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Copyright of Motif Academy Journal of Folklore is the property of Motif Yayincilik and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Transportation plays a crucial role in economic development through the distribution of goods and services. Transportation technology evolves with innovations such as online transportation, including app-based motorcycle taxis. In Indonesia, companies like Maxim, along with Go-Jek and Grab, offer online transportation services adapted from internet technology. Maxim, a Russian-based company, entered Indonesia in 2018 and rapidly expanded in Kupang City. This creates new job opportunities and reduces unemployment. However, Maxim drivers in Kupang face various issues, including demands against the company regarding policies that disadvantage them. This research aims to uncover the impact of online transportation, particularly Maxim, on the welfare of Kupang City's community, focusing on drivers. Through case study approach and qualitative research, this study illustrates how online transportation affects the welfare of the community and drivers in Kupang City. One significant finding is that the presence of online transportation enhances efficiency and driver income, although challenges remain regarding regulations and company policies. Thus, this research investigates the role of online transportation, particularly Maxim, in the economic and social context of Kupang City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of XVIIe Siècle is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One primary communicative goal in humour is entertainment. Nevertheless, other pragmatic implications result when humourists subconsciously deploy various linguistic strategies, as they entertain their audience through the use of witty sayings crafted in contextualised, real or imaginary scenarios. Following Grice's Cooperative Principle, this study investigates deeper communicative effects achieved by Nigerian stand-up comedians. It pays attention to cases of the flouting of Gricean maxims, and examines the speakers' discursive motives. Five texts sourced from three distinguished Nigerian standup humourists are presented for analysis, given their thematic focus on trending national socio-political discourses. Findings show that maxim flouting is fundamental to creating humour, as all four maxims are flouted, with some utterances flouting more than one. The maxim of quality is flouted the most, thus emphasising its pivotal role in creating humour. Evidence for this is provided in the comedians' heavy dependence on hypothetical illustrations, exaggerations and understated realities. In addition, instances of incongruous expressions, narrations and manipulation of news reports serve to contextualise humour. Humourists deploy their art to satirise and challenge the national socio-political status quo, thereby subtly revealing their personal ideologies. The work proves further that irrespective of time, audience or context, comedians use the same linguistic tools to amuse their audience while also advancing claims that humour is an expressive use of language, as a vehicle to canvass for social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kant argues that an action is morally worthy only if it is done not from inclination or self-interest but from duty. In the Groundwork, he provides examples to illustrate that the presence of motives aligned with duty undermines the moral value of an action. These viewpoints have sparked significant controversy, particularly in light of the resurgence of virtue-ethics in recent years. Notably, the work of two famous Kantian philosophers, Richard Hanson and Barbara Herman, are especially remarkable as they provide an enlightening interpretation of Kant's perspective and address the raised concerns. While Hanson outlines two innovative models for the conditions of action, he also identifies the relevant phenomenon of overdetermination and states that an action has moral worth when the motive of duty is sufficient by itself to generate the action. Furthermore, Herman complements these models by introducing a third one and arguing that an action maintains its moral value if it necessitates both duty and if its primary motive is the motive of duty, regardless of whether it reflects the agent's desires or not. In this paper, we assess the strength and effectiveness of these models by examining Kant's examples. Consequently, despite shedding light on Kant's intentions, these accounts do not significantly contribute to resolving the existing ambiguities. Critics can express concerns regarding the simplification of the overdetermination, the fallacy of circular and tautology. A thorough examination of Kant's philosophy reveals that fulfilling one's duty and disregarding other motivations are essential for the development of an individual's moral character.

