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Background In British Columbia, Canada, most adults 50–69 years old became eligible for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine in April 2021, with chimpanzee adenoviral vectored vaccine (ChAdOx1) restricted to ≥55-year-olds and second doses deferred ≥6 weeks to optimize single-dose coverage. Methods Among adults 50–69 years old, single-dose messenger RNA (mRNA) and ChAdOx1 vaccine effectiveness (VE) against SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalization, including variant-specific, was assessed by test-negative design between 4 April and 2 October 2021. Results Single-dose VE included 11 861 cases and 99 544 controls. Median of postvaccination follow-up was 32 days (interquartile range, 15–52 days). Alpha, Gamma, and Delta variants comprised 23%, 18%, and 56%, respectively, of genetically characterized viruses. At 21–55 days postvaccination, single-dose mRNA and ChAdOx1 VE (95% confidence interval [CI]) was 74% (71%–76%) and 59% (53%–65%) against any infection and 86% (80%–90%) and 94% (85%–97%) against hospitalization, respectively. VE (95% CI) was similar against Alpha and Gamma infections for mRNA (80% [76%–84%] and 80% [75%–84%], respectively) and ChAdOx1 (69% [60%–76%] and 66% [56%–73%], respectively). mRNA VE was lower at 63% (95% CI, 56%–69%) against Delta but 85% (95% CI, 71%–92%) against Delta-associated hospitalization (nonestimable for ChAdOx1). Conclusions A single mRNA or ChAdOx1 vaccine dose gave important protection against SARS-CoV-2, including early variants of concern. ChAdOx1 VE was lower against infection, but 1 dose of either vaccine reduced the hospitalization risk by >85% to at least 8 weeks postvaccination. Findings inform program options, including longer dosing intervals.

A field study aimed at knowing the reality of administrative development in the ‎colleges of education in the province of Baghdad. The research adopted the ‎descriptive analytical method. The research community was determined, which ‎consisted of (142) of the assistant deans and heads of departments in the faculties ‎of education. The research sample was chosen by the simple random method by ‎‎ (79%) from the research community, as the number of the sample members was ‎‎ (112) of the assistant deans and heads of departments. A questionnaire was built ‎that included (50) items distributed among the areas (regulations and instructions, ‎leadership, administrative structure, administrative communication, and staff ‎development). The researcher made sure of its validity and reliability. The research ‎data was analyzed using the (SPSS) program, and the most important results were ‎reached: the administration adopts information and communication technology to ‎ease the centrality between the university administration, the college administration ‎and the management of scientific departments. The instructions allow participation, ‎innovation, creativity and development, as well as reaching a number of ‎recommendations and proposals related to research‎. Keywords: Administrative Development, Faculties of Education‎, ‎Leadership

In this research, it is aimed to study the role of the university managers at two universities in promoting occupational safety and health by revealing whether there are statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05=*). The researchers have looked at the role of university management in promoting safety and occupational health by looking at the following variables: sex, experience, and employability. The descriptive analytical approach has been used, and the developed questionnaire consists of 40 paragraphs, divided into four areas. The sample study has been randomly selected from the original research community, with the proportion of 14%. The number of administrators and faculty members, who have been asked to fill up the questionnaire, has been 210 persons. The researchers have made sure that data variables are honest and stable. Results have been analyzed by using the SPSS program. The have reached many results and recommendations, and the most important ones are the following two: There must be a policy of awareness and guidance as well as adoption of specialized methods in occupational safety and health matters that promote the promotion of workers in the culture of occupational safety and health in order to take preventive measures, proper work and an appropriate educational environment in the mentioned universities. It is also urgent to form specialized committees in occupational safety and health to work on a clear policy with the preparation of crisis and disaster management plans mediated by a specified and experienced Committee and work on its application in the university institutions, especially nowadays under the Corona pandemic.

BackgroundWith the return of in-person classes, an understanding of COVID-19 transmission in vaccinated university campuses is essential. Given the context of high anticipated vaccination rates and other measures, there are outstanding questions of the potential impact of campus-based asymptomatic screening.MethodsWe estimated the expected number of cases and hospitalizations in one semester using rates derived for British Columbia (BC), Canada up to September 15th, 2021 and age-standardizing to a University population. To estimate the expected number of secondary cases averted due to routine tests of unvaccinated individuals in a BC post-secondary institution, we used a probabilistic model based on the incidence, vaccination effectiveness, vaccination coverage and R0. We examined multiple scenarios of vaccine coverage, screening frequency, and pre-vaccination R0.ResultsFor one 12 week semester, the expected number of cases is 67 per 50,000 for 80% vaccination coverage and 37 per 50,000 for 95% vaccination coverage. Screening of the unvaccinated population averts an expected 6-16 cases per 50,000 at 80% decreasing to 1-2 averted cases per 50,000 at 95% vaccination coverage for weekly to daily screening. Further scenarios can be explored using a web-based application.InterpretationRoutine screening of unvaccinated individuals may be of limited benefit if vaccination coverage is 80% or greater within a university setting.

