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Enhancing awareness of personal cleanliness and antibacterial resistance has intensified the antibacterial substance request on consumable products. Antibacterial agents that have been commercialized nowadays are produced from inorganic and non-renewable substances. This provides several drawbacks, particularly against health and environmental issues. Therefore, many scientists work on substituting fossil-fuel-based antibacterial agents with natural ones such as from biomass. Biomass derivatives, natural abundances of biopolymers in the world, amount to major compounds including polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose, and chitosan) and polyphenol (tannin and lignin) substances which are capable to combat the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria. To date, no report focuses on a deep understanding of antibacterial properties derived from biomass and the internal and external factors effects. This work provides that gap because comprehensive knowledge is necessary before applying biomass to the products. The potency of biomass derivatives as antibacterial additives is also summarized. Basic knowledge of antibacterial characteristics to the application in products is highlighted in this review. Besides, the discussion about challenges and future perspectives is also delivered.

The application of the expanded polystyrene (EPS) waste to the functional material is still a challenge. The hydrophobic property of polystyrene has a potential to create a superhydrophobic surface. Here, we use expanded polystyrene waste to coat surfaces in two different ways—spray coating and dip coating—to produce superhydrophobic surfaces for food packaging. The ZnO was employed to make the surface rougher. However, the combination of ZnO and EPS waste produces only a hydrophobic surface. For spray coating and dip coating, the maximum water contact angle is 119° and 125° respectively. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) picture reveals many holes that increase the surface's roughness. The hydrophobic surface significantly cuts down on cleaning time. According to the food packaging parameter test mandated by the Indonesian Food and Drug Administration (BPOM) (BPOM regulation No. 20, 2019), the coating complies with heavy metals and ethanol stimulant migration testing requirements for food packaging. However, the migration condition in acetic acid stimulant surpasses the maximum standard. The total migration in 3% acetic acid stimulant (40°C for 10 days) is 22.95 mg/dm2 while the maximum value is 10 mg/dm2.

Gelatin is a high-risk ingredient in terms of its halal status. Liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to identify the source of gelatin based on marker peptides and proved to deliver higher reliability than other methods. However, the digestion method is essential before LC-MS/MS analysis. This research evaluated different digestion methods against selected porcine gelatin marker peptides and assessed LC-MS/MS sensitivity through adulteration experiments in various mixed matrices. The study involved three digestion methods (conventional, microwave, and ultrasound) before LC-MS/MS analysis to determine the most effective method for detecting marker peptide targets from porcine gelatin. The appropriate method was applied to isolate porcine gelatin peptides in the matrices of bovine gelatin and confectionery products (lozenges, marshmallows, and soft candy) at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1% (w/w). Relative detection limit values were determined. The results showed that conventional digestion treatment yielded a higher marker peptide detection rate than microwave and ultrasound digestion. Meanwhile, the detection limit of porcine gelatin in bovine gelatin ranged from 0.09 to 0.89%, depending on the marker peptide used, and could be significantly detected at a concentration of 1% in the confectionery product. The marker peptide TGQPGAVGPAGIR exhibited the highest stability, as it was detectable at the lowest concentration across all mixed matrices. The LC-MS/MS method has been proven to afford sensitive results and has the potential to serve as an alternative for detection of halal status.

Self-cooling material usually uses synthetic or employ harmfull chemicals. Nanocellulose from bacterial culture composited with CaCO3 and ZnO is proposed to overcome the limitation. Bacterial nanocellulose was prepared via kombucha fermentation. Obtained bacterial nanocellulose was bleached using H2O2 to remove impurities. The bleached bacterial nanocellulose exhibited a nanofiber shape and a cellulose I crystalline structure with a crystallinity of 44.3 %. The fiber diameter was approximately 92.51 ± 21.46 nm. Bleached bacterial nanocellulose had a higher nanocellulose content than unbleached bacterial nanocellulose. The bleached bacterial cellulose was composited with CaCO3 and ZnO particles to form randomly distributed particles. The composite decreases sample temperature as high as 3.8 °C and 3.7 °C for CaCO3 and ZnO composites, respectively.