Kant argues that an action is morally worthy only if it is done not from inclination or self-interest but from duty. In the Groundwork, he provides examples to illustrate that the presence of motives aligned with duty undermines the moral value of an action. These viewpoints have sparked significant controversy, particularly in light of the resurgence of virtue-ethics in recent years. Notably, the work of two famous Kantian philosophers, Richard Hanson and Barbara Herman, are especially remarkable as they provide an enlightening interpretation of Kant's perspective and address the raised concerns. While Hanson outlines two innovative models for the conditions of action, he also identifies the relevant phenomenon of overdetermination and states that an action has moral worth when the motive of duty is sufficient by itself to generate the action. Furthermore, Herman complements these models by introducing a third one and arguing that an action maintains its moral value if it necessitates both duty and if its primary motive is the motive of duty, regardless of whether it reflects the agent's desires or not. In this paper, we assess the strength and effectiveness of these models by examining Kant's examples. Consequently, despite shedding light on Kant's intentions, these accounts do not significantly contribute to resolving the existing ambiguities. Critics can express concerns regarding the simplification of the overdetermination, the fallacy of circular and tautology. A thorough examination of Kant's philosophy reveals that fulfilling one's duty and disregarding other motivations are essential for the development of an individual's moral character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate Indonesian child politeness through speech represented by the character Susanti in the animated film Upin-Ipin. The animated films Upin-Ipin are popular for children in Indonesian society. This film is considered to be interesting because it is a foreign animated film featuring Indonesian children's characters. Susanti is presented as a representation of Indonesian children in a multicultural society. Seeing this phenomenon, the researcher aims to further explore Susanti’s utterance in the context of politeness. This study focuses on examining Susanti's politeness based on Leech's politeness principles which consists of six maxims. The qualitative method used in this study utilizes a pragmatic approach as an analytical tool. The research data are utterances of Susanti which were collected from eight events in six episodes of the film. The data source was the six episodes uploaded by Les'copaqe YouTube channel. The results of the study show that Susanti's utterances tens to represent the maxim of wisdom. These results show that Susanti’s utterances represented the politeness of Indonesian children, especially in the preschool context, which was in accordance with the background of the character of Susanti. Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menginvestigasi kesantunan anak Indonesia melalui tuturan yang direpresentasikan oleh tokoh Susanti dalam film animasi Upin dan Ipin. Film animasi Upin dan Ipin merupakan salah satu film animasi anak yang populer di masyarakat Indonesia. Film ini dikatakan menarik karena menjadi salah satu film animasi asing yang memunculkan karakter anak Indonesia. Tokoh Susanti dihadirkan sebagai representasi anak Indonesia dalam masyarakat multikultural. Melihat fenomena itu, penulis menelaah lebih lanjut tuturan tokoh Susanti dalam konteks kesantunan. Secara khusus, penelitian ini berfokus pada kesantunan tokoh Susanti berdasarkan prinsip kesantunan Leech yang terdiri atas enam maksim. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan memanfaatkan pendekatan pragmatik. Data penelitian adalah tuturan tokoh Susanti yang ditemukan dari delapan peristiwa di enam episode film Upin dan Ipintersebut. Sumber data diambil dari kanal Youtube @lescopaque. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, dari delapan peristiwa tutur tokoh Susanti, tuturan tokoh Susanti cenderung didominasi oleh maksim kebijaksanaan. Dari hasil tersebut ditemukan bahwa tuturan tokoh Susanti telah merepresentasikan kesantunan anak Indonesia, khusus dalam konteks prasekolah yang sesuai dengan latar belakang tokoh Susanti.

Copyright of Linguistika: Buletin Ilmiah Program Magister Linguistik Universitas Udayana is the property of Program Studi Magister Linguistik Program Pascasarjana Universitas Udayana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study employs the Yorùbá canonical maxim Ilé làbọ̀ simi oko and its antonymous equivalents as theoretical propensities and models for religion and material exchanges between the Ọ̀yó̩-Yorùbá, Sábę-Yorùbá, and Ifè̩-Ana Yorùbá communities. After centuries of independent existences, the Sábę and Ifè̩-Ana Yorùbá communities have continued in the practice of traditional Yorùbá religion and its attendant liturgical artefacts that they took with them from Ọ̀yó̩-Yorùbá, their original homeland. Using ethnography, history, and iconography, this research identifies practices such as Ifá, Sàngó, and egúngún,ìbejì , and respective paraphernalia such as ọpó̩n Ifá, agere Ifá, ìróké Ifá, osé Sàngó, ère egúngún , and ère ìbejì as artefacts shared between the three communities. The research avers that the deep-rooted Yorùbá cultural beliefs as encapsulated in ilé l'àbọ̀ simi oko and its antonymous maxims account for the people's thoughts about their homeland and consequent adherence to the homeland religions as memorials of and communion with the homeland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I critically engage with Pauline Kleingeld's 'volitional self-contradiction' interpretation of Kant's formula of universal law. I make three remarks: first, I seek to clarify what it means for a contradiction to be volitional as opposed to logical; second, I suggest that her interpretation might need to be closer to Korsgaard's 'practical contradiction' interpretation than she thinks; and third, I suggest that more work needs to be done to explain how a volitional self-contradiction generates both a 'contradiction in conception' and a 'contradiction in will.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study covers the pragmatics equivalence and violation maxims in the Divergent novel. Classifying the forms of Grice maxim violations and describing the pragmatic equivalence of violation maxims in the Divergent novel are the objectives of this study. It is a qualitative paper that examines violation maxims and pragmatic equivalence in the novel Divergent. The data were direct-utterances infraction maxims in English and Indonesian. There are two types of data analysis techniques employed in this study. The analysis began with a document review, followed by an evaluation of the translation's quality based on pragmatic equivalence. As a result of the research, the following findings were discovered: 139 data were classified as violation maxims. The majority of the results (45,32.4%) involved violations of the quality standard. Second, based on the qualitative parameter of pragmatic equivalence, a total of 137 out of 139 data points were deemed "accurate translation" and two out of 139 (1,43%) data might be regarded as "less accurate translation." This investigation uncovered no translations that may be deemed inaccurate.