IntroductionIn randomized controlled trials, single-dose efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 illness exceeded 90% for mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273), and 75% for ChAdOx1. In British Columbia (BC), Canada second doses were deferred up to 16 weeks and ChAdOx1 was only initially recommended for adults 55 years of age and older. We compared single-dose vaccine effectiveness (VE) during the spring 2021 wave in BC when Alpha and Gamma variants of concern (VOC) predominated.MethodsVE was estimated against infection and hospitalization by test-negative design: cases were RT-PCR test-positive for SARS-CoV-2 and controls were test-negative. Adults 50-69 years old with specimen collection between April 4 and May 22 (weeks 14-20) were included. Variant-specific VE was estimated between weeks 17-20 when genetic characterization of all case viruses was performed, primarily through whole genome sequencing.ResultsVE analyses included 7,116 (10%) cases and 60,958 controls. Three-quarters of vaccinated participants received mRNA vaccine (60% BNT162b2, 15% mRNA-1273) and 25% received ChAdOx1. Half of genetically characterized viruses were Alpha, with 38% Gamma, 4% Delta and 8% non-VOCs. Single-dose VE against any infection was 75% (95%CI: 72-78) for BNT162b2, 82% (95%CI: 76-87) for mRNA-1273 and 61% (95%CI: 54-66) for ChAdOx1. VE against hospitalization was 83% (95%CI: 76-89), 85% (95%CI: 63-94) and 96% (95%CI: 86-99), respectively. VE against Alpha vs. Gamma infections did not differ among mRNA (78%;95%CI: 73-82 and 80%;95%CI: 74-85) or ChAdOx1 (66%;95%CI: 57-74 and 60%;95%CI: 48-69) recipients.ConclusionsA single dose of mRNA vaccine reduced the SARS-CoV-2 infection risk by at least 75%, including infections due to early VOC. Although effectiveness of a single dose of ChAdOx1 was lower at 60% against infection, just one dose of any vaccine reduced the hospitalization risk by more than 80%. In the context of constrained vaccine supplies, these findings have implications for global vaccine deployment to reduce the overall burden of infections and hospitalizations due to SARS-CoV-2.

BackgroundThe province of British Columbia (BC) has been recognized for successful SARS-CoV-2 control, with surveillance data showing amongst the lowest case and death rates in Canada. We estimate sero-prevalence for two periods flanking the start (March) and end (May) of first-wave mitigation measures in BC.MethodsSerial cross-sectional sampling was conducted using anonymized residual sera obtained from an outpatient laboratory network, including children and adults in the Greater Vancouver Area (population ∼3 million) where community attack rates were expected to be highest. Screening used two chemiluminescent immuno-assays for spike (S1) and nucleocapsid antibodies. Samples sero-positive on either screening assay were assessed by a third assay targeting the S1 receptor binding domain plus a neutralization assay. Age-standardized sero-prevalence estimates were based on dual-assay positivity. The May sero-prevalence estimate was extrapolated to the source population to assess surveillance under-ascertainment, quantified as the ratio of estimated infections versus reported cases.ResultsSerum collection dates spanned March 5-13 and May 15-27, 2020. In March, two of 869 specimens were dual-assay positive, with age-standardized sero-prevalence of 0.28% (95%CI=0.03-0.95). Neither specimen had detectable neutralizing antibodies. In May, four of 885 specimens were dual-assay positive, with age-standardized sero-prevalence of 0.55% (95%CI=0.15-1.37%). All four specimens had detectable neutralizing antibodies. We estimate ∼8 times more infections than reported cases.ConclusionsLess than 1% of British Columbians had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 when first-wave mitigation measures were relaxed in May 2020. Our findings indicate successful suppression of community transmission in BC, but also substantial residual susceptibility. Further sero-survey snapshots are planned as the pandemic unfolds.Key pointsCross-sectional sampling of anonymized residual sera at the start and end of first-wave mitigation measures in British Columbia, Canada shows SARS-CoV-2 sero-prevalence below 1% throughout the winter-spring 2020. Findings indicate successful suppression of community transmission but also substantial residual susceptibility.

A field study aimed to evaluate the performance of secondary schools in the examinations from the perspective of teachers, administration managers, adopted in this study, descriptive and analytical approach. Was identified research community which consisted of (3981), a school teacher, research sample stratified random way chosen by (6.882%) of the research community, as the number of respondents reached (274) of secondary teachers. Was built questionnaire included 60 items distributed among the fields of study. And make sure the two researchers of the validity and reliability. Data were analyzed using the search software (SPSS), and the researchers apply the resolution in the first semester of the academic year 2015-2016. And reached the following findings: that the performance of school principals in exams administration level was up about a year and reflects the skill and ability.

The research aimed to identify good preparation for teaching and its relationship to classroom discipline management from the perspective of teachers, as descriptive and analytical approach was adopted. The research community was determined which consists of (3822), school teacher, a sample was selected randomly with statistics rate (5.232%) of the research community, as the number of respondents was 200 teachers in secondary schools. Questionnaire was built which included 40 items distributed among four areas. And the two researchers made sure of its validity and reliability. Research data were analyzed using program (SPSS), and the researchers applied the questionnaire in the academic year 2016-2015and the reached the following results: There is a very strong relationship between the teaching preparation and management of classroom discipline, and planning to teach has achieved the highest results in this relationship as being the key to success, and there are no statistically significant differences attributable to three set variables differences (sex, experience, and specialization). In the end, a number of recommendations were put in the lightoftheresultsachieved.