Nature-inspired technology has been investigated widely. Anti biofouling properties of fish scale has inpired to improve membrane performance. Biofouling affects an oil-water separation membrane. The bacterial, coagulant, and hydrophobic oils attach to the membrane surface, demanding periodic cleaning. To overcome the problems, surface modification materials are introduced namely superoleophobic surface. The superoleophobic surface promises antifouling, high flux, and high separation efficiency. Superoleophobic surfaces are inspired by the scales on fish that form a hydrogel-like layer on their surface. The hydrogel repels oil and any organic materials, keeping the surface clean. The hydrogel of fish scales can be mimicked by cellulose-based materials. A dense layer of hydroxyl groups absorbs a lot of water and forms a hydrogel bond. The membrane with the cellulose hydrogel-like structure will perform a superoleophobic characteristic surface. The characteristic can be utilized as a functional membrane for oil-water separation. This article reviews the principle, mechanism, current development, and future challenges of bioinspired superoleophobic surfaces from cellulose-based materials for membrane applications.

Abstract The halal food industries are rapidly expanding to fulfill global halal demands. Non-halal substances such as porcine proteins are often added intentionally or unintentionally to products. The development of highly selective and sensitive analytical tools is necessary, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry is a powerful tool that can cope with the challenge. The LC–MS method has great potential for halal authentication, because it has high sensitivity and low detection limit and detects several species markers and different tissue origins at once within one species. This article provides an understanding of recent advances in the application of LC–MS for the improvement of porcine authentication. Sample preparation, marker selection, separation and mass spectrometry conditions, quantitative assessment, and data processing for protein identification were all covered in detail to choose the most suitable method for the analytical needs.

The pseudostem of banana (Musa sp.) has a high value for fiber. In this study, we characterized two wild Musa acuminata, i.e., ssp. malaccensis (LIPI-030) (M1) and var. breviformis (LIPI-218) (M3), an accession of diploid M. acuminata cultivar “Pisang Rejang” (LIPI-048) (M2) and one accession M. balbisiana “Pisang Klutuk” (LIPI-054) (M4) for its chemical (including Syringyl (S) and Guaiacyl (G) ratio) physical and mechanical properties, fiber analysis, morphological analysis, functional groups, crystallinity, and thermal analysis. As a result, there are variations in chemical, physical, and mechanical properties, fiber length and diameter, crystallinity, and thermal analysis behavior for each banana species. “Pisang Klutuk” showed the most different characteristics compared to others. The cellulose content of all banana fibers has a close correlation with their tensile strength. Based on the fiber properties evaluation, var. breviformis (M3) has a tensile strength of 459.99 MPa, cellulose content of 33.30%, degree of crystallinity of 45.23%, degree of polymerization of 1199.15, and S/G ratio of 0.39 that suggested the most potential banana for fiber with high strength. The lignin S/G ratio of banana samples (M1-M2) showed a positive correlation with the degree of crystallinity and tensile strength, while it had a negative one with tensile modulus and strain. This study presented the importance of the S/G ratio and fiber properties that may aid the future application of Indonesian fiber in biomass conversion strategies.

Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS) is a simple, rapid, and reliable analytical technique to assay lignocellulose biomass. This study aims to analyze the chemical content of various ages of platinum fast-grown teak wood using PyGCMS coupled with interdependence multivariate analysis. Fifty-eight peaks were shown in the pyrogram originating from carbohydrates, lignin, and extractive derivatives. Along with age, platinum fast-grown teak wood showed higher carbohydrate derivatives in heartwood than sapwood. Compared to teak wood grown in conventional (between 36.72-45.69%), platinum fast-grown teak wood has a higher content of carbohydrates (42.82-48.04%). A substantial amount of G-unit lignin was detected in the sapwood, while the S-unit lignin dominated the heartwood. The extractive content of 10-years-old teak wood heartwood was 4.82%, higher than 10- and 20-years-old heartwood from conventional wood (2.23% and 8.88%, respectively). Multivariate analysis of the chemical compound showed that Py-GCMS could be utilized to classify platinum fast-grown and conventional teak wood. 2-methyl anthraquinone (MAQ) content of 10-year-old fast-grown teak wood was 2.5 times higher than 20-year-old conventional teak wood. Based on the study, platinum fast-grown teak wood is promising as alternative wood material to fulfill the market demand for conventional teak wood.

