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We investigate the lithospheric and sub-lithospheric primary and shear wave velocity structure beneath northwestern India through body(P) wave and surface wave tomography(SWT). The study region witnessed the Neoproterozoic silicic magmatism, Cretaceous Barmer-Sanchor riftingand the pre-Deccan magmatism which resulted in lithospheric modifications that can be imaged through seismic tomography. P-wave tomography was done using ≈8000 P-arrival time data from teleseismic waveforms recorded by 29 broadband stations. Relative residuals estimated through adaptive stacking were inverted in terms of P-velocity perturbations using the fast forward marching technique. About 2100 regional earthquake waveforms were used to constructthe Rayleigh wave phase velocity regionalized dispersion maps in the time periods 36s to 200s which were inverted in terms of shear velocity perturbations.The P-tomograms reveal ≈100km wide cylindrical zone of low velocities (-2%) extending from 80km to 140km beneath the rift.SWT reveals a thin lithosphere and ≈200km wide low velocity(-5%) zone in the depth interval 150-250km coinciding with the rift axis.We interpret theshallow anomaly to represent a conduit through which the pre-Deccan magmatism occurred due to lithospheric thinning and partial melting caused by a mantle plume.Geochemical studies on the alkaline complexes associated with pre-Deccan volcanismfavour carbonatite metasomatism of the lithosphere. Metasomatism reduces the solidus temperature resulting in melting and formation of low velocity zones(LVZ) due tothe thermal anomaly caused by a mantle plume. The LVZ may represent both thermal and compositional imprints and suggests that the signatures of the Neoproterozoic magmatism were overprinted by the later Cretaceous events., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

The crust beneath a 250km long NW-SE trending profile across the Proterozoic Aravalli Delhi Fold Belt in northwestern India was imaged through P receiver functions(RF). We used teleseismic data recorded by 25 closely spaced(10-15km) broadband seismographs deployed on the profile passing through the Marwar craton(MC), Delhi fold belt(DFB), banded gneissic complex(BGC) and Vindhyan basin(VB). About 1600 RFs were generated using the iterative time domain deconvolution technique. The H-k grid search reveals the crustal thickness(H) and Vp/Vs(k) to be ranging from 35km to 53km and 1.70 to 1.90 respectively. Common conversion point image reveals lateral variations in the continuity of the Moho and the intra-crustal discontinuities. Crustal thickening upto 53km is observed beneath DFB while a flat Moho is imaged at ≈40km beneath the rest of the profile. A steep, SE dipping moho was imaged beneath DFB that may represent the subduction of the Marwar craton beneath the Aravalli craton in the east. A crustal scale feature dipping NW and extending from moho to the near surface beneath BGC was distinctively imaged that corresponds to the Jahazpur thrust. Low Vp/Vs(≈1.73) reveal a felsic crust beneath BGC while DFB and VB are characterized by high Vp/Vs(≈1.82) indicating an intermediate to mafic crustal composition. Neighbourhood algorithm inversion reveals ≈10km thick, high velocity layer(Vs≈4km/s) at the base of the crust suggesting significant magmatic underplating. Our results correlate very well with those of the deep seismic reflection studies along the same profile and provide additional information on the continuity of the crustal structure and composition., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

We use ambient noise tomography to image the crustal-scale anisotropic structure beneath the Marwar craton of northwestern India to understand the impact of magmatism, crustal growth, and melt distribution. The study region was shaped by several magmatic events that include the Neoproterozoic Erinpura and Malani volcanism, Cretaceous Barmer-Sanchor rifting, and pre-Deccan volcanism. Correlograms of ~300 paths from 29 broadband seismic stations were computed for the vertical and transverse components. Rayleigh and Love wave group velocity dispersion curves of the fundamental mode were computed for the period ranging from 4s to 40s using the frequency-time analysis method. The 3D shear velocity tomography model was constructed by regionalizing the dispersion data to obtain local dispersion curves which were then inverted using a non-linear trans-dimensional Bayesian approach. The geometry of the Barmer-Sanchor rift is clearly delineated by an elliptical zone of low group velocity anomalies. The tomograms reveal low shear velocities (, The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Capparis diversifolia Wight & Arnott (1834: 27). Fig. 1 Lectotype (first step designated by Jacobs 1965):— INDIA, s.loc., s. d. Wight & Arnott 952, K000247306 (K, image!) and K000247307 (K, image!). Second-step lectotype, designated here K000247306 (K, image!); Isolectotypes K 000247307 (K, image!), G00237950 (G, image!), E00174093 (E, image!). Distribution:— INDIA and SRI LANKA (Sundararaghavan 1993, Maurya et al. 2020). Notes:— While searching for the type specimen of Capparis diversifolia, we came across three specimens, two deposited at K, and one at G. The G specimen (G00237950) has annotations of De Candolle as “Herb. Wight. Propr. 952, Capparis diversifolia W. & A., Prod. by R.Wight and Arn. pg. 27, Peninsula Ind. Orientalis, 1836”, and two labels indicating “HERBIER DE CANDOLLE”, and “TYPUS”. Further, a determinavit by Jacobs (1960) indicating “Isotype of Capparis diversifolia W. & A.”. Whereas the two specimens housed at K (K000247306 and K000247307) have Wight & Arnott’s annotation, collection number ‘ 952 ’ and species number ‘ 95 ’ in “ Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis ” without mention of any locality. Further, a determinavit slip by Jacobs (1961) indicated both of them as ‘Type’ and the same is cited as holotype in his treatment (Jacobs 1965). Much later, Noltie (2005) indicated a specimen (WC952, image!) housed in E as syntype bearing annotations by Wight & Arnott as “Herb. Wight. Propr. n 952, Capparis heterophylla W & A, Peninsula Ind. orientalis” and by Jacobs as “ Capparis diversifolia W. & A., Type, in Blumea 12:448 (1965) ” and stated that “a specimen ex herb. Arnott with HWP label annotated by Arnott Capparis heterophylla W&A [WC] n. 952. Contemplating all, the citation of ‘Holotype’ by Jacobs (1965) has to be considered the first step lectotype of C. diversifolia as per Art. 9.17, and a correctable error following Art. 9.10 (Turland et al. 2018). Hence, we designate K000247306 here as a second-step lectotype for C. diversifolia., Published as part of Maurya, Satish, Datar, Mandar N. & Choudhary, Ritesh Kumar, 2021, Lectotypification of four names in the genus Capparis (Capparaceae), pp. 125-132 in Phytotaxa 500 (2) on page 125, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.500.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5424505, {"references":["Wight, R. & Arnott, G. A. W. (1834) Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis. Vol. 1 Parbury, Allen & Co. London, pp. 27.","Jacobs, M. (1965) The genus Capparis (Capparaceae) from the Indus to the Pacific. Blumea 12: 385 - 541.","Sundararaghavan, R. (1993) Capparaceae. In: Sharma, B. D. & Balakrishnan, N. P. (Eds.) Flora of India. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 249 - 335.","Maurya, S., Datar, M. N. & Choudhary, R. K. (2020) The Genus Capparis L. in India. MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India, pp. 1 - 96. [ISBN: 978 - 81 - 946051 - 0 - 2; http: // aripune. org / wp-content / uploads / 2020 / 11 / The % 20 Genus % 20 Capparis % 20 in % 20 India _ Web _ protected. pdf]","Noltie, H. J. & Wight, R. (2005) The Botany of Robert Wight. Published by ARG Gantner Verlag KG, Liechtenstein.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books, 254 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018"]}

