Search

This chapter focuses on the overlap between trade secrets and privacy. It mentions how both areas of law have always been part of the right to information. During the age of digitalization, disputes arose regarding who is entitled to a certain amount of data on a certain server, or who is allowed to copy data from whose device. Moreover, data protection law raises questions concerning overlapping rights to data and the background of a fundamentally different understanding of privacy between the laws in the US and in Europe. The chapter elaborates on information theory, which distinguishes between the semantic, syntactic, structural, and sometimes also pragmatic layers of information.

Ferrocyanides and ferricyanides are among the most employed positive electrolyte materials in aqueous flow battery research, but the limited solubility of commonly available sodium and potassium salts is a critical factor limiting application at scale. Here, we systematically study the cation-dependent solubility of these materials and, importantly, the cation-dependent stability of the anion in aqueous solution. For Li4Fe(CN)6, we report a maximum solubility of 2.3 M and show stable cycling of a 2 M symmetric cell, corresponding to electrolyte capacities of 54 Ah L−1, over 200 days. We also demonstrate solubilities of 1.6 M for ammonium and calcium salts and investigate the pronounced anion decomposition observed in the presence of ammonium cations. Our observations lead to a discussion of challenges associated with the osmotic strength of concentrated electrolytes that employ ions with high charge states, such as ferrocyanide., Cell Reports, 4 (1), ISSN:2666-3864, ISSN:2211-1247

The cycling life of layered Ni-rich LiNi1-x-yCoxMnyO2 (NCM, 1-x-y ≥ 0.8) is typically extended by restricting the upper cut-off voltage during cycling to below 4.2 V, sacrificing, however, the untapped additional capacity above the cut-off voltage. To make this additional capacity available, we investigate graphite/LiNi0·8Co0·1Mn0·1O2 cells cycled to high upper cut-off voltages up to 4.5 V at high electrode areal capacities of 4.8 mAh/cm2 in a standard electrolyte consisting of 1 M lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) in ethylene carbonate and ethylene methyl carbonate (ethylene carbonate:ethylene methyl carbonate = 3:7 vol% + 2% vinylene carbonate). Although the initial capacity reaches 190 mAh/g, the capacity retention after 300 cycles to 4.5 V is only 66%. Employing a combination of tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite and lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate as electrolyte additives, we demonstrate excellent capacity retention of 85% after 300 cycles to 4.5 V. Moreover, graphite/LiNi0·8Co0·1Mn0·1O2 cells with additives show improved capacity retention also at elevated temperatures of 60 °C. A detailed post-mortem analysis reveals the formation of a compact and LiF-rich and B-containing cathode/electrolyte interphase layer on the LiNi0·8Co0·1Mn0·1O2 particles cycled with tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite and lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate additives, substantially suppressing the transition metal dissolution and the cation-disordered layer formation on the exposed particles' surface., Materials Today Energy, 34

During the Cold War, international associations of resistance veterans were important transnational actors. Split along the political fault lines, an ‘antifascist’ stance was crucial to them, both in their memories of resistance against Nazi Germany and in their involvement in the propaganda campaigns of the Cold War. Due to its manifold activities, the pro-communist Fédération Internationale des Résistants (fir) was the most important of these international associations. Liberal and anti-communist organizations, like the Fédération Internationale Libre des Déportés et Internés de la Résistance (fildir), formed the counterpart to the fir. These organizations will serve as a point of comparison. This study transcends the prevailing national perspective, instead investigating the transnational memory of the survivors. It goes on to examine the consequences of the political changes in the ussr after Stalin’s death in March 1953, and Khrushchev’s ‘secret speech’ as well as the Hungarian Uprising and its suppression in 1956.

Organocatalysts immobilized on inorganic porous substrates possess fundamental benefits, e.g., a high catalyst/reactant ratio, easy scalability as well as work-up, and continuous processing. Here we report the development of a heterogeneous (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) catalyst immobilized on mesoporous SiO2 and demonstrate its feasibility in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde. Our catalyst system is based on commercially available mesoporous silica particles that are optimized for flow applications (LiChrospher® Si 100 from Merck). The transition from well-known silica materials like MCM-41 and SBA-15 to specialized high-performance materials such as the used LiChrospher® particles is of great value for getting closer to industrial applications on large scale. We functionalized the material by applying click-chemistry and employed a packed HPLC column for the investigation of the catalyst performance and stability in continuous flow. The material shows the best performance with low catalyst loadings. The catalytic activity can be improved significantly by conversion of the TEMPO radical to an oxoammonium salt prior to the reaction. The material is well suited for applications in continuous flow syntheses, as the spherical shape of the particles results in low back pressures. The organic catalyst produces yields up to 89% with a flow rate of 0.05 mL min−1. The mild reaction conditions allow the use of the material in multi-step reactions. This option was demonstrated by combining the TEMPO-functionalized column with an aminopropyl-functionalized column and performing a TEMPO-mediated oxidation followed by a Knoevenagel condensation in a continuous flow setup for the first time. Long-term tests and post-catalytic analysis show a previously neglected decomposition pathway of TEMPO due to the co-catalyst.

We apply the new quantization scheme outlined in Phys. Rev. D102 (2020) 125001 to explore the influence which quantum vacuum fluctuations of the spacetime metric exert on the universes of Quantum Einstein Gravity, which is regarded an effective theory here. The scheme promotes the principle of Background Independence to the level of the regularized precursors of a quantum field theory ("approximants") and severely constrains admissible regularization schemes. Without any tuning of parameters, we find that the zero point oscillations of linear gravitons on maximally symmetric spacetimes do not create the commonly expected cosmological constant problem of a cutoff-size curvature. On the contrary, metric fluctuations are found to reduce positive curvatures to arbitrarily tiny and ultimately vanishing values when the cutoff is lifted. This suggests that flat space could be the distinguished groundstate of pure quantum gravity. Our results contradict traditional beliefs founded upon background-dependent calculations whose validity must be called into question therefore., Comment: 41 pages, 2 figures

The water-in-salt concept has significantly improved the electrochemical stability of aqueous electrolytes, and the hybridization with organic solvents or ionic liquids has further enhanced their reductive stability.[1] Here, we open a large design space by introducing succinonitrile as a cosolvent in water/ionic liquid/succinonitrile hybrid electrolytes. Via addition of the nitrile, electrolyte performance metrics such as electrochemical stability, conductivity, or cost can be tuned, and salt solubility limits can be fully circumvented. We elucidate the solution structure of two select hybrid electrolytes and highlight the impact of each electrolyte component on the final formulation, showing that excess ionic liquid fractions decrease the lithium transport number, while excess nitrile addition reduces electrochemical stability and yields flammable electrolytes. If component ratios are tuned appropriately, high electrochemical stability is achieved and aqueous Li4Ti5O12 - LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 full cells show excellent cycling stability with a maximum energy density of ca. 140 Wh/kg of active material, and Coulombic efficiencies of close to 99.5% at 1C. Furthermore, strong rate performance over a wide temperature range, facilitated by the fast conformational dynamics of succinonitrile, with a capacity retention of 53% at 10C relative to 1C is observed.[2] References: [1] Becker, M.; Rentsch, D.; Reber, D.; Aribia, A.; Battaglia, C.; Kühnel, R.-S., The hydrotropic effect of ionic liquids in water‐in‐salt electrolytes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.. 2021, 60, 14100. [2] Reber, D.; Borodin, O.; Becker, M.; Rentsch, D.; Thienenkamp, J.H.; Grissa, R.; Zhao, W.; Aribia, A.; Brunklaus, G.; Battaglia, C.; Kühnel, R.-S., Water/Ionic Liquid/Succinonitrile Hybrid Electrolytes for Aqueous Batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 2112138.

Development of energy dense aqueous redox flow batteries is held back by high cost, chemical instability of highly soluble active compounds, or solubility limits of more suitable active materials. Here, we study solubilizing effects of inexpensive polar additives on metal-organic chelates based on aminopolycarboxylate ligands, a particularly promising family of compounds for application in negative electrolytes in near neutral pH aqueous flow batteries with demonstrated discharge voltages as high as 2.1 V.[1] Upon addition of certain additives, cation-dependent solubilities of chromium 1,3-propylenediaminetetraacetate (CrPDTA) and chromium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (CrEDTA) salts are enhanced by 60% and 125%, respectively, resulting in maximum solubilities of e.g., 1.5 м for KCrPDTA and 2.2 м for NaCrEDTA. We elucidate the mechanism behind enhanced solubility of aminopolycarboxylate chelates and study the impact of the additive on the electrochemical performance of near neutral pH flow batteries, demonstrating 50% higher anolyte capacities, up to 40 Ah L−1, than previously reported for this class of materials. In capacity balanced full cells, using ferrocyanide catholytes, we observe excellent Coulombic efficiencies >99.6% and voltage efficiencies >78% at average discharge voltages of ca. 1.5 V when cycling at 100 mA cm−2. Peak discharge power densities of >400 mW cm−2 further highlight the potential of our facile and cost-effective approach. Finally, we discuss avenues for future work to further exploit the solubilizing effect described herein. References: [1] B.H. Robb, J.M. Farrell, M.P. Marshak, Chelated chromium electrolyte enabling high-voltage aqueous flow batteries, Joule 2019, 3, 2503–2512.

This work presents a wireless 401-406 MHz on-off keying (OOK) transceiver (TRX) analogue front-end for medical implantable communication systems (MICS). The transmitter (TX) part consists of a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), a fractional-N phase-locked loop (PLL) and an output buffer for OOK modulation. The receiver (RX) front-end implemented based on a low intermediate-frequency (IF) homodyne RX architecture comprises a balun low-noise amplifier (LNA), a Gilbert mixer and a variable gain amplifier (VGA). The RX re-uses the signal generated by the TX as its local oscillation (LO) signal. A proof-of-concept circuit prototype has been fabricated in a 180-nm BiCMOS technology. Experimental results show the PLL frequency can be adjusted over the entire MICS band with a frequency resolution of 0.33 MHz. Its phase noise is -100 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset frequency. Additionally, the TX exhibits a maximal output power of 4.6 dBm. The complete RX front-end achieves a noise figure below 8.4 dB and a high conversion gain of 75 dB. The TX and RX consume a DC power of 23 mW and 27.5 mW, respectively. The data rate of the whole TRX reaches 1 Mbit/s which is the highest among the state-of-the-art MICS TRXs.

Crystallization near room temperature is a common challenge for water-in-salt electrolytes. We demonstrate that water-in-salt electrolytes based on lithium (pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide remain thermodynamically in the liquid state down to at least -10 °C. Combined with their excellent chemical and electrochemical stability as well as high lithium-ion conductivity, these electrolytes represent a key enabler for the next generation of high-voltage aqueous lithium-ion batteries.

An approach for the preparation of noble metal nanoparticles supported on nanostructured metal oxides is described herein. The approach is based on the sequential generation of the noble metal nanoparticles and of a metal oxide phase inside a cross-linked polymer colloid (microgel). By tuning the properties of the employed microgel, the nature and amount of both the noble metal nanoparticles and the metal oxide phase can be independently varied. The resulting composite colloids are colloidally stable and, upon isolation by precipitation and subsequent calcination, produce noble metal nanoparticles dispersed on a crystalline, nanostructured oxide phase. Preliminary catalytic tests provide information on the accessibility of the noble metal nanoparticles and, particularly in the case of gold, result in promising catalytic performances in the aerobic oxidation of alcohols.

The interplay of fluorination and structure of alkane self-assembled monolayers and how these affect hydrophobicity are explored via molecular dynamics simulations, contact angle goniometry, and surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy. Wetting coefficients are found to grow linearly in the monolayer density for both alkane and perfluoroalkane monolayers. The larger contact angles of monolayers of perfluorinated alkanes are shown to be primarily caused by their larger molecular volume, which leads to a larger nearest-neighbor grafting distance and smaller tilt angle. Increasing the Lennard-Jones force cutoff in simulations is found to increase hydrophilicity. Specifically, wetting coefficients scale like the inverse square of the cutoff, and when extrapolated to the infinite cutoff limit, they yield contact angles that compare favorably to experimental values. Nanoscale roughness is also found to reliably increase monolayer hydrophobicity, mostly via the reduction of the entropic part of the work of adhesion. Analysis of depletion lengths shows that droplets on nanorough surfaces partially penetrate the surface, intermediate between Wenzel and Cassie-Baxter states.

Water-in-salt electrolytes have successfully expanded the electrochemical stability window of aqueous electrolytes to up to 3 V. While particularly the reductive stability of water-in-salt electrolytes can be further improved by simply increasing the salt concentration, this approach has its limitations as it leads to very viscous and hence poorly conducting solutions. An alternative strategy is the partial substitution of water by ionic liquids, which boosts the lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) solubility while maintaining adequate transport properties at very high salt concentrations.Here, we study such ternary electrolytes based on LiTFSI, water, and imidazolium-type ionic liquids in terms of their thermal, electrochemical, and transport properties. We find that the LiTFSI solubility increases from 21 mol kg−1 in water to up to 60 mol kg−1 in the presence of these ionic liquids. Deconvolution of the different contributions to the LiTFSI solubility shows that particularly the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate acts as solubility enhancer.The increased reductive stability of these ternary electrolytes enables stable cycling of both TiO2 and Li4Ti5O12 anodes. We further show that the low water content of these electrolytes also allows stable cycling of LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) cathodes. For instance, a TiO2/NMC811 full cell based on such a hybrid electrolyte shows an energy density of 121 Wh kg−1 on the active material level, a Coulombic efficiency of >99.7% at C/2, and retains 80% of its initial capacity after 290 cycles at this rate. Owing to the 300 mV lower redox potential of Li4Ti5O12 compared to TiO2, Li4Ti5O12/NMC811 full cells reach energy densities of 141 and 150 Wh kg−1 at a rate of 1C and C/2, respectively. These cells still show Coulombic efficiency of 99.4% and 99.2%, respectively, and maintain 80% of their initial capacity after 230 and 154 cycles, respectively. Considering the large number of potential lithium salt–ionic liquid combinations, we anticipate further improvements in electrolyte properties and subsequently cell performance.

We present analytical and numerical investigations of two anti-symmetrically coupled 1D Swift–Hohenberg equations (SHEs) with cubic nonlinearities. The SHE provides a generic formulation for pattern formation at a characteristic length scale. A linear stability analysis of the homogeneous state reveals a wave instability in addition to the usual Turing instability of uncoupled SHEs. We performed weakly nonlinear analysis in the vicinity of the codimension-two point of the Turing-wave instability, resulting in a set of coupled amplitude equations for the Turing pattern as well as left- and right-traveling waves. In particular, these complex Ginzburg–Landau-type equations predict two major things: there exists a parameter regime where multiple different patterns are stable with respect to each other and that the amplitudes of different patterns interact by local mutual suppression. In consequence, different patterns can coexist in distinct spatial regions, separated by localized interfaces. We identified specific mechanisms for controlling the position of these interfaces, which distinguish what kinds of patterns the interface connects and thus allow for global pattern selection. Extensive simulations of the original SHEs confirm our results.

The hexapeptide hIAPP22–27 (NFGAIL) is known as a crucial amyloid core sequence of the human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) whose aggregates can be used to better understand the wild‐type hIAPP′s toxicity to β‐cell death. In amyloid research, the role of hydrophobic and aromatic‐aromatic interactions as potential driving forces during the aggregation process is controversially discussed not only in case of NFGAIL, but also for amyloidogenic peptides in general. We have used halogenation of the aromatic residue as a strategy to modulate hydrophobic and aromatic‐aromatic interactions and prepared a library of NFGAIL variants containing fluorinated and iodinated phenylalanine analogues. We used thioflavin T staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) to study the impact of side‐chain halogenation on NFGAIL amyloid formation kinetics. Our data revealed a synergy between aggregation behavior and hydrophobicity of the phenylalanine residue. This study introduces systematic fluorination as a toolbox to further investigate the nature of the amyloid self‐assembly process., F for formation: This study introduces systematic fluorination as a tool to investigate the nature of amyloid formation as shown for the model peptide NFGAIL. Modulation of hydrophobicity and the σ‐framework of the Phe residue trough fluorine and iodine led to different amyloid folding kinetics. TEM and SAXS studies revealed the presence of amyloid fibrils.

Split along the political lines of the Cold War, associations of former political persecutees such as the communist-dominated International Federation of Resistance Fighters (FIR) and the anti-communist International Union of Resistance and Deportation (UIRD) were important transnational social actors with connections on both sides of the Iron Curtain. In the first half of the 1960s, legal aspects of the criminal prosecution of war criminals—especially the imminent limitation—became one of the most important topics for them. This chapter analyses the survivors’ participation in this debate and considers its transnational dimensions. It follows the arguments of the survivors’ organisations by asking how they used the memory of Nazi crimes and the Holocaust and analyses the conflicts between pro- and anti-communist organisations.

We outline, test, and apply a new scheme for nonpertubative analyses of quantized field systems in contact with dynamical gravity. While gravity is treated classically in the present paper, the approach lends itself for a generalization to full Quantum Gravity. We advocate the point of view that quantum field theories should be regularized by sequences of quasi-physical systems comprising a well defined number of the field's degrees of freedom. In dependence on this number, each system backreacts autonomously and self-consistently on the gravitational field. In this approach, the limit which removes the regularization automatically generates the physically correct spacetime geometry, i.e., the metric the quantum states of the field prefer to "live" in. We apply the scheme to a Gaussian scalar field on maximally symmetric spacetimes, thereby confronting it with the standard approaches. As an application, the results are used to elucidate the cosmological constant problem allegedly arising from the vacuum fluctuations of quantum matter fields. An explicit calculation shows that the problem disappears if the pertinent continuum limit is performed in the improved way advocated here. A further application concerns the thermodynamics of de Sitter space where the approach offers a natural interpretation of the micro-states that are counted by the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy., Comment: 53 pages, 3 figures

The water-in-salt concept has significantly improved the electrochemical stability of aqueous electrolytes, and the hybridization with organic solvents or ionic liquids has further enhanced their reductive stability, enabling cell chemistries with up to 150 Wh kg−1 of active material. Here, a large design space is opened by introducing succinonitrile as a cosolvent in water/ionic liquid/succinonitrile hybrid electrolytes (WISHEs). By means of succinonitrile addition, the solubility limits can be fully circumvented, and the properties of the electrolytes can be optimized for various metrics such as highest electrochemical stability, maximum conductivity, or lowest cost. While excessive nitrile fractions render the mixtures flammable, careful selection of component ratios yields highly performant, nonflammable electrolytes that enable stable cycling of Li4Ti5O12–LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 full cells over a wide temperature range with strong rate performance, facilitated by the fast conformational dynamics of succinonitrile. The WISHEs allow stable cycling with a maximum energy density of ≈140 Wh kg−1 of active material, Coulombic efficiencies of close to 99.5% at 1C, and a capacity retention of 53% at 10C relative to 1C.

We determine the scaling properties of geometric operators such as lengths, areas, and volumes in models of higher derivative quantum gravity by renormalizing appropriate composite operators. We use these results to deduce the fractal dimensions of such hypersurfaces embedded in a quantum spacetime at very small distances., Comment: 5 pages, to appear in PRL

The emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) strains is a major health problem for high Tuberculosis (TB) incidence countries. Therefore, it is of interest to identify antibiotic resistant bacteria by mismatch detection using DNA hybridization. We generated PCR products for five genes (rpoB, inhA, katG, gyrA and rrs) associated with drug resistance TB from MDR and XDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) DNA samples. These were hybridized to PCR products from MTB H37Rv (pansusceptible laboratory strain) to generate DNA hetero-duplex products, which was digested by Detection Enzyme (GeneArt Genomic Cleavage Detection Kit) and visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis. Results show different bands with sizes of 400 bp and 288 bp (rpoB), 280 bp (inhA), 310 bp (katG), 461 bp (gyrA) and 427 bp (rrs) suggesting mutations in DNA heteroduplex for each gene. Detection Enzyme specifically cleaves DNA hetero-duplex with mismatch. The technique helps in the improved detection of MDR (mutations in rpoB, inhA and katG) and XDR (mutations in rpoB, inhA katG, gyrA and rrs) MTB strains. Moreover, the technique is customized without expensive specialized equipment to detect mutations. It is also fast, efficient and easy to implement in standard molecular biology laboratories.