Lignin is a biopolymer from agro-forestry biomass which provides greater prospects for higher added value applications in renewable and sustainable products. In this study, technical lignin from black liquor was used as a pre-polymer for the preparation of bio-polyurethane (Bio-PU) resins. Briefly, the isolated lignin was fractionated using ethyl acetate (EtAc) and methanol (MeOH). The liquid fractions of lignin, such as lignin-EtAc (L-EtAc) and lignin-methanol (L-MeOH), were mixed with 10% of polymeric isocyanate (based on the weigth of liquid fractions) to obtain Bio-PU resins. The isolated lignin, fractionated lignin, and lignin-derived Bio-PU resins were characterized using several techniques. The obtained Bio-PU resins then were used to modify ramie fibers using vacuum impregnation method. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) revealed that the isolated lignin had quite similar characteristics to lignin standar. Fractionation of lignin with EtAc and MeOH altered its characteristics. FTIR, DSC, and TGA showed that solid fractions of lignin had similar characteristics to lignin standard and isolated lignin, while the liquid fractions had characteristics from lignin and the solvents. The absorption band of isocyanate (-N=C=O) groups was shifted to 2285 cm-1 from 2240 cm-1 owing to the reaction with the -OH groups in lignin, forming urethane (R-NH-C=O-R) groups at 1605 cm-1 in Bio-PU resins. Thermal properties of Bio-PU resins derived from L-EtAc exhibited greater endothermic reaction compared to Bio-PU-L-MeOH. As a result, the free -N=C=O groups in Bio-PU resins have reacted with -OH groups on the surface of ramie fibers and improved its thermal properties. Modification of ramie fibers with Bio-PU resins improved the fibers' thermal stability by 15% using Bio-PU-LEtAc for 60 min of impregnation. Keywords: bio-polyurethane resins, impregnation, lignin fractions, ramie fibers, thermal stability

Lignin is the second most naturally abundant biopolymer in the cell wall of lignocellulosic compound (15-35%) after cellulose.Lignin can be generated in massive amounts as by-products in biorefineries and pulp and paper industries through differing processes. Most lignin is utilized as generating energy and has always been treated as waste. Due to the high amount of phenolic compounds in lignin, it is considered as a potential material for various polymers, building blocks, and biomaterials production. Even though lignin can be utilized in the form of isolated lignin directly, the modification of lignin can increase the wide range of lignin applications. Lignin-based copolymers and modified lignin show better miscibility with another polymeric matrix, outstanding to the enhanced performance of such lignin-based polymer composites.This article summarizes the properly updated information of lignin’s potential applications, such as bio-surfactant, active packaging, antimicrobial agent, and supercapacitor. Keywords: active packaging, antimicrobial agent, bio-surfactant, lignin, supercapacitor

Medium density fiberboard (MDF) is an engineered wood product that has density and specific gravity similar to solid wood, ranging from 600 to 800 kg/m3 of density and 0.6 to 0.8 of specific gravity. This makes MDF suitable to partially replace solid wood, particularly for interior application. Approximately over than 100 million m3 of MDF are produced in 2020, resulting in a large amount of waste MDF will be generated in the next 20 years. MDF is produced using urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins adhesive. UF resins adhesive is a poly-condensation product of urea and formaldehyde via an alkaline acid two-step reaction. Sustainable MDF production is required as the world is facing climate change and deforestation. Recycling is a way to support sustainable production in the engineered wood products manufacturing. Many attempts have been done to find ways to recycle waste MDF. The main problem is UF resins, which bond the MDF panel fibers. In order to re-manufacture the waste MDF into new recycled MDF, UF resins should be eliminated from the waste MDF before being used. The presence of UF resins in MDF can interfere with the utilization of the recycled fibers, whether it will be used as a raw material for new MDF or other composite products. This paper reviews the process of removal of cured UF resins from waste MDF panel by considering the hydrolytic stability of cured UF resins for MDF recycling, providing a comprehensive review of how cured UF resins can be removed from waste MDF and characterization of recycled fibers obtained from recycling prior to re-manufacturing of recycled MDF panel. Keywords: hydrolysis, medium density fiberboard, resin, recycling, resin removal, urea-formaldehyde

