations. On the other hand, developments in the field of science and technology directly affect the working lives of individuals. These developments also increased the responsibilities of teachers, on the one hand, adapting to technological developments, and on the other hand, the responsibility of guiding the students in this regard. This research was carried out to determine the mediating effect of technostress level and the moderator effect of psychological resilience in the effect of digital literacy levels of teachers who teach online during the COVID-19 epidemic period on job satisfaction. The research, which was designed within the framework of the causal screening model, was carried out on 403 teachers. According to the findings obtained within the scope of the research, it was determined that techno-uncertainty and techno-complexity, which are technostress factors, play a mediating role in the relationship between digital literacy and job satisfaction. However, according to the results obtained, it was determined that psychological resilience plays a moderator role in the digital literacy-technostress relationship. On the other hand, within the scope of the research, the moderator effect of technostress and psychological resilience in the relationship between digital literacy and job satisfaction was tested and the research hypotheses were supported., Author(s): Mehmet Düzgün [sup.1] , Mazlum Çelik [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) Sahinbey Provincial Directorate of National Education / Haci Muzaffer Bakbak Vocational and Technical Anatolian High School, , Gaziantep, Turkey [...]

Abstract Background Open-heart surgery is considered one of the primary treatments for severe coronary artery stenosis, but it comes with its own set of complications. However, these complications can be reduced through the implementation of proper cardiac rehabilitation during phase I. This study aimed to examine the impact of phase I cardiac rehabilitation training, using augmented reality, on the self-efficacy of cardiac management in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Methodology This randomized clinical trial study involved 60 patients who were admitted to the Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit at Ghaem Hospital in Mashhad. The software used in this study consisted of various videos and educational images demonstrating physical exercises for cardiac rehabilitation. The software was developed to train the patients in the intervention group on the rehabilitation program, starting from their admission to the Intensive Care Unit until their discharge from the hospital. The collected data were analyzed using statistical tests such as independent t-test, Mann-Whitney test, paired t-test, chi-square test, as well as descriptive indicators. Cohen’s d was also used to evaluate the magnitude of the effect size. Results The findings of this study revealed that the total mean score for cardiovascular management self-efficacy significantly increased during the transfer to the Intensive Care Unit and at the time of discharge. Notably, the increase observed in the intervention group was significantly greater than that of the control group (P

Choosing which additional language to include in national curricula and when to begin teaching it are important educational policy decisions. The current study aims to provide a contextually embedded picture of such policymaking process in the Iranian context. More specifically, the study is intended to explain the agency mechanism of different actors involved in the choice of foreign languages and its start age. Data come from official documents, interviews with key officials in Iran's Ministry of Education, a questionnaire and textual and on-line archival data. Data analyses revealed that despite official acknowledgement of diversity in foreign language education couched in a monopoly/antitrust discourse to manage English spread and attempts to delay its learning, Iranian (in)visible planners choose English exclusively and formulate their own policies to begin learning it much earlier. I argue that foreign language policymaking in Iran is torn between the religious and state officials' English demotion rhetoric rooted in post-Revolutionary de-Westoxication and anti-imperialism ideology and the need of the state for defused English to meet its neoliberal globalization goals on the one hand, and the growing obsession of policy arbiters with English viewed by officials as soft power asset of the West, on the other. I also suggest that to understand Iran's foreign language policymaking one needs to consider both the long-strained Iran-America relations as well as the unique authority and power mechanism of people-with-power actor conferred to him by Shia-Islam system of governance and how/why his directives, statements, orientations and speech carry significant implications to foreign language policymaking process in all key state organizations and entities including the Ministry of Education.