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Various attempts have been made for the green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles, revealing the significance of plant extracts in reducing metal sources to nanoparticles and applications in various scientific domains. Azadirachta indica (family Meliaceae) is an evergreen tree that contains several phytochemicals within its leaves. This study aimed to perform the green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) from Azadirachta indica leaves extract. In respective research attempts, NPs were evaluated for applications of anthelminthic and cytotoxic activities. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed the spherical morphology and size ranged from 62.1 to 77.6 nm of Bio-SeNPs. Phenolics and flavonoids were determined to be 0.83 ± 0.05 µg/g and 7.37 ± 0.32 µg/g, respectively, and antioxidant activity was 23.93 ± 2.05. For anthelminthic activity, the model earthworm, Eisenia fetida, was tested. Bio-SeNPs (5 mg/ml) have the lowest time for paralysis and death of earthworms (33.68 ± 1.13 and 50.10 ± 2.21 min, respectively). Moreover, histological examinations showed shrinkage of the worm body among treated groups in comparison to control group. In addition, IC50 of Bio-SeNPs was obtained at 127.212 µg/ml for the HCT116, 263.430 for MDA-MB-231, and 330.456 µg/ml for HUH7 cell lines. Our results suggest Bio-SeNPs possessed anthelmintic and biocompatibility activities.

Natural resources emerge as an essential and alternative tool for controlling parasitic agents. The present study was carried out to evaluate in vitro and in vivo effect of Persea americana fruit extract (PAFE) on helminthiasis and coccidiosis. In vitro, anthelmintic activity was performed using PAFE against Allolobophora caliginose. PAFE elicited significant anthelmintic activity comparable to mebendazole with the lesser time taken to paralysis and death for 200 mg/mL. In vitro anticoccidial activity of PAFE, amprolium, phenol, DettolTM, and formalin were studied after incubation with unsporulated oocysts. PAFE was able to significantly inhibit oocyst sporulation in a dose-dependent manner. A total 35 male mice were divided into seven groups. At day 0, all groups except first and second groups were infected with 1×103 E. papillata. Group 1 served as control. Group 2 served as uninfected-treated one. Group 3 was considered an infected-untreated group. After 60 min of infection, groups 4, 5, and 6 were treated with PAFE. Group 7 was treated with amprolium. However, not at par with amprolium, PAFE showed a good anticoccidial activity adjudged based on a significant change in body weight gain, feed intake, oocysts output, and content of carbohydrates and protein. Therefore, PAFE exhibits powerful anthelmintic and anticoccidial effects.

Herbal extracts are promising agents against various parasitic diseases, such as malaria. This study aimed to evaluate the ameliorative action of

Parasites, particularly crustaceans, are considered as an important limiting factor in the development of intensified fish culture. The parasitic copepod of the Arabian Gulf fish is poorly known. So, the current investigation aimed to record the caligid species infecting the rosy goatfish Parupeneus rubescens in the Arabian Gulf. One copepod species was identified belonged to family Caligidae and labeled as Lepeophtheirus salmonis Kroyer 1837 depends mainly on its morphological, morphometric, and ultrastructural characteristics. It is characterized by lacking lunules, the anterior margin of the cephalothorax is not folded, three-segmented exopod of the fourth leg and longer than the protopod, leg 4 with the middle terminal claw as long as the inner one, accessory processes on terminal elements II and III of the exopod of the first leg, a genital complex distinctly wider than being long, and a relatively short abdomen. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that the rosy goatfish represents a new host for Lepeophtheirus species and added locality records for this infection.

The Rosy Goatfish (Parupeneus rubescens) is considered to be one of the most common goatfish species in the Arabian Gulf used as seafood on Saudi Arabia’s fish markets. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate one of the digenean species that infects this species of fish. It has been established that a new plagiorchiid species depends primarily on its morphological and morphometric characteristics within the Opecoelidae family and is classified as Paropecoelus saudiae referring to its host’s location. The present opecoelid species is characterized by having all the generic features within the genus Paropecoelus at morphological and morphometric levels. It could be differentiated from other species within this genus by the proportions of the different body parts, ratios of forebody/hindbody and oral/ventral suckers, location of oral sucker, number of marginal papillae on the ventral sucker, location and number of ovarian lobes, distribution and arrangement of uterine coils, extent of vitelline follicles, shape of seminal vesicle, and the terminal position of the genital pore. Due to the presence of some difficulties in the morphology of the closely related Paropecoelus species, the 18S and 28S rRNA gene-based molecular phylogenetic analysis was selected and analyzed to investigate the phylogenetic affinities and the taxonomic status of the recovered parasite species. The existing Paropecoelus species’ phylogenetic tree revealed a well-resolved distinct clade with other species belonging to The Opecoelidae family and deeply embedded within the Paropecoelus genus. The current study of the Paropecoelus species therefore reflects the third account of this genus as endoparasites of various species of the rosy goatfish. Keywords: Paropecoelus spp., Opecoelidae, Plagiorchiida, Arabian Gulf

Knowledge of the Arabian Gulf fish’s parasite fauna is very poor. Until recently, only scattered reports from different locations are known for ecto- and endoparasites. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the digenean species that infects one of the most economically fish species in the Arabian Gulf, the rosy goatfish Parupeneus rubescens . One plagiorchiid species has been described, belonging to the Gorgoderidae family, and has been named as Phyllodistomum vaili Ho, Bray, Cutmore, Ward & Cribb, 2014 based on its morphological and morphometric characteristics. In order to accurately classify and characterize this plagiorchiid species, molecular analysis was carried out using both nuclear 18S and 28S rRNA gene regions and revealed that the present plagiorchiid species was associated with other species belonging to the Gorgoderidae family and deeply embedded in the Phyllodistomum genus, closely related to the previously described P. vaili (gb| KF013187.1, KF013173.1). The present study therefore revealed that the species Phyllodistomum is the first account as endoparasites from the rosy goatfish inhabiting the Arabian Gulf. Resumo O conhecimento da fauna de parasitas dos peixes do Golfo Árabe é escasso. Atualmente, apenas relatórios dispersos de diferentes locais são conhecidos para ecto e endoparasitas. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar as especies digenéticas que infectam uma das espécies economicamente mais importantes do Golfo Arábico, o peixe-cabra rosado Parupeneus rubescens . Uma espécie de plagiorquídeo foi descrita, pertencente à família Gorgoderidae e foi denominada Phyllodistomum vaili Ho, Bray, Cutmore, Ward & Cribb, 2014, com base em suas propriedades morfológicas e morfométricas. A fim de classificar e caracterizar com precisão essa espécie de plagiorquídeo, a análise molecular foi realizada usando as regiões nucleares do gene 18S e 28S rRNA, revelando que a atual espécie de plagiorchídeo estava associada a outras espécies pertencentes à família Gorgoderidae e, profundamente incorporada ao gênero Phyllodistomum , intimamente relacionado ao P. vaili descrito anteriormente (gb | KF013187.1, KF013173.1). O presente estudo revelou, portanto, que a espécie Phyllodistomum vailli é o primeiro relato como endoparasita do peixe-cabra rosado que habita o Golfo Arábico.