Investigating beneficial chemical compounds of plant extracts is one of the ways to prevent biodiversity loss. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of indigenous plant extracts from Toba, North Sumatra, and Mt. Merapi National Park regions against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Candida tropicalis by calculating the zone of microbial growth inhibition. Among the plant extracts, T5 that identified asToona sinensisshowed the highestmicrobial inhibitionto the growth of C. albicans, B. subtilis, S. typhi, and E. coli with the diameter growth of approximately 2.00, 1.80, 1.33, and 1.33 cm, respectively. Based on those results, T. sinensis was thensubsequently fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, respectively.The resulted fractions also were evaluated for antimicrobial bioassay. All fractions have shown activity in inhibiting the growth of the microbes at 1% concentration. However, each fraction showedgrowth inhibition against certain microbes. The n-hexane fraction showed the greatest inhibitory activity for E. coli and S. typhi; ethyl acetate fraction for B. subtilis and C. albicans; and methanol fraction for E. coli and S. typhi. The results revealed that T. sinensis plant extract has great potential asan antimicrobial agent. Further investigation is needed to observe the mode of antimicrobial action of fractionated crude extracts of T. Sinensis. The exploring potency of Indonesian biodiversity opened up a new way for the utilization of plants for economic development and conservation. Keywords: antimicrobial plants, indigenous knowledge, Toba-North Sumatra, Mt. Merapi

Ramie is one of the long natural fiber has strong mechanical properties. To improve the quality of ramie fiber, this study developed a bio degumming method from superior isolates of pectinolytic fungi Rhizopus sp. and optimization of raw fiber based on harvesting time. The results of the pectinolytic fungi selection were used as a bio degumming bio starter under optimum conditions of pH and temperature. Also, fiber material harvested at 50-day and 60- day to obtain an increase in the physical quality. The bio degummed fiber was analysed to determine the tenacity and fineness, the functional groups contained, thermal analysis, moisture regain and content, material polymers, and degree of crystallinity. Based on the results, the finest ramie properties with 50-day harvested fiber are as follows: strength 24.54 ± 0, 02 g/tex, elongation 12.04 ± 2,90%, fineness 1.33 ± 0,17 tex, moisture regain 8.23 ± 0,18 %, and moisture content 8.96 ± 0,21 %. Ramie fibers at initial conditions and after bio degumming at 50 and 60-day harvested had the same pattern of thermal stability. The dyeability test showed that the degummed 60-day harvested fibers has the greatest dye fixing ability. The bio degumming process with this method can improve the quality and dyeability of the rami fiber which can be used for future applications.

The Eupatorium plant has been well used in medication and as a decorative plant. Some studies have reported that this herb has biochemical compounds, such as sesquiterpenes, phenolics, polysaccharides, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Thus, it has pharmacological effects, including antifungal, antibacterial, cytotoxic, and antinociceptive properties, that can be utilized for cosmetic purposes. However, only a few published works have summarized the active compounds and the application of Eupatorium plants as cosmetic agents. Therefore, this article aims to review the application of Eupatorium plants as a potential cosmetic agent. The active compounds of Eupatorium are contained in the whole plant, as well as the stems, leaves, roots, and aerial parts (flower, fruit, and seeds). In terms of cosmetic applications, the activities of Eupathorium are antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, anti-melanin/melanogenesis, anti-acne, and anti-inflammatory. This review aims to contribute to a better understanding for expanding the utilization of this plant for cosmetic purposes by using these active compounds.