Capparis grandis Linnaeus f. (1781: 263). Fig. 2 Lectotype (designated here, (perhaps neotype)):— INDIA, s. loc., s. d. König s.n. C10009043 (C) image!; Syntype: C10009041, C10009042 (C, image!), and BM013824965 (BM, image!). Distribution: — INDIA, CAMBODIA, CHINA, LAOS, MYANMAR, PAKISTAN (Maurya et al. 2020). Notes: — Jacobs (1965) studied the genus Capparis and cited ‘Type: Koenig (n.v.), Ceylon’ for the name Capparis grandis L.f. While tracing the type specimens of Capparis grandis we found that Koenig’s collections were housed at BR, C, GM, LE, LINN, MO, and UPS (https://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?id=28251). After a thorough search of these herbaria, we could locate four specimens (C10009041, C10009042, C10009043, and C10009044) of C. grandis at C and one at BM. Out of these, C10009041 and C10009042 do not have any collection number or locality information, but have an annotation slip “KOENIG HERBARIUM, Recorded in the catalogue of the Koenig collection”. Further, C10009043 (designated here as lectotype (perhaps, neotype)) has the annotation ‘ K ’ (abbreviation for Johann Gerhard Koenig), and “ Capparis grandis, Ind. Orient. ” by Koenig. These sheets (C10009041, C10009042, and C10009043) have another annotation “ Capparis grandis Linn. f., 20/11/1986 ” by K. Chayamarit. The specimen C10009044 also indicates “ Capparis grandis L. det. Ove Paulsen 1919 Ex hb. Morck 1918.” but the collector’s information is uncertain (leg. Koenig? Klein? Rottler?). An annotation on the same indicates “ Capparis maxima, 1106, Roxb. Stipul. spinos rarioribus. Ind. Orient”. The annotation by Chayamarit indicates it again as “ Capparis grandis Linn. f. (20/11/1986)”. The only specimen we could locate at BM herbarium (BM013824965- designated here as Syntype) has annotations of Dr. Heyne and Jacobs as “ Capparis grandis Koenig, Capparis maxima Roth. Nov. sp. Ind. Or.” and “ Capparidaceae, revised by M. Jacobs, 1961, Capparis grandis L.f.”. As none of the specimens were designated as a “Type or Holotype ” for C. grandis L.f., we designate the lectotype and syntype for the same as per Art. 9.3, and 9.4 of ICN (Turland et al. 2018). Capparis grandis was first described in 1781 by Linnaeus f., and in protologue he mentioned the location as “ habitat in Zeylona ” and type as König’s collection. Linnaeus f. was either correct or incorrect in citing “Zeylona” (= Ceylon = Sri Lanka), since this species occurs both in India and Sri Lanka and Koenig collected it from both countries, the protologue info may be correct or incorrect (L. f. might have loosely used the term “Zeylona” to refer to India or India and Sri Lanka). We believe the Indian elements could be the original materials as the geographical names in 18 th century were loosely used by European Botanists (Pers. Comm. Dr. K.N. Gandhi, 18/10/2020)., Published as part of Maurya, Satish, Datar, Mandar N. & Choudhary, Ritesh Kumar, 2021, Lectotypification of four names in the genus Capparis (Capparaceae), pp. 125-132 in Phytotaxa 500 (2) on pages 126-128, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.500.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5424505, {"references":["Maurya, S., Datar, M. N. & Choudhary, R. K. (2020) The Genus Capparis L. in India. MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India, pp. 1 - 96. [ISBN: 978 - 81 - 946051 - 0 - 2; http: // aripune. org / wp-content / uploads / 2020 / 11 / The % 20 Genus % 20 Capparis % 20 in % 20 India _ Web _ protected. pdf]","Jacobