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This paper examines the possible relationship between religious education and social justice. A consideration of what it is that education in the public sphere should seek to achieve, in a normative sense, is followed by an explanation of how we conceptualise social justice in this paper. This leads us to be able to explain why the relationship between teacher and child or young person is significant and why it is insufficient to conceptualise religious education only in terms of knowledge. Instead, we propose that the teacher's first responsibility when beginning any course of study is to bring the child to attend to their experience and that of their wider community. We argue that curriculum cannot be made in isolation of the context of the child and that education is not something that takes place in abstraction. Rather, it requires the teacher to be attentive to this "particular" child, the one who is here now, and in this "particular" place. Having begun to set out the educational position of our argument, we show how this is working practically guided by a Locally Agreed Syllabus for Religious Education: Living Difference IV, in religious education taught in a school in an area of high deprivation in the southeast of Hampshire. UK.

In this paper, we propose that an increasingly regarded theoretical framework in neuroscience--the predictive processing framework--can help to advance an understanding of the foundations of critical thinking as well as provide a mechanistic hypothesis for how education may increase a learner's subsequent use of critical thinking outside of an educational context. We begin by identifying a lacuna in the understanding of critical thinking: a causal account of the internal triggers to think critically. We then introduce the predictive processing framework to address this lacuna, and unpack the implications of this framework for understanding the deployment of critical thinking skills in situ, in the real world.

Abnormal nuclear size and shape are hallmarks of aging and cancer. However, the mechanisms regulating nuclear morphology and nuclear envelope (NE) expansion are poorly understood. In metazoans, the NE disassembles prior to chromosome segregation and reassembles at the end of mitosis. In budding yeast, the NE remains intact. The nucleus elongates as chromosomes segregate and then divides at the end of mitosis to form two daughter nuclei without NE disassembly. The budding yeast nucleus also undergoes remodeling during a mitotic arrest; the NE continues to expand despite the pause in chromosome segregation, forming a nuclear extension, or "flare," that encompasses the nucleolus. The distinct nucleolar localization of the mitotic flare indicates that the NE is compartmentalized and that there is a mechanism by which NE expansion is confined to the region adjacent to the nucleolus. Here we show that mitotic flare formation is dependent on the yeast polo kinase Cdc5. This function of Cdc5 is independent of its known mitotic roles, including rDNA condensation. High-resolution imaging revealed that following Cdc5 inactivation, nuclei expand isometrically rather than forming a flare, indicating that Cdc5 is needed for NE compartmentalization. Even in an uninterrupted cell cycle, a small NE expansion occurs adjacent to the nucleolus prior to anaphase in a Cdc5-dependent manner. Our data provide the first evidence that polo kinase, a key regulator of mitosis, plays a role in regulating nuclear morphology and NE expansion.

Road culverts located on federal, state, and private lands currently block upstream passage of juvenile salmon to thousands of miles of suitable juvenile rearing habitat. Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), in cooperation with partner state and federal agencies, is currently leading a cooperative program to study juvenile salmonid passage through culverts by systematically conducting statistically designed experiments in full-scale culvert systems at the Culvert Test Bed (CTB).The overall goal of the CTB program is to identify culvert configurations and the associated hydraulic conditions that facilitate successful upstream passage of juvenile salmonids. Previous studies have used juvenile coho salmon to examine the factors influencing passage success and leaping ability. This study begins research focused on retrofitted culverts. A retrofitted culvert is one in which the bed characteristics of an existing culvert are modified or engineered to improve fish passage. The main objectives of this study were to determine the passage success of juvenile salmon swimming through a series of configurations baffles under different culvert slopes and water flow conditions and to relate fish passage success to culvert slope, water flow, water velocity, turbulence intensity, water depth, and other hydraulic parameters for the installed retrofit design.In 2005 and 2006, testing was conducted using a culvert-baffle configuration commonly used in Washington to en¬hance upstream adult salmonid passage. The primary question to be addressed is what passage success is achieved for juvenile salmon with this standard culvert-baffle configuration. The fish-passage tests evaluated passage success in a 40-ft corrugated culvert with three weir baffles at one culvert slope (1.14%) and over five flows conditions (1.5, 3, 6, 8, and 12 cfs). In addition, a full hydraulic analysis of flow conditions inside the CTB was conducted.The relationships between natural logarithm of passage success of juvenile coho salmon (94 mm to 104 mm) and culvert discharge were statistically significant and curvilinear for all three configurations. For the configuration without baffles, passage success was about 40% at 1.5 cfs, increased to about 70% at 3 cfs, and then decreased to less than 10% at 12 cfs. The curves for configurations without baffles and with baffles and elevated backwatering condition did not differ significantly. Both these curves were significantly greater than the curve for the configuration with baffles and standard backwatering condition. Backwatering influences passage success through baffled culverts and will need to be considered as an experimental variable in future tests.Differences between our results and other research results indicate that fish size has substantial influence on pas¬sage success and that these tests will need to be repeated for smaller juveniles. The lower passage success at 1.5 cfs relative to the higher flows both with and without baffles indicates that the lower passage success at 1.5 cfs is not a function of baffling conditions, i.e., baffles or no baffles, but rather is due to some aspect of culvert discharge. More exploratory behavior was observed at 1.5 cfs than at higher flows. The observations also suggest that consistent upstream movement may require a cue that is associated with higher flows. The nature of the cue is not known but could be related to higher velocities, greater depth, or more distinct low-velocity pathways.Behaviors associated with successful upstream passage were more complex with baffles than without baffles. A significant quadratic relationship between the probability of passage success and the number of entries was found for all configurations at flows above 1.5 cfs. These relationships suggest that fish may be achieving the same level of passage success for less effort in the baffled configuration. The behavioral observations indicate that the fish use low-velocity pathways to accomplish passage and that these pathways differ between the baffled and unbaffled conditions and perhaps differ with flow for the baffled condition. The fish appear to be able to find and use low-velocity pathways to accomplish the passage in several different settings.Overall, the results obtained thus far in the culvert test bed system demonstrate that the juvenile coho salmon have remarkable abilities to adapt their behavior to accomplish upstream passage in different system configurations and under different flows. The fish appear able to find and use low velocity pathways to accomplish the passage.

Traditionally, ecosystem restoration has focussed on standard ecological indicators like water or habitat quality, species population abundance or vegetation cover to determine success. However, there is growing interest in how restoration might impact people and communities. For example, researchers have documented positive socio‐ecological links between restoration and human well‐being indicators like property value, natural hazard mitigation, recreation opportunity and happiness. Furthermore, public health benefits from restoration have been linked to public support for programmes.Drawing from this research, the United Nations declared 2021–2030 the 'Decade of Ecosystem Restoration' and set a goal to promote more socio‐ecological goals in ecosystem restoration. Nonetheless, there is still a lack of information on the extent to which restoration practitioners consider well‐being because many granting programmes only require ecological goals and monitoring.To explore how restoration practitioners design, implement and measure the success of their projects, we used the federally funded Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) as a case study. Since 2010, GLRI has awarded over $3.5 Billion to over 5300 projects across the midwestern United States, but it does not presently require human well‐being considerations. We performed an online survey targeting project managers with a sample of GLRI projects (N = 1574). We received 437 responses and found that almost half set a human well‐being goal, and more than 70% of those who did believe they reached it. In comparison, 90% of project managers believed they met their ecological goals.These documented perceptions of positive impacts for both people and nature suggest that restoration may already transcend traditional indicators and monitoring for socio‐ecological metrics could capture many 'unseen' benefits. Therefore, we recommend that ecosystem restoration programmes adopt a socio‐ecological lens to document the full extent of their restoration outcomes. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The passage of juvenile salmonids and other fish through culverts is a significant Endangered Species Act (ESA) issue throughout the Pacific Northwest and now in other areas of the nation. Much of recent research and engineering has focused on increased passage of returning adult salmon; however, juvenile-salmonid movement both up and downstream throughout the year is now recognized as substantial and is a key area in which future research promises practical returns. Because a large percentage of the culverts beneath roads in the Pacific Northwest are judged as blocking juvenile salmon from thousands of miles of habitat, determining appropriate hydraulic and fish-passage designs for retrofitted culverts before installation has both substantial cost and environmental implications. To address these issues, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) leads a partnership that includes the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW), Alaska Department of Transportation, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Oregon Department of Transportation, California Department of Transportation, the Federal Highway Administration, and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). The partnership has undertaken a phased program conducted by an interdisciplinary team of scientists and engineers from PNNL to address the hydraulic and behavioral issues associated with juvenile-salmonid fish passage through culvert systems. This program addresses the testing and assessment of full-scale physical models of culvert systems deployed in an experimental test bed. Experiments in the test bed have begun and will measure the hydraulic conditions (mean velocity, turbulence, and water depth) associated with various culvert designs under various slopes and flow regimes, and then relate these measures to repeatable, quantitative measures of fish-passage success. The culvert test-bed program is a one-of-a-kind capability designed to provide scientifically sound information that can be used to develop better designs for retrofitted culvert installations. Compared with field studies or temporary installations, the facility promises fast results, scientific and statistically controlled evaluations, an ability to quickly discern optimum engineering principles, and elimination of expensive trial-and-error approaches of field installations.