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This research is research using a quantitative approach that aims to analyze the quality of the test instrument by using the Rasch model to measure the ability of students in junior high school mathematics courses, especially in Algebra material. The sample used in the study was 37 students. The instrument used is a multiple-choice test with four answer choices consisting of 30 questions. The results obtained from this study there are 27 valid items and 3 invalid items. The reliability of the test score (reliability) of the estimation results using the Rasch model shows that the reliability is included in the good category with a person reliability value of 0.74, item reliability of 0.84 and Cronbach's Alpha of 0.85. For the level of difficulty or difficulty of the items, 7 items are in the very easy category, 7 items are in the easy category, 11 items are in the difficult category and 5 items are in the very difficult category. Of the 30 questions, there is 1 item that must be discarded because the question is too easy. The level of ability of students with serial numbers 18 and 4 is classified as person misfit in the Rasch model. This is because students with serial numbers 18 and 4 have an unusual pattern of answers, namely not being able to answer correctly on items that are classified as easy, but able to answer correctly on items that are classified as difficult.

Background Undernutrition associated micronutrient deficiencies in children are still prevalent in most developing countries. Iron and zinc deficiencies are the most common micronutrient deficiency globally, which significantly contribute deficits in cognitive function. Fortification with iron and zinc has proven successfully in reducing certain cognitive impairments like memory. Objective To determine the effects of milk fortified with iron and zinc on memory of underweight poor-urban schoolchildren. Methods A double blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 218 underweight poor-urban schoolchildren aged 7-9 years old; 113 children were supplemented twice daily with 27 gram of milk fortified with iron pyrophosphate (12.15 mg) and zinc sulfate (4.4 mg) for three months, 105 children served as controls. Anthropometry measured including bodyweight, height, sitting height and middle upper arm circumference. Memory was measured using digit span backward test in Wechsler Intelligence Scales III. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS for Windows, version 11.0. Results Baseline data of digit span backward score in iron and zinc group was 2.4 (SD 1.2), and control group was 3.0 (SD 1.8). After intervention, mean digit span backward score in iron and zinc group was 3 .1 (SD 1.2) and in control group 3.0 (SD 1.3). There was no improvement digit span backward score in control group after intervention, compared with 0.7 point improvement in iron and zinc group (P=0.009). Conclusion Milk fortified with iron and zinc improves working memory of underweight poor-urban schoolchildren.

Problem: Violence against women is a global health problem. Effectively preventing such violence requires locally adapted strategies., Approach: The World Health Organization in Indonesia, in collaboration with United Nations (UN) Population Fund, UN Women, United Nations Children's Fund, United Nations Development Programme and Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, launched capacity-building initiatives to introduce RESPECT as an evidence-based framework to address violence against women. The initiatives included stakeholder engagement, module development, sensitization training, a workshop and evaluation sessions. These sessions introduced RESPECT strategies to government officials, UN officers and community representatives, mapped best practices and developed action plans., Local Setting: Indonesia has a substantial burden of violence against women, despite numerous laws and policies to combat it. The 2021 Indonesian violence against women survey showed that 26.1% (3341/12 800) of women aged 15-64 years had experienced violence in their lifetime, with 8.7% (1114/12 800) experiencing violence in the past year., Relevant Changes: The initiatives to introduce RESPECT led to securing government support, and verbal commitment was given by the Director for the Protection of Women's Rights against Domestic Violence and Vulnerability to integrate RESPECT into the 2025-2029 National Development Plan and National Strategy for Reducing Violence Against Women., Lessons Learnt: RESPECT can be adapted to local contexts through customization and capacity-building and by ensuring initial government support, dedicated personnel, resource allocation and use of established relationships with key stakeholders. Improved research, monitoring and evaluation are vital to promote evidence-informed decision-making, together with community engagement and multistakeholder collaboration. The UN can facilitate these efforts., ((c) 2024 The authors; licensee World Health Organization.)

During Ramadan fasting, people are likely to consume water and beverages lower than recommended intake due to the limited time. However, it is necessary to achieve the recommended daily water intake to maintain the hydration status, as well as productivity during fasting. Unfortunately, there is a lack of data on drinking patterns during Ramadan. This study aims to investigate water and beverage intake and drinking patterns to help achieve water requirements during Ramadan among Indonesian adults. This is a cross-sectional study conducted during the Ramadan period from April to May 2021 (Ramadan 1442 Hijri). We used a self-administered questionnaire on drinking habits during Ramadan and utilized a 7-day fluid record (Liq.In 7) to assess water and beverage intake among participants who were managed through online procedure. There were 380 participants from five universities across Indonesia who completed the questionnaire accordingly and then analyzed it. The result shows that total water and beverage intake during Ramadan among participants was below the recommendation [1,670 (1,326-2,034) ml/day]. Among the type of beverages, water is the highest level of consumption [1,262 (983-1,666) ml/day] then followed by sugar-sweetened beverages [200 (91-350) ml/day]. We found a significant difference in water and beverages consumption between time of iftar [474 (375-590) ml/day], nighttime [574 (414-810) ml/day], and suhoor [560 (423-711) ml/day]. From this study, we found that during Ramadan the most common drinking pattern is 2-4-2, but a drinking pattern of 4-2-2 glasses (sequence of four glasses at iftar, two glasses at nighttime, two glasses at suhoor) had a significantly higher chance to adhere with the recommendation of fluid intake compared to other patterns. Therefore, based on this research on water and beverage intake, it is necessary and important to make improvements among Indonesian adults during Ramadan, and the drinking pattern of 4-2-2 glasses may help to achieve the recommended daily water consumption., Competing Interests: DS, DC, BM, DF, NM, WL, and PI were a part of the Indonesian Hydration Working Group. The Indonesian Hydration Working Group is a collaboration project between the Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia and PT Tirta Investama (Danone). However, PT Tirta Investama (Danone) did not participate nor was involved in the proposal writing, process of data collection, analyzing, interpretation, as well as manuscript writing. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Sunardi, Chandra, Medise, Friska, Manikam, Lestari, Insani, Ayusari, Mayasari, Saftarina, Sari and Ulvie.)

Melastoma malabathricum is an Indo-Pacific herb that has been used traditionally to treat numerous ailments such as wounds, dysentery, diarrhea, toothache, and diabetes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the variability of the metabolic profiles of M. malabathricum across its geographic distribution. By employing thin layer chromatography (TLC), specimens collected from six terrestrial and archipelago regions of Indonesia were analyzed by densitometry for metabolomic fingerprinting analysis combined with chemometric tools: principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Two PCAs were identified as PC1 and PC2 with 41.90% and 20.36%, respectively. Our results indicate the importance of considering geographic distribution during field-collection efforts since they demonstrate regional metabolic variation in secondary metabolites of M. malabathricum , as illustrated by TLC and their biological activities.

Antibiotic resistance has been an ongoing challenge that has emerged almost immediately after the initial discovery of antibiotics and requires the development of innovative new antibiotics and antibiotic combinations that can effectively mitigate the development of resistance. More than 35,000 people die each year from antibiotic resistant infections in just the United States. This signifies the importance of identifying other alternatives to antibiotics for which resistance has developed. Virtually, all currently used antibiotics can trace their genesis to soil derived bacteria and fungi. The bacteria and fungi involved in symbiosis is an area that still remains widely unexplored for the discovery and development of new antibiotics. This brief review focuses on the challenges and opportunities in the application of symbiotic microbes and also provides an interesting platform that links natural product chemistry with evolutionary biology and ecology.