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The article presents a study which examines the abundance and species diversity of tabanids in the biosphere reserve Ipassa-IRET Makokou in Gabon during the rainy season. The study uses Vavoua traps to analyze the different species of tabanids identified in primary forest, secondary forest and village in the reserve including Tabanus secedens, Tabanus obscurehirtus and Chrysops silaceus. Moreover, it is noted that secondary forest delivers the highest proportion of tabanids being trapped while primary forest shows the lower proportion.

The article presents the study conducted regarding the impact of the different landscapes on the genetic diversity and population structure of Stomoxys calcitrans in Gabon and southern France. The research aims to determine this relations using the dominant amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. The result indicates a moderate level of genetic differentiation and low population structure between these two distant countries. It also reveals that the cosmopolitan diplera calcitrans has the capability to keep a high level of gene flow in regards of the geographic isolation and distance.

This study was conducted during the rainy season of 2017 in the agricultural areas at Mouila, with the aim to assess the determination of susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae complex to insecticides and the detection of Ace 1 R mutation. Mosquito larvae were collected by using the dipping method and nursed to adult stage. The susceptibility of adult Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations to organophosphates and carbamates was assessed using the standard WHO susceptibility test protocol. The tested mosquitoes species were identified by PCR. These tested mosquitoes were used to search for the Ace 1 R mutation. The insecticides used were pirimiphos-methyl 0.25% and 1.25%, fenitrothion 1%, malathion 5%, propoxur 0.1%, bendiocarb 0.1%, 0.5% and 1%. In the prospected areas, An. gambiae s.l. included An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii sympatric in their larval habitats. However, An. gambiae s.s. was predominant in all studied areas (99.1%) comparatively to An. coluzzii Moreover, the susceptibility tests of Anopheles to organophosphates and carbamates revealed mortality rates of 100% regardless of the origin of the mosquitoes. PCR diagnosis of Ace 1 R mutation showed that none tested mosquito (An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii ) from prospected areas harbored the Ace 1 R gene in all prospected areas. The lack of Ace 1 R mutation in An. gambiae s.l. reveals the current effectiveness of organophosphates and carbamates for the control of these mosquitoes. Bboth these classes of insecticides could be used for the anopheline populations control in the agricultural spaces at Mouila., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare

The abundance and species diversity of tabanids were evaluated by trapping of insects using Vavoua traps, during the rainy season, from October 4 to November 30, 2009, in three different habitats: primary forest, secondary forest and village, in the biosphere reserve Ipassa-IRET Makokou in Gabon. Eight species belonging to three genera of tabanids have been identified for a total of 402 specimens caught. The tabanid species numerically the most abundant were: Tabanus secedens Walker, 1854 (55.2%), Tabanus obscurehirtus Ricardo, 1908 (13.9%), Chrysops dimidiatus Wulp, 1885 (11.2%) and Chrysops silaceus Austen, 1907 (10.7%). The less abundant species were Tabanus par Walker, 1854 (3.2%), Tabanus besti arbucklei Austen, 1912 (3%), Tabanus marmorosus congoicola Bequaert, 1930 (1%) and Ancala fasciata fasciata (Fabricius, 1775) (0.5%). Specimens of the genera Tabanus and Chrysops could not be identified, these insects represented respectively 0.7% and 0.5% of the insects trapped. The highest proportion of tabanids was trapped in secondary forest (75.1%) and the lower in primary forest (4.5%).

To investigate whether different landscapes could affect genetic diversity and structure of the cosmopolitan diptera Stomoxys calcitrans, populations from Gabon and southern France were studied using dominant amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Gabon is characterized by a forested closed landscape, and southern France by an open Mediterranean landscape. The genetic diversity between Gabon and France populations did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). Contrary to our expectation, this study shows a moderate level of genetic differentiation between these two distant countries (Fst = 0.0979) and a low genetic structure among Gabonese and French populations (Fst = 0.0291 and 0.0275 respectively). This result could indicate the capacities of S. calcitrans populations to sustain a high level of gene flow, despite geographic distance and isolation.

To determine the origin of stomoxyine fly bloodmeals (Diptera: Muscidae) in Gabon, 1,021 flies belonging to seven different species of Stomoxys were captured and dissected in the area of Makokou. In total, 798 were not blood-fed and 223 bloodmeals could be gathered on filter paper. The identification of the origin of these meals was made by amplification of mitochondrial Cytb gene, then heteroduplex technique by using the Gambian rat (Cricetomys gambianus) as driver. Samples of fauna, collected on the local market, consisted of 24 mammal and two reptile blood and muscle samples, to which it is necessary to add human samples (27 potential hosts). 19 meals could not be amplified for technical reasons, 65 were amplified, but the acquired patterns corresponded to none of the tested potential hosts. On the 139 identified meals, 55% were taken on the black-fronted duiker (Cephalophus nigrifrons) and 19% on pig. Stomoxys transvittatus, the most abundant species in Makokou, is very opportunistic: 68 % of meals were taken on six different hosts, among whom 48% on the black-fronted duiker and 32% were not identified using the panel of tested hosts. S. xanthomelas took 50% of its meals on the moustached monkey (Cercopithecus cephus) and 7% on human beings. S. calcitrans, species of anthropised areas, took 33% of its meals on human beings. These three species can therefore take bloodmeals on wild fauna and human beings. They could potentially play an important role in the emergence of zoonotic diseases. The four other species took their bloodmeals only on wild fauna and pig, the only example of domestic fauna in this study. This preliminary study must be followed up using a larger number of specimens and by increasing the diversity of the tested potential hosts.

The stomoxyine flies are hematophagous diptera and potential vectors of various pathogenic agents. Like those of the Afrotropical Region, the stomoxyine flies of Gabon remain nearly unknown. For these reasons, an entomological survey was conducted in a transverse way in eight localities representative of the various ecological zones of Gabon. The survey was based on the use of Vavoua traps. Various environmental factors able to influence the captures were noticed and included into a canonical correspondence analysis. In total, 15,966 Stomoxys spp., belonging to seven species or subspecies, were captured. The apparent densities (DAP) expressed as the number of flies per trap and per day, were highest in Franceville (41), Bakoumba (40), Makokou (25) and Mouila (21). The most abundant species were S. n niger (33.4%), S. transvittatus (33%), then S. calcitrans (17%). The principal factors that could explain the variability of the captures were the degree of anthropisation, the botanical facies (savanna or forest), the presence of wild and domestic fauna and the nature of the vegetal cover of the ground. S. calcitrans, S. niger niger were abundant in the areas where human presence was manifest. S. xanthomelas was present in forest belts. S. transvittatus, S. omega, S. inornatus were ubiquitous species. S. niger bilineatus was found in savannas areas.