Copyright of Linguistika: Buletin Ilmiah Program Magister Linguistik Universitas Udayana is the property of Program Studi Magister Linguistik Program Pascasarjana Universitas Udayana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larq Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics & Social Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research was conducted due to the importance of cooperative principle in daily conversation, as Grice’s theory explained about cooperative principle which has been divided into four maxims: 1) maxim of quantity, 2) maxim of quality, 3) maxim of relation, and 4) maxim of manner. These four maxims are the rules that have to be obeyed by the speakers and the interlocutors during interactions. This research is focusing on maxim of violation occurred in Pretty Little Liars TV Series. The method used in this analysis is descriptive qualitative. Objects of the research are the types of the violation and also the implied meaning behind the violation. This research used the observation method using non-participatory technique in collecting the data, and pragmatics identity method in analyzing the data. In presenting the data, this research used informal method. The result of this research found out that there were fifteen violations happened in Pretty Little Liars, all of the maxims are violated during this show. The violation of maxim relation was the most dominant violation.

Humor can be found in both spoken and written language, which is an imitation of spoken language. Comic books are one type of written source of humor. Asterix at the Olympic Games is one of comic which contains humor. The purpose of this paper is to determine how linguistic context and non-linguistic context produce humor in the comic Asterix at the Olympic Games. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach. The study's findings revealed that speech acts and maxims violations were linguistic contexts that contributed to the production of humor. Character expression and illustration, on the other hand, contributed to the production of humor in a non-linguistic context.

Plato's use of proverbs often goes unremarked. This article demonstrates how reference to the folk proverb "If a wolf sees you first, you lose your voice" in Republic 1 frames Socrates' exchange with Thrasymachus as a verbal battle over the definition of justice, with proverbs as weapons. In an agonistic culture that prized the use of quotations in argument and gnomic anthologies in education, Socrates must effectively counter Thrasymachus's proverb "Justice is the advantage of the stronger" or be rendered voiceless. Socrates defeats BB symachus by wielding both folk proverbs and higher-register maxims, clearing the field for his new proverb on justice, "One man, one art". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the eighteenth century, writers have positioned maxims—pithy statements of general truth—as antithetical to realist fiction. According to these accounts, a work is "realist" if it produces in a reader an internal sense of it being true to reality. General and common maxims are, by contrast, unreal because they "leave no impression on the mind." Working alongside and against these accounts of the maxim-realism antithesis, this essay uncovers an alternative realism advanced through literary generalization in Samuel Richardson's Clarissa. "Literary generalization" is an umbrella term I use for a number of related forms that run through Richardson's work: newly formulated maxims; the literary fragments comprising the tenth "mad paper"; and literary quotations from "real" works that fictional characters use to predict effects within the fictional world. I argue that this realism of literary generalization involves the reader in the composition of a common world composed of unpredictable associations. This world is composed of human and nonhuman entities, defined by shifting inequities, and is unredeemable through an individual's cultivation of meaning within. This is a very different realism than the still influential formal realism of the early novel that Ian Watt introduced many decades ago. Although the alternative realism I find in Clarissa is not "new," I mark it as such to signal the essay's engagement with several versions of what has been called the "new materialism." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the violation on the maxim of relevance uttered within the conversation between the characters on the television miniseries 'The Falcon and The Winter Soldier' season 1 episode 1. This study aims to collect the data of how maxim of relevance is violated and determine the factors of violating the maxim of relevance. The method used in this study is the descriptive qualitative method. This study is based on the theory of Grice (1975). The results showed that the 26 violations found on the maxim of relevance occurred under 13 reasons, namely; ignoring the message (3,85%), disbelieving (15,38%), prohibiting (3,85%), being distracted (3,85%), hiding the truth (19,23%), correcting the wrong (7,68%), showing anger (7,68%), feeling shy (3,85%), disagreeing (19,23%), convincing the hearer (3,85%), agreeing (3,85%), teasing (3,85%), and giving reason (3,85%). This result showed that the most reasons for violating the maxim of relevance are to hide the truth and to disagree, as both happened equally 5 times out of 26, and these violations were intended by the speaker. The result is proof that violating the maxim of relevance can be done for several reasons as long as the speakers have a different assumption or goals with the interlocutors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to find out the cooperative principle using the types of maxims. The main theory used in this study purposed by Grice (1975) the cooperative principle. And for the research design this study applied the descriptive qualitative as the method. As for collecting the data the researcher applied the theory of observational method and non-participatory technique by (Sudaryanto, 2015). Moreover, in analyzing the data the method of pragmatic identity and the technique pragmatic competence- in equalizing were used in this study. And all of the theories were applied to the movie titled "Willoughbys". The findings of this study indicated that the characters in the film adopted four types of maxims they are maxims of quality, maxims of quantity, maxims of relation, and maxims of manner. The maxims of quality showed as the most frequent types, appearing six times. And the quantity maxims occurred four times. The relation maxims occurred four times. Finally, the maxims of manner emerged as the least number of maxims types, with three appearances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Si Mamih is a Sundanese comic character created by the cartoonist Edyana Latief. This obese female cartoon character, identical with black spotted shirt and crested hair, may deliver a comical communication that brings smiles and laughs as the Sundanese people character’s assertion that are fond of humor. Evidently, in delivering her humor, Si Mamih does not always disobey the cooperative principle. There is obedience toward Grice’s theory performed by Si Mamih. This obedience can be observed in maxims of quality, quantity, relevance and manner. The obedience of Si Mamih toward the cooperative principle is intentionally performed by its cartoonist creator as a uniqueness of delivering creativity and imagination which bring smiles and laughs.

