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Aim: To evaluate the association of Spanish compared to English primary household language on preterm (PT) infants' language outcomes in the United States and to examine associations with socio‐economic factors. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort of PT infants born <32 weeks gestation from Spanish‐speaking (n = 95) and English‐speaking homes (n = 1030) born 2005–2019. Language (primary outcome) and cognitive and motor skills (secondary outcomes) were measured using the BSID‐III at 18–24 months corrected age. Group differences were evaluated using bivariate comparisons and logistic regression analyses. Results: Mothers reporting Spanish‐speaking homes had higher rates of public insurance and lower educational achievement. Group newborn characteristics were similar. Preterm infants from Spanish‐speaking homes had significantly lower BSID‐III language composite, cognitive composite, receptive and expressive scores compared to infants from English‐speaking homes. Logistic regression modelling identified independent negative effects of Spanish‐speaking household OR 3.26 (CI 1.89–5.62) and public insurance OR 2.31 (CI 1.71–3.12) with a protective benefit derived from breast milk OR 0.68 (CI 0.50–0.92) when adjusting for medical morbidities, socio‐economic factors and gestational age. Conclusion: Public health policies and interventions in the United States should target language and cognitive outcomes of PT infants from Spanish‐speaking homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low literacy is associated with poor health. We sought to examine pediatricians' attitudes and practices regarding literacy promotion in early childhood. We distributed a self-administered 23-item survey to a random sample of 500 board certified or eligible New Jersey primary care pediatricians. 134 surveys were returned, 25 of which were excluded. In all, 91% of pediatricians in our sample agreed that literacy promotion was an essential aspect of practice, and two-thirds agreed that they conduct activities to promote literacy. A total of 77% of pediatricians who completed their training ≤20 years ago agreed that they were adequately trained to promote literacy compared with 58% who completed their training >20 years ago (P = .04). Physicians reported several barriers including time constraints and insufficient funding. While most pediatricians in our sample support literacy promotion, less conducted activities in practice. Further study is needed to understand how to facilitate implementation of literacy promotion guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a term female neonate with vertebral anomalies, anal and urethral atresia, esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), renal agenesis, pulmonary hypoplasia, genital and sacral appendages, and a single umbilical artery. Genetic studies revealed a 20.91 Mb interstitial deletion of the long arm of X chromosome: Xq25-q27.3. This is a new case of VATER/VACTERL association with Xq25 microdeletion. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]