The efficient isolation process and understanding of lignin properties are essential to determine key features and insights for more effective lignin valorization as a renewable feedstock for the production of bio-based chemicals including wood adhesives. This study successfully used dilute acid precipitation to recover lignin from black liquor (BL) through a single-step and ethanol-fractionated-step, with a lignin recovery of ~35% and ~16%, respectively. The physical characteristics of lignin, i.e., its morphological structure, were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chemical properties of the isolated lignin were characterized using comprehensive analytical techniques such as chemical composition, solubility test, morphological structure, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), elucidation structure by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (Py-GCMS), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The fingerprint analysis by FTIR detected the unique peaks corresponding to lignin, such as C=C and C-O in aromatic rings, but no significant differences in the fingerprint result between both lignin. The 1H and 13C NMR showed unique signals related to functional groups in lignin molecules such as methoxy, aromatic protons, aldehyde, and carboxylic acid. The lower insoluble acid content of lignin derived from fractionated-step (69.94%) than single-step (77.45%) correlated to lignin yield, total phenolic content, solubility, thermal stability, and molecular distribution. It contradicted the syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) units’ ratio where ethanol fractionation slightly increased syringyl unit content, increasing the S/G ratio. Hence, the fractionation step affected more rupture and pores on the lignin morphological surface than the ethanol-fractionated step. The interrelationships between these chemical and physicochemical as well as different isolation methods were investigated. The results obtained could enhance the wider industrial application of lignin in manufacturing wood-based composites with improved properties and lower environmental impact.

This review article aims to summarize the potential of using renewable natural resources, such as lignin and tannin, in the preparation of NIPUs for wood adhesives. Polyurethanes (PUs) are extremely versatile polymeric materials, which have been widely used in numerous applications, e.g., packaging, footwear, construction, the automotive industry, the lighting industry, insulation panels, bedding, furniture, metallurgy, sealants, coatings, foams, and wood adhesives. The isocyanate-based PUs exhibit strong adhesion properties, excellent flexibility, and durability, but they lack renewability. Therefore, this study focused on the development of non-isocyanate polyurethane lignin and tannin resins for wood adhesives. PUs are commercially synthesized using polyols and polyisocyanates. Isocyanates are toxic, costly, and not renewable; thus, a search of suitable alternatives in the synthesis of polyurethane resins is needed. The reaction with diamine compounds could result in NIPUs based on lignin and tannin. The research on bio-based components for PU synthesis confirmed that they have good characteristics as an alternative for the petroleum-based adhesives. The advantages of improved strength, low curing temperatures, shorter pressing times, and isocyanate-free properties were demonstrated by lignin- and tannin-based NIPUs. The elimination of isocyanate, associated with environmental and human health hazards, NIPU synthesis, and its properties and applications, including wood adhesives, are reported comprehensively in this paper. The future perspectives of NIPUs’ production and application were also outlined.

The utilization of pesticides often leaves residues which potentially pollute the environment. This journal issue has been encouraging some researchers to find an environmentally friendly insecticide by a cheaper wood preservative method. The International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures 15 (ISPM 15) [1] that is adopted in wood packaging protection in Europe is not suitable for tropical countries like Indonesia. Therefore, the treatment by Organo-Complex-based wood preservation, which consists of copper chromium combined with natural organic compounds, is proposed for effective treatment at a lower cost. The bioassay test was subjected to dry wood termite Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light. The result showed that wood materials treated by 10 ppm Organo-Complex formula gave good results which were indicated by the low consumption and the fast termination of the termites. The toxicity analysis of C-C organic compound solution is classified as grade IV (WHO, 2003) [2], or not harmful. Analysis of the residual content four weeks after the spraying treatment showed a significant reduction in the inorganic content (copper chromate complex), in the range of 35%, and in extracts of natural materials (natural extracts), above 80%.

No-choice feeding tests using ethanol, chloroform, and acetone extractives of teak (Tectona grandis) heartwood clearly showed feeding deterrent activity and toxicity to the subterranean termite Reticulitermes speratus. The amount of 2-methylanthraquinone (MAQ) in teak wood extractives was not related to the feeding deterrents or toxicity, as shown by the no-choice feeding tests conducted using crude extractives containing various amounts of MAQ, MAQ alone, and fractions of crude extractives. As a native pest, the subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus was more tolerant to the fractions of crude extractives than Reticulitermes speratus, and the mortality observed in C. formosanus was not due to the presence of MAQ.