In communication, each party involved, namely between the speaker and the speech partner, will always try to convey his speech effectively and efficiently. Grice mentioned that a reasonable discourse could occur if the speaker and hearer are compliant with the principle of cooperative communication. This study aims to explain what it is called maxims in human conversation. The data in this qualitative study were taken from 5 prominent articles which explain and review the theory. This research uses a descriptive qualitative form to analyze and describe the words or sentences used in defining the theory proposed by Grice. The results of this study, in brief, mentioned the principle of cooperation in conversation consists of four conversational maxims, namely: Maxim of quantity, Maxim of quality, Maxim of Relevance and Maxim of implementation.

In this article, I reply to Jens Timmermann's critical discussion of my essay "Contradiction and Kant's Formula of Universal Law". I first consider Timmermann's reasons for rejecting my interpretation of the Formula of Universal Law. I argue that the self-contradiction relevant to determining a maxim's moral status should not be sought in the imagined world in which the maxim is a universal law. I then discuss Timmermann's suggestion that something like a volitional self-contradiction is found within the will of the immoral agent. I deny this and clarify that the relevant contradiction is diagnosed counterfactually in moral reflection. Finally, I explain the differences between Timmermann's account, Korsgaard's Practical Contradiction interpretation, and my own Volitional Self-Contradiction interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I claim that the Antinomy of pure reason emerges as the result of synthetic activities that require succession. In this regard, I show that cosmological conflicts involve different kinds of representations: (1) cosmological ideas, purely conceptual representations of the unconditioned and the product of non-temporal synthetic activities; and (2) putative complete series of spatiotemporal conditions, which require temporal synthetic activities. As I show, purely conceptual representations cannot produce cosmological conflicts: The Antinomy requires the interaction of reason, understanding, and sensibility. I also discuss the maxim and principle of pure reason, how they lead to the unconditioned (and its different notions), and how the cosmological syllogism produces the Antinomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper provides an outline of the German eptonym, as a quotation-like utterance that can be traced back to the name of its real or alleged author, a precedential text / a part of a precedential text connected with the concept AUTHOR. The eptonyms are examined from the point of view of the specifics of the AUTHOR's position regarding the topic of the utterance determining the type of eptonym. The four-step algorithm shown in the paper involves modelling the degree of the author's personality prominence in the eptonym. Two polar points - maximal social experience and maximal individualised author-based approach - are represented in the eptonymicon by maxims and aphorisms respectively. It is stated that the maxim objectifies the moral norms of a certain national language collective. It is rational, contains an immanent moral component, has a directive character, explicates the rules of behaviour, ethical principles, objective laws, norms. The aphorism is paradoxical, reflecting the depth and originality of individual author's multi-vector thought, formal symmetric, dialogic, breaking the rules of formal logic. The provided method can be used with the purpose of distinguishing and defining other types of German eptonyms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the presidential campaign manifestos of Presidents Muhammadu Buhari of the Federal Republic of Nigeria in 2015 and Donald Trump of the United States of America in 2016. Specifically, it sets out to analyse these presidents' campaign speech promises on security using the cooperative principle, ascertain the conformity of their promises on job creation to the theory of cooperative principle. The study also sets out to examine the two presidents' campaign promises on health care using the theory of cooperative principle. Using the secondary source as method of data collection, the analysis is based on one of the tenets of the Gricean (1975) Cooperative Principle- maxim of quality. The study, therefore, adopts Paul Grice's (1975) Cooperative Principle (CP) as its theoretical framework. The findings of the study suggest that both Presidents Muhammadu Buhari and Donald Trump observed the conversational maxim of quality at some point in their presidential campaign speech promises on security, job creation and health care, but violated it at some other point. In all, the maxim of quality as a conversational rule was not fairly observed by both presidents in their presidential campaign manifestos in 2015 and 2016 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A stable classification of practical principles into mutually exclusive types is foundational to Kant’s moral theory. Yet, other than a few brief hints on the distinction between maxims and laws, he does not provide any elaborate discussion on the classification and the types of practical principles in his works. This has led Onora O’Neill and Lewis Beck to reinterpret Kant’s classification of practical principles in a way that would clarify the conceptual connection between maxims and laws. In this paper I argue that the revised interpretations of O’Neill and Beck stem from a mistaken reading of the fundamental basis of the classification of practical principles. To show this, I first argue that Kant distinguishes between maxims and laws on the bases of validity and reality. I then argue that although a practical principle necessarily has the feature of validity, its reality in actually moving the agents to action sufficiently makes a principle a practical principle. If this is so, I argue that the classification of practical principles must be based on the extent to which they are effective in human agents (i.e. their reality). Such a classification yields us three exhaustive and mutually exclusive types namely, “maxims that are not potential laws”, “maxims that are potential laws” and “laws that are not maxims”.

