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Concerning sustainable agriculture, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which are a subgroup of "fluorescent Pseudomonads," are crucial. They are widely known for supporting plant health through a variety of methods. The use of fluorescent Pseudomonads in agri-biotechnology has gained traction due to their potential for safeguarding plants from a variety of phytopathogens. Fluorescent pseudomonads being commercialized as bioinoculants for the treatment of various plant diseases is currently regarded as highly successful on a global scale. Fluorescent Pseudomonads are being employed as efficient bio-control agents (BCAs) against an array of phytopathogens. Due to their capacity to generate a wide range of secondary metabolites, they offer enormous promise as BCA. Thus, this review's goal is to outline and evaluate the functions of fluorescent Pseudomonads' secondary metabolites in reducing phytopathogens and improving plant health. Prominent secondary metabolites linked to biocontrol through fluorescent Pseudomonads include phenazines (PHZ), 2, 4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), pyoluteorin (PLT), pyrrolnitrin (PRN), cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including hydrogen cyanide (HCN). The antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, and antinematicidal effects of these metabolites are well-established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioagents, Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Bacillus subtilis were evaluated in vivo and in vitro along with five phytoextracts from garlic, neem, tulsi, aak, and datura leaves against Alternaria alternata causing Alternaria leaf spot of coriander. Randomized blocks design was used in four replicates in plot size (2.1 × 2 m) with 30 × 10 cm spacing, using coriander cultivar polymerase chain reaction 728, during rabi season 2021-2022. Results revealed that among four bioagents, maximum mycelium growth inhibition was recorded with T. harzianum (74.44%) followed by T. viride (71.11%). Likewise, among five tested phytoextracts, neem leaf extract was excellent in causing maximum mycelia growth inhibition (83.33 and 88.88%), followed by garlic leaf extract (55.55 and 60.00%) at 5 and 10% concentration, respectively. The bioagents and phytoextracts found effective in vitro were also tested for further study in vivo conditions. Minimum disease intensity was recorded after applying T. harzianum (28.60%) followed by T. viride (29.50%) over control. The extract of neem leaves was most effective in reducing disease intensity (50.94%) over control, followed by garlic leaves (26.65%). The present study’s findings would help develop sustainable management strategies against the Alternaria leaf spot of coriander. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichoderma spp. are avirulent expedient plant symbionts. In addition, as plant-dependent organisms, Trichoderma species conjointly behave as a cost-effective and eco-friendly biocontrol agent. This review provides several mechanisms on how Trichoderma exerts useful effects on plants as a biocontrol agent. In addition to preventing disease, Trichoderma increases plant resistance and growth, improves nutrient uptake efficiency, and cleans the environment from pesticide contamination. Trichoderma spp. also functions as a safe, affordable, efficient, and environmentally beneficial biocontrol agent for various crops. The biological control mechanisms of Trichoderma, such as competition, antibiosis, antagonism, and mycoparasitism, as well as the mechanisms by which Trichoderma and plants promote plant growth and induce systemic resistance, have been discussed. In addition, the impact and applications of Trichoderma in treating different plant diseases are provided. Developing a diverse range of application technologies for Trichoderma is a crucial avenue for further research and development, given its potential to contribute to the sustainable growth of the agricultural sector. Nevertheless, due to its adaptable qualities, its entire potential cannot be fully realized. The knowledge of Trichoderma as a biocontrol agent, its secondary metabolites, and their use in plant disease management programs is explained, which suggests the potential use of Trichoderma as a safe, environmentally acceptable, and efficient biocontrol agent for several crop species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modafinil (2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide, MOD) is a key psychostimulant drug used for the treatment of narcolepsy and other sleep disorders that has a very low addiction liability. Recently, MOD has been clinically investigated for the treatment of cocaine addiction and used by astronauts in long-term space missions. We have developed a synthetic strategy for “smart drug” Modafinil. An efficient atom and step economic (EASE) synthesis has been carried out by the direct reaction of benzhydrol and 2-mercaptoacetamide using the recyclable heterogeneous catalyst Nafion-H along with post-sulfoxidation. This protocol exhibits improved sustainability credentials. We have also developed a superior pre-sulfoxidation approach for the synthesis of Modafinil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report an organophotoredox-catalyzed silylation/germylation cascade cyclization of N -alkenyl α-CF 3 acrylamides under mild conditions. N -Aminopyridinium salts act as hydrogen atom transfer reagents under photoredox catalysis in the generation of silyl and germyl radicals. An array of silyl- and germyl-substituted 3-CF 3 -4-pyrrolin-2-one derivatives were constructed in a shorter reaction time with low catalyst loading in good to excellent yields at room temperature. Importantly, this protocol is amenable to the late-stage diversification of bioactive molecules, as well as to large-scale synthesis.

The flow control in twin air-intakes is necessary to improve the performance characteristics, since the flow traveling through curved and diffused paths becomes complex, especially after merging. The paper presents a comparison between two well-known techniques of flow control: active and passive. It presents an effective design of a vortex generator jet (VGJ) and a vane-type passive vortex generator (VG) and uses them in twin air-intake duct in different combinations to establish their effectiveness in improving the performance characteristics. The VGJ is designed to insert flow from side wall at pitch angle of 90 degrees and 45 degrees. Corotating (parallel) and counterrotating (V-shape) are the configuration of vane type VG. It is observed that VGJ has the potential to change the flow pattern drastically as compared to vane-type VG. While the VGJ is directed perpendicular to the side walls of the air-intake at a pitch angle of 90 degree, static pressure recovery is increased by 7.8% and total pressure loss is reduced by 40.7%, which is the best among all other cases tested for VGJ. For bigger-sized VG attached to the side walls of the air-intake, static pressure recovery is increased by 5.3%, but total pressure loss is reduced by only 4.5% as compared to all other cases of VG.