Background Concern about adverse events following immunization is frequently cited by both those who receive or decline vaccines. Neurological adverse events are especially concerning. Objectives Our aim was to detect associations between seasonal influenza vaccination and the occurrence of severe anesthesia/paresthesia or severe headaches. Methods Data were analyzed from the Canadian National Vaccine Safety network. Events occuring on days 0–7 were self-reported and prevented daily activity, led to school or work absenteeism, or required medical attention. Controls were the previous year’s vaccinees; events in controls were collected prior to the start of the influenza vaccination program of each year (2012/13 through 2016/17). Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association between seasonal influenza vaccination and the occurrence of anesthesia/paresthesia or severe headaches. Results The total sample was 107,565 for investigating anesthesia/paresthesia and 97,420 for investigating severe headaches. Anesthesia/paresthesia was reported by 104/107,565 (0.10%) participants; 63/69,129 (0.09%) vaccinees and 41/38,436 (0.11%) controls (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.60, 1.32). Severe headaches were reported by 1361/97,420 (1.40%) participants; 907/61,463 (1.48%) vaccinees and 454/35,957 (1.26%) controls (aOR = 1.21; 95% CI = 1.08, 1.36). No specific vaccine product was associated with severe headaches. Conclusions Our study found no association between severe anesthesia/paresthesia and seasonal influenza vaccination. While there was an association with severe headaches as an adverse event following influenza vaccination, the rates of these events are similar to rates reported from clinical trials and are not a cause for additional concern.

Objectives/Aims: Dental practitioners are prone to hearing loss due to noise exposure encountered in dental clinics. The aim of this study was to determine whether the persistent high-frequency sounds produced by the dental equipment could cause hearing decrement among the Saudi dental practitioners. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 38 randomly selected Saudi dentists from different specialties who were exposed to noise during working hours and 38 individuals as a control group. The participants underwent four audiometric tests that included an otoscopic examination, tympanometry, pure tone audiometry and the distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) test. Results: The data revealed that ~15.8% of the dentists and 2.6% of the control group had some hearing loss. No significant difference was found between the two groups in the pure tone audiometry test; however, qualitative analysis revealed a higher percentage of hearing loss among the dentists’ group as compared with their control counterparts. A statistically significant difference was found in DPOAEs between the two groups in the left ear (P=0.002), and between the right and left ears (P=0.005). Discussion: In the present cross-sectional study, the prevalence of hearing loss among dentists as assessed with the pure tone audiometry test was 15.8%. Which was in accordance with a previous study performed by Khaimook et al., which revealed the prevalence of hearing loss in dental personnel to be 17.7%; however, no significant differences were observed compared to the control group in both studies. The otoacoustic emission test in the left ear exhibited significant changes. These changes could have been due to the presence and continuity of the sounds produced by high- and low-velocity suction devices on the left side of the dental unit knowing that 97% of the dentists are right handed. Conclusion: Evidence suggests that noise from dental clinics can cause hearing problems, which had a greater effect on the left ear than the right; however, these problems are not severe in nature. Noise-induced hearing loss was more prevalent among the dentists than the control group.

دراسة ميدانية هدفت الى تحديد مصادر الشكوى المتبادلة بين موظفي مديريات التربية بأقسامها واداراتها في تعاملها اليومي مع مديري المدارس الثانوية في محافظة بغداد، واعتمدت المنهج الوصفي التحليلي. وتم تحديد مجتمع البحث الذي يتكون من (2357) موظفا وموظفة و(305) مديرين ومديرات. واختيرت عينة البحث بالطريقة العشوائية الطبقية البسيطة وبنسبة ( 7% ) من مجتمع البحث إذ بلغ عدد أفراد العينة (167) موظفا وموظفة، واختيرت عينة البحث بالطريقة العشوائية الطبقية البسيطة بنسبة (39،67%) من مجتمع البحث، إذ بلغ عدد أفراد العينة (121) مديرا ومديرة. وتم بناء استبانتين الاولى تضمنت (28) فقرة والثانية (28) فقرة. وتأكد الباحثان من صدقهما وثباتهما. وتم تحليل النتائج عن طريق البرنامج الاحصائي (SPSS)، وتم تطبيق الاستبانتين في الفصل الثاني من العام الدراسي 2015-2016. وتوصلت الدراسة الى نتائج اهمها: أن مصادر الشكوى التي يشكو منها مديرو المدارس هي اكثر حدة وحجما من تلك الشكاوى التي يشكو منها موظفو مديريات التربية، وأن عمق وحجم الاسباب التي شخصها مديرو المدارس هي اكبر بنحو طفيف من تلك التي حددها موظفو مديريات التربية وقدم البحث عددا من التوصيات والمقترحات.