The article discusses the features of the artistic reflection of philosophical meanings, objectified in existential discourse in the prose of A.P. Chekhov. The structural and conceptual dominants of everyday communication are studied.

This study aims to determine what maxim is dominant in a novel entitled "Me Before You" by Jojo Moyes. This study was investigated using the Gricean pragmatic theory. This type of research is a qualitative descriptive study and the data used are the utterances contained in the novel Me Before You by Jojo Moyes which there are four maxim, maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of relation, and maxim of manner which they are intended as cooperative principle by Yule. After do the research the researcher found quality is the maxim that is more widely used [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia Lawyers Club is a television program by TV ONE aired every Tuesday at 19:30 to 22:00 p.m and discussed the issues being discussed by the Indonesian people at that time. Indonesia Lawyers Club is a program in a talk show format, presenting experts discussing law, politics, religion, crime. From this event, people see a problem not only from a single point of view but from different perspectives. This happens because this talk show presented many experts in their fields, both for the pro and on the counter. Experts argue their opinions according to the channel hosted by a host named Karni Ilyas. This research has a purpose to explain the fulfillment of the politeness principle of language in talk show Indonesia Lawyer Club viewed from Leech’s perspective. This research is descriptive qualitative one. Data collection techniques were used were Uninvolved Conversation Observation Technique (SBLC), recording technique, and note-taking. The data obtained was described using a descriptive development pattern. This study showed the results of the fulfillment of usage of language politeness principle which included 6 maxims, they were maxim of wisdom, maxim of acceptance, maxim of mercy, maxim of humility, maxim of suitability, and maxim of conclusion.

Peirce is best known as the founder of pragmatism, but his dissatisfaction with how others understood and appropriated it prompted him to rename his own doctrine "pragmaticism" and to compose several variants of his original maxim defining it, as well as numerous restatements and elaborations. This paper presents an extensive selection of such formulations, followed by analysis and commentary demonstrating that for Peirce the ultimate meaning of an intellectual concept is properly expressed as a conditional proposition about the deliberate, self-controlled conduct of its interpreters, not the law-governed behavior of its object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most scholars assume that Kantian moral strength is needed only when it comes to following maxims. However, accounts based on this assumption can be challenged by Kant's claim that virtue, as moral strength of the human will, can never become a habit because its maxims must be freely adopted in new situations. Even some accounts that are not based on this assumption fail to meet this challenge. By drawing on my interpretation of the Kantian capacity for self-control, I propose a twofold account of moral strength that can accommodate Kant's point that maxims of virtue must always be freely adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new allo-cedrane sesquiterpene glycoside (1) and nine known compounds (2–10) were isolated from the ethanol extract of the fruit of Illicium simonii Maxim. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including 1D-, 2D-NMR, and HRESIMS. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was confirmed by CD experiments. Among them, compounds 1, 4, 5, and 7 displayed moderate anti-inflammatory activities by use of an in vitro bioassay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nasleđe is the property of University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Philology & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)