The authors investigated the effect of an applied high voltage (1 kV) across the thickness of a soda-lime glass substrate of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin-film solar cells. Two types of CIGS cells were tested, differing only in the deposition process of the molybdenum (Mo) back contact. Whilst one cell type was susceptible to potential induced degradation (PID), the other exhibited highly increased stability against PID. PID occurs for PID-susceptible cells after the transfer of a certain amount of charge through the soda-lime glass substrate when the Mo back contact of the cell operates as a cathode (negatively biased versus backside of the substrate). Capacitance&ndash, voltage and electron-beam-induced current measurements showed an enlarged space charge region expanding to the Mo back contact and a lowered doping density by a negative potential for PID-susceptible cells. Glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES) revealed an accumulation of sodium (Na) in the solution-grown CdS buffer layer and a segregation on the surface of the ZnO:Al window layer for higher charges for PID-susceptible cells. Cells with increased PID immunity did not show an increase of Na for charges up to around 9 mC/cm&sup2, We demonstrate that it is possible to improve the PID stability of CIGS solar cells by modification of the molybdenum back contact.

During the past decade there had been several attempts to improve the interoperability of sensors and platforms on the hardware as well as on the software level. For oceanographic instruments it turned out that the concept of standardizing interfaces and data protocols is much more challenging as one would expect, mainly due to the fact that a huge diversity of instruments and related operation modes exist that are difficult to embrace with known standardization concepts. As a consequence, true modularity for the data acquisition, transmission, processing and storage chain cannot be achieved for the time being.A different strategy is suggested where the data flow coming from the different sensors are channelled through a single acquisition and transmission system where all function of the components and subcomponents of the system are fully described and made freely available to potential other users. In essence, this concept aims at being an open-source project that not just includes the software but also the hardware. By that the needed functions can be decoupled from the actual hardware implementation which leaves some flexibility in regard to what functions shall be used on what platform.The OpenDAM as such is not a completely new system design. The innovative aspect comes in by the fact that all hardware elements are fully described and the control software is based on open source. This allows for setting up user groups that cooperatively advances the further development. As this system is designed for observing stations at remotely locations, it could also be shared with other disciplines, which actually is motivated as it has been developed as part of the EC funded project ENVRIplus [1]. An adapted licensing process either by Creative Commons [2] or based on the concept of the Open Source Initiative [3] will be determined to make the achievements traceable to the originators.

Most commercial lithium-ion batteries and other types of batteries rely on liquid electrolytes, which are preferred because of their high ionic conductivity, and facilitate fast charge-transfer kinetics at the electrodes. On the other hand, hybrid battery concepts that combine solid and liquid electrolytes might be needed to suppress unwanted shuttle effects in liquid electrolyte-only systems, in particular if mobile redox systems are involved in the cell chemistry. However, at the then newly introduced interface between liquid and solid electrolytes, a solid-liquid electrolyte interphase forms. In this study, we analyze the formation of such an interphase between the solid electrolyte lithium phosphorous oxide nitride (Li xPO yN z, "LiPON") and various liquid electrolytes using in situ neutron reflectometry, quartz crystal microbalance, and atomic force microscopy measurements. Our results show that the interphase consists of two layers: a nonconducting layer directly in contact with "LiPON" and a lithium-rich outer layer. Initially, a fast growth of the solid-liquid electrolyte interphase is observed, which slows down significantly afterward, resulting in a thickness of about 20 nm eventually. Here, a formation mechanism is proposed, which describes the solid-liquid electrolyte interphase growth as the fast deposition of a film, which mostly covers the "LiPON", with only a little degree of remaining porosity. The residual void space is then slowly filled, thus blocking the remaining channels for ionic conduction, which leads to increasing resistance of the interphase. The results obtained imply that hybrid battery concepts with liquid electrolyte and solid electrolyte can be hampered by highly resistive interphases, whose formation cannot be simply slowed down or suppressed. Further research is required regarding possible countermeasures.