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According to the World Health Organization, approximately 70% of adults in Mexico are overweight or obese, determining factors in the development of diabetes mellitus type 2. In addition, according to the National Institute of Public Health, 10.3% of those over 20 years old suffer from diabetes. To facilitate decision or classification tasks when treating a patient, experts develop systems based on fuzzy logic, however, this design is not usually infallible, so it is common to optimize them to improve their performance. The present work shows the results of a comparison between the efficiency in predicting the risk of suffering from type 2 diabetes established by the FINDRISC test and an own design fuzzy system optimized by the Simulated Annealing heuristic for 295 patients from Acapulco, Mexico. The comparison shows that the fuzzy system obtains the same sensitivity, but higher specificity values and positive and negative predictive values with general improvement in the confidence intervals, concluding that using the proposed system as an aid in the prevention of type 2 diabetes is viable and yields results attached to the reality of the patients.

El suicidio es considerado un problema de salud publica, y su deteccion y tratamiento de manera temprana pueden contribuir a prevenirlo. La deteccion automatica de indicadores de ideacion suicida en textos tiene posibilidad de ser una herramienta util para su prevencion. En este trabajo, se reunio un corpus formado por poemas de doce poetas distintos, de los cuales seis cometieron suicidio. Se experimento con dos representaciones vectoriales, una por numero total de palabras y otra por palabras relacionadas con conceptos emocionales negativos. Los vectores se agruparon utilizando dos algoritmos: K-means y un hibrido de K-means con Optimizacion por Enjambre de Particulas . Se comparo la eficiencia de las representaciones vectoriales y de los algoritmos usados y se obtuvo que, por medio del algoritmo hibrido y del vocabulario relacionado con conceptos emocionales negativos, los grupos de poetas con ideacion suicidada y sin ella pudieron ser distinguidos con una exactitud de hasta 0.98. Palabras clave: Agrupamiento, Metaheuristicas, K-Means, Optimizacion por Enjambre de Particulas, Deteccion de Ideacion Suicida. doi: https://doi.org/10.36825/RITI.09.18.002

Current business dynamics require ventures to implement innovation processes to generate value for customers, gain competitiveness, and be sustainable in the market. This study analyzes the activities, capacities, and results of innovation and the relationship with the competitiveness factors of ventures in the popular and solidary non-financial sector, in order to understand the current reality and the basis for future decision-making with an influence in business growth. This research is non-experimental, using a quantitative and correlational approach by conducting surveys to the presidents of 68 venturesin the Canton Quito between the months of March and June 2020. The results showed a predominant medium level of innovation and competitiveness, with organizational learning standing out in the capacity for innovation. In terms of technological innovation, improvements in the quality of products and new production methods can be identified; as for non-technological innovation, new communication and marketing channels and new business practices have been implemented. With regard to competitiveness, the ventures are focused on human resources and marketing. There is a strong positive correlation between innovation and competitiveness. La dinámica empresarial actual exige a los emprendimientos implementar procesos de innovación para generar valor para los clientes, ganar competitividad y ser sostenibles en el mercado. Este trabajo realiza un diagnóstico de las actividades, capacidades y resultados de innovación y la relación con los factores de competitividad de los emprendimientos del sector no financiero popular y solidario que permita comprender la realidad actual y la base para la toma de decisiones futuras incidiendo en el crecimiento empresarial. La investigación es no experimental de enfoque cuantitativo y correlacional para el cual se aplicaron encuestas a los presidentes de 68 emprendimientos del cantón Quito entre marzo y junio de 2020. En los resultados, predominó el nivel medio de innovación y de competitividad; en la capacidad de innovación, se destaca el aprendizaje organizacional. En innovación tecnológica, se evidencia la mejora en la calidad de productos y nuevos métodos productivos; en innovación no tecnológica, se han implementado nuevos canales de comunicación, comercialización y nuevas prácticas empresariales. En competitividad, los emprendimientos están enfocados en recursos humanos y comercialización. Se evidencia una correlación positiva fuerte entre innovación y competitividad. A dinâmica empresarial atual exige que os empreendimentos implementem processos de inovação para gerar valores para os clientes, ganhar competitividade e ser sustentáveis para o mercado. Este lavor realiza um diagnóstico das atividades, capacidades e resultados de inovação e a relação com os fatores de competitividade dos empreendimentos do setor financeiro popular e solidário que permitem compreender a realidade atual e que são um suporte para a tomada de decisões futuras incidindo no crescimento empresarial. A pesquisa é não experimental, de enfoque quantitativo e concernente, para a qual se aplicaram enquetes aos presidentes de 68 empreendimentos do Canton de Quito entre os meses de março a junho de 2020. Nos resultados, predominou um nível mediano de inovação e de competitividade, na capacidade de inovação destacou-se o aprendizado organizacional. Em inovação tecnológica evidenciaram-se a melhoria da qualidade dos produtos e novos métodos produtivos e em inovação não tecnológica, foram implementados novos canais de comunicação, comercialização e novas práticas empresariais. Em competitividade, os empreendimentos enfocam-se na área de recursos humanos e comercialização. Evidencia-se uma correlação positiva, forte entre inovação e competitividade.

Academic writing is a complex task that requires an author to be skilled in argumentation. The goal of an academic author is to communicate ideas clearly and to convince the reader of the veracity of their claims. However, few students in lower level courses are good arguers, as this is a skill that takes time to master. With the aim of contributing to the development of this skill, we introduce a freely available annotated corpus to support research on argumentation in Spanish. To build the corpus, we developed an annotation guide to identify argumentation in paragraphs. The guide also outlines how to annotate segments of sentences as either claims or premises and how to indicate relations (support or attack) between such components. Then, an annotated corpus of 444 sections was created, and an almost perfect interannotator agreement rate was achieved for a number of its components. After its construction, the corpus was used to perform an exploratory analysis, which aimed to identify the amount of argumentation in each section as well as the patterns commonly used for argument identification. Thereafter, experiments were conducted to automatically classify argumentative components using lexical, semantic, discourse, structural, and sentiment features. A Document Occurrence Representation was also tested on the corpus constituting a novel approach in the representation of documents for automatic argument detection. The results of these experiments to automatically classify argumentative components in Spanish are very promising and seem to support the idea that linguistic feature engineering plays a crucial role in text classification.

Due to the problems presented in current traditional/biometric security systems, the interest to use new security systems, have been increasing. This paper explores the use of brain signals EEG-based during imagined speech in order to use it as a new biometric measure for Subjects identification and thus create a new biometric security system. The main contribution of this paper are two methods for feature extraction, first to improve the signal-to-noise ratio the Common Average Reference was applied. The first method was based on Discrete Wavelet Transform, and the second method was based on statistical features directly from the raw signal. The proposed methods were tested in a dataset of 27 Subjects who performed 33 repetitions of 5 imagined words in Spanish. The results show the feasibility of the task with accurate identification of the Subject, regardless of the imagined word used and using a commercial EEG system (EMOTIV EPOC). In addition, the scope of the method is displayed by decreasing the training data, as well as the number of active sensors for the identification task. Using the proposed method with future improvements and implementing it in a low-cost device can be a new and valuable biometric security system.

The face images processing is one of the study areas within the field of computer vision. Thus there are works mainly in face recognition, emotions identification, among others, however the development of automatic systems of age estimation is a challenge that is still under investigation. In the present work, a procedure to classify a face in a determined age range is proposed. For said proposal, theories of craniofacial growth and facial anthropometry are analyzed, deriving in a selection of anthropometric parameters that represent discriminant characteristics for the distinction of faces at different ages. These parameters were used to generate a classification model on Weka platform using the SVM, Knn, Naïve Bayes and C4.5 algorithms. Cross validation at 10 folds was used for each algorithm. The highest accuracy was obtained with Knn with 7 neighbors and it was 75. 28%. This verifying the usefulness of the anthropometric distances selected for the recognition of age in face images.

The social identity of the founders focuses on how individuals identify and understand themselves as entrepreneurs, it has been shown that the intellectual abilities and nature of leaders are manifested in the creation and management of their companies and the results that these get. The research defines a model adjusted by structural equations to measure the types of Darwinian, Missionary and Communitarian social identity of companies’ founders in Ecuador. In the application of the model, it is evidenced that there is an inclination of these founders towards missionary identity, followed by Darwinian, as pure identities, thus a significant percentage of the hybrid Darwinian/missionary is also obtained as a result (13.2%). It is evident that there is no significant difference between the variables gender, age, professional training and company sector, and the type of identity. Except between the missionary identity and the formation of the founder. The study shows the importance of relating the type of social identity with relevant business results such as the capacity for innovation in companies.

The process of age estimation is a task of computer vision that represents a challenge to the diverse factors that influence the process of aging in humans such as environment, food, and toxic habits, among others. Such a task has been studied from different approaches. In this work, a geometric approach is developed by using distances and proportions existing in every face. The functionality is increased by the use of fiducial points to locate any characteristic features of the face; its location is based on craniofacial growth studies used in the area of forensic anthropometry and plastic surgery. The location of 15 fiducial points is considered through the ASM algorithm and 8 distances between fiducial points, which statistically verify the difference in facial proportions between adults and minors. The distances obtained are analyzed with the Discriminant Analysis procedure to study the correlations between distances and the corresponding age group. From this, a model that allows classifying a new image in an age group is constructed: adults; those over 18 years of age, and minors; those under 17 years of age, obtaining 90% accuracy.

espanolEl presente estudio nace de un trabajo de titulacion previo cuyo objetivo fue el caracterizar las franquicias de capital ecuatoriano e identificar su aporte en la generacion de fuentes de empleo. El metodo utilizado tuvo diseno no experimental de nivel descriptivo, con enfoque mixto. Para la fase cualitativa, los datos se recolectaron mediante una entrevista semi estructurada, aplicada a los directores de las asociaciones de franquicias mas representativas del pais; para la fase cuantitativa, al total de la poblacion de franquicias nacionales que al momento de realizar la investigacion, en el periodo abril–agosto de 2016, fue de 48 franquicias, se les aplico un cuestionario estructurado de 31 preguntas. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan que las franquicias ecuatorianas, se enfocan en la industria alimenticia, farmaceutica y de la construccion, las cuales poseen 2.355 establecimientos y generan 12.114 fuentes de empleo, lo que posiciona a las franquicias como un modelo de negocio que permite generar empleo en el pais. EnglishThe present study is the result of a previous investigation, carried out with the objective of characterizing the Ecuadorian capital franchises and identifying their contribution in the generation of employment sources; for this, it was taken into consideration that franchises allow the replication of a successful business, which grows with ease and has a high probability of generating sources of employment, it was necessary to characterize national franchises. The research method used had a non-experimental design at a descriptive level, with a mixed approach. For the qualitative phase, the data was collected through a semi-structured interview, applied to the directors of the most representative franchise associations in the country; On the other hand, for the quantitative phase, a structured questionnaire was applied consisting of 31 questions, to the total of the population of national franchises that, at the time of conducting the research, in the period AprilAugust 2016, was 45 franchises. The results obtained show that the Ecuadorian franchises are focused on the food, pharmaceutical and construction industries, which have 2,355 establishments and generate 12,114 sources of employment, which positions franchises as a business model that generates employment in the country.