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This randomized controlled trial (RCT) with pretest-posttest design addressed the effect of a theory of planned behavior (TPB) based educational intervention on divorce petition withdrawal. The study population consisted of 140 couples applying for divorce in a judiciary counseling center in Yazd, Iran. Participants were assigned to two groups with 70 individuals in each. The intervention included four educational sessions in which TPB based contents were presented. The data were analyzed by using chi-squared test and covariance analysis. There was no significant difference in demographic characteristics between the two groups. The mean behavioral intention scores after the intervention decreased among the intervention group whereas no significant changes were detected among the control group. Posttest differences were significant.19.3% of the covariance in posttest scores was explained by the educational intervention (p < 0.01). Subjective norms and attitude toward divorce decreased only among the intervention group whereas perceived behavioral control scores did not change among both groups. However, no significant difference at the posttest was observed in mean attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control scores between the two groups. Education can affect the intention of couples toward divorce petition. More appropriate educational protocols can be developed for couples in counseling centers by planning for and making necessary coordination with the judiciary; TPB can provide more opportunities for divorce applicants to help them make more informed decisions., Author(s): Seyed Alireza Afshani [sup.1] , Nahid Ardian [sup.2] , Mohammad Hossein Sorbi [sup.3] , Seyed Saeed Mazloomy-Mahmoodabad [sup.2] , Mohammad Ali Morowati-Sharifabad [sup.2] , Masoomeh Goodarzi-Khoigani [sup.4] Author Affiliations: [...]

Objectives: The aim of this research was to investigate the application of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in predicting the influential factors in Iranian road accidents. Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study involved a population of 240 Iranian drivers, with a mean age of 39.1 years and a mean driving experience of 16.5 years, selected through a convenient available sampling method. The study utilized questionnaires based on the theory of planned behavior construct and Manchester Driving Behavior. The collected data were analyzed using one-sample t-tests, Pearson correlation, and linear regression in SPSS version 26. Results: The findings indicated that 62% of driving behavior variance could be predicted by the variables of attitude, behavioral intention, and drug abuse. Additionally, drug abuse and drunk driving were significant factors in determining the attitude and behavior of drivers. Conclusion: The theory of planned behavior is a suitable conceptual framework for planning interventions to reduce traffic accidents. This study highlights the most important predictors of drivers' behaviors leading to accidents and identifies the relationships between them to reveal the main priorities. Based on the results, policymakers and stakeholders can plan effective and practical interventions to reduce casualties and promote compliance with accident prevention behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Contact with second-hand cigarette smoke includes inhalation of cigarette smoke caused by the burning of the cigarette itself and inhalation of smoke exhaled by the smoker. Wife's pregnancy can be a motivating factor to change the behavior of men who smoke. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to determine the effect of training male smokers on the effects of secondhand smoke during pregnancy on their self-efficacy. Materials and methods: The present study is an interventional type of pre-test and post-test. In this phase, random sampling was done from health centers in Isfahan, the participants were 140 smoking spouses of pregnant women, who referred to health centers to receive pregnancy care, and were divided into two intervention and control groups. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire on men's self-efficacy regarding second-hand cigarette smoke. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed based on the opinion of the expert panel with content validity ratio (CVR)=0.87 and content validity index (CVI)=0.88, and its reliability was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha=0.97. All data were analyzed with SPSS18 software and Chi-score, Fisher, t-test. Results: There was no significant difference between the comparison of demographic variables in the intervention and control groups (p>0.05). The results of the paired t-test to compare before and after the training showed that the average score of self-efficacy (p<0.001) in the intervention group had increased significantly after the training, and according to the independent t-test, the average score of self-efficacy After training, it was more in the intervention group than the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Men's self-efficacy regarding second-hand smoke increased after training, so the current training package is effective in training and can be suggested for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achievement of a positive identity and its transition to adulthood is the most important task of the adolescent era. This cross‐sectional explanatory mixed‐method study sought to better understand barriers to identity development in female adolescents in Iran by explaining their own experiences and using a Positive Youth Development model as a framework. A total of 573 female secondary‐school students were recruited through multistage sampling and were asked to complete the questionnaire of Developmental Assets Profile (DAP). Positive identity in DAP consists of four assets (personal power, self‐esteem, a positive view of the personal future, and sense of purpose). Quantitative data analysis showed that among above mentioned four assets, personal power and self‐esteem gained lower scores. A qualitative study held six individual interviews and two focused‐group discussions were conducted to explain the barriers to personal power and self‐esteem. Results showed that considering personal power, there were two categories as follows: (1) barriers to a sense of control over life and future (subcategories: being limited by failures, deprivation of liberty, and dissatisfaction from being excessively controlled by parents). (2) Barriers to adequately dealing with the challenges and problems (subcategories: expressing feelings inappropriately, isolation, and blaming). Barriers to self‐esteem included categories of negative emotions due to weak academic performance, weak religious performance, weak communication with parents, and previous mistakes. The results of the present