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BackgroundTens of millions of children are exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis globally every year; however, there are no contemporary estimates of the risk of developing tuberculosis in exposed children. The effectiveness of contact investigations and preventive therapy remains poorly understood.MethodsIn this systematic review and meta-analysis, we investigated the development of tuberculosis in children closely exposed to a tuberculosis case and followed for incident disease. We restricted our search to cohort studies published between Jan 1, 1998, and April 6, 2018, in MEDLINE, Web of Science, BIOSIS, and Embase electronic databases. Individual-participant data and a pre-specified list of variables were requested from authors of all eligible studies. These included characteristics of the exposed child, the index case, and environmental characteristics. To be eligible for inclusion in the final analysis, a dataset needed to include: (1) individuals below 19 years of age; (2) follow-up for tuberculosis for a minimum of 6 months; (3) individuals with household or close exposure to an individual with tuberculosis; (4) information on the age and sex of the child; and (5) start and end follow-up dates. Studies assessing incident tuberculosis but without dates or time of follow-up were excluded. Our analysis had two primary aims: (1) estimating the risk of developing tuberculosis by time-period of follow-up, demographics (age, region), and clinical attributes (HIV, tuberculosis infection status, previous tuberculosis); and (2) estimating the effectiveness of preventive therapy and BCG vaccination on the risk of developing tuberculosis. We estimated the odds of prevalent tuberculosis with mixed-effects logistic models and estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for incident tuberculosis with mixed-effects Poisson regression models. The effectiveness of preventive therapy against incident tuberculosis was estimated through propensity score matching. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42018087022).FindingsIn total, study groups from 46 cohort studies in 34 countries-29 (63%) prospective studies and 17 (37%) retrospective-agreed to share their data and were included in the final analysis. 137 647 tuberculosis-exposed children were evaluated at baseline and 130 512 children were followed for 429 538 person-years, during which 1299 prevalent and 999 incident tuberculosis cases were diagnosed. Children not receiving preventive therapy with a positive result for tuberculosis infection had significantly higher 2-year cumulative tuberculosis incidence than children with a negative result for tuberculosis infection, and this incidence was greatest among children below 5 years of age (19·0% [95% CI 8·4-37·4]). The effectiveness of preventive therapy was 63% (adjusted HR 0·37 [95% CI 0·30-0·47]) among all exposed children, and 91% (adjusted HR 0·09 [0·05-0·15]) among those with a positive result for tuberculosis infection. Among all children

Background: Acute febrile illness (AFI) is the most common presentation in the pediatric emergency room, and bedside risk assessment scores are very useful to identify those at risk. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive validity of quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA), quick Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction-2 (qPELOD-2), Liverpool qSOFA (LqSOFA), and Pediatric Early Warning Score (PEWS) to predict the outcome of patients with AFI admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Subjects and Methods: This prospective observational study included children under the age of 18 years admitted to PICU. A thorough history and examination was performed in the ER, and the qSOFA, the qPELOD-2, the LqSOFA, and the PEWS scores were calculated. The primary outcome was inhospital mortality. The capacity of the scores to predict outcome was evaluated for calibration (using Hosmer–Lemeshow adaptation of the Chi-square test) and discrimination (using receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curve). The scores were compared for any significant difference using z-statistics. Results: The study included 239 patients with the most common diagnosis of dengue fever. The overall mortality rate in the study was 8.4%. On the calibration of the models, all the scores showed a good fit to predict mortality. On discrimination by ROC curve, the LqSOFA score and PEWS had the best area under the curve for ROC curve (AUC-ROC) (0.913), followed by the qSOFA score (0.859). On comparing the AUC-ROC curve, no statistically significant difference was found between the scoring systems to predict mortality. Conclusions: Bedside risk stratification scores are a simple and convenient tool to identify patients at risk for mortality and assess prognosis. No single assessment tool was found superior to others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate vasoactive-ventilation-renal (VVR) score to predict outcome postcardiac surgery in children and establish the time at which the score is best to predict outcome. Materials and Methods: This prospective cohort included children =18 years recovering from cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease. Data were collected from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and vasoactive-inotropic score (VIS) and VVR scores calculated at admission, 24 h, and 48 h postoperatively. Outcome of interest was prolonged length of ICU stay (defined as length of stay [LOS] in the upper 25th percentile) and ICU mortality. Correlation between the outcome and scores was obtained and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves generated. Independent association of the scores with the outcome was also established. Results: One thousand ninety-seven patients were enrolled with a median age of 24 months (range: 2 days-18 years) including 14.6% with single ventricle physiology. Pediatric ICU LOS >89 h was considered prolonged, and mortality was 2.2%. VVR score correlated better with outcome and had greater area under the curve (AUC) for ROC curve than the corresponding VIS at each study time point. The AUC of ROC curve for VVR score was greatest at 48 h for predicting both prolonged LOS (0.87) and mortality (0.92). VVR score at 48 h remains strongly associated with both prolonged LOS (odds ratio [OR] - 1.24; P = 0.000) and mortality (OR - 1.16; P = 0.000). Conclusion: VVR score is effective and robust bedside method to predict prolonged LOS and mortality postpediatric cardiac surgery. VVR score at 48 h was the best to predict outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wilson's disease is an autosomal recessive, multisystem disorder particularly involving hepatic and neuropsychiatric systems. The primary pathology in these cases is the reduction in the synthesis of copper transporter protein leading to accumulation of copper in various organs. Excessive deposition in liver leads to chronic liver disease and cirrhosis that may alter the metabolism and excretion of anesthetic agents. Providing anesthesia can be a challenging task in these cases. Hence, a thorough workup for the severity and extent of the disease and optimal planning is essential for the successful management of these cases. We, hereby, describe a case of a 23-year-old male with Wilson's disease posted for bilateral contracture release of the knee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]