study highlighted the areas that need intervention in the field of promoting positive identity in adolescent girls and their parents. Practitioner points: A majority of the participating adolescent girls stated that their parents use humiliating behaviors or false disciplinary strategies such as threatening, neglecting, blaming, depriving from desires, comparing, unreasonable admiring, labeling, and expressing negative statements about their daughters or excluding them.A high percentage of teenagers participating in the study were weak in assertiveness and negotiation skills, and needed to strengthen their skills in communication.Most of the adolescents participating in the study suffered from excessive parental control and a lack of freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Contact with second-hand cigarette smoke includes inhalation of cigarette smoke caused by the burning of the cigarette itself and inhalation of smoke exhaled by the smoker. Wife's pregnancy can be a motivating factor to change the behavior of men who smoke. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of designing, implementing and evaluating an educational program regarding the effects of second-hand smoke in pregnancy on the knowledge, attitude and performance of male smokers. Methodology: The present study is an interventional type of pre-test and post-test. In this phase, sampling from health centers in Isfahan was done randomly between March and July 2019, the participants were 140 smoking spouses of pregnant women, who visited health centers to receive pregnancy care, and were divided into two intervention groups and control were divided. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire on men's awareness, attitude and performance regarding second-hand smoke. All data were analyzed with SPSS18 software and Chi-score, Fisher, t-test. Results: The average age of the participants was 34 years. There was no significant difference between the comparison of demographic variables in the intervention and control groups (p > 0.05). The results of the paired t-test for comparing before and after the training showed that the average score of the emotional dimension of attitude in the two groups of intervention (p < 0.001) and control (p < 0.001), awareness (p < 0.001) and behavior (p < 0.001) was significantly increased in the intervention group after the training, and according to the independent t-test, the average score of the items mentioned after the training in the intervention group was higher than the control group (p < 0.05). Regarding perceived sensitivity (p = 0.066) and perceived severity (p = 0.065), no significant difference was observed. Conclusion: The awareness, emotional aspect of men's attitude and behavior regarding secondhand smoke increased, but the perceived sensitivity and severity in this regard was not significant despite the increase, so the current training package is effective in training, but considering more training sessions It is necessary with more concrete training with model or training videos in order to improve the sensitivity and perceived intensity of men. Trial registration: Registration of this randomized control trial has been completed with the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials, IRCT20180722040555N1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Over consumption of salt adversely affects health and is associated with some diseases. Salt over consumption has been reported to be higher in Asian countries including Iran. This research aimed to identify the facilitative factors of reduced salt consumption among 20–65 year-old women to develop effective educational interventions. Methods: This research used qualitative content analysis. We included 42 (31 women aged 20–65 years residing in Hamidia, Yazd and 11 healthcare providers) using Purposeful sampling method. Data were collected through focal group discussions (three groups of 6) and in-depth semi-structured individual interviews with 24 Participants. Data analysis was done using Graneheim and Lundman's approach. Results: Motivators and facilitators were extracted. The former consisted of sub-categories: physical fitness and healthcare, obtaining others' approval, family cooperation and support, internal motivators, contextual motivators and healthcare staff support. Sub-categories of the latter were gaining more information from different instructions, willingness to acquire self-protection skills and nutritional advice. These factors affected to reduce the salt intake among women. Conclusion: In the light of the qualitative results of motivating and facilitating factors, it is essential to enhance internal motivators and increase access to information via different communicative channels in community including schools, medical care providers and public associations. It is also necessary to pave the way for more family and medical staff support, provide appropriate educational and advertising programs, raise women's awareness and change their attitude and behavior with this concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Follow-up studies have shown an increased risk of thyroid dysfunction in individuals with normal serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Furthermore, the possible consequences of minor differences in thyroid function (without achieving poor thyroid function) in the risk of weight gain during pregnancy are questionable, too. The production of TSH is under the hypothalamus-pituitary control, and food is one of the most effective environmental agents that control hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis activity. Regarding the few available studies, we assessed the association of minor variations of TSH concentrations and nutritional status in the first trimester of pregnancy. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study was performed on 150 primiparous healthy women. Demographic and family characteristics were collected using a researcher-administered questionnaire. Nutrients intake were extracted from a 72-h recall, and physical activity scores were determined by the pregnancy physical activity scale. Results: The prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) (β =0.022, P = 0.004) and participants' weight at 6-10 weeks of gestation (β =0.006, P = 0.024) were positively associated with TSH concentrations, while total physical activity score was negatively correlated (β = -0.006, P = 0.047). We did not find any significant association between TSH values and energy-adjusted nutrients intake (P > 0.05). Conclusion: We suggest that differences in TSH concentrations within normal range in the first trimester are correlated with gaining weight, physical activity level, and prepregnancy BMI. TSH concentration and consequently thyroid function may influence on gestational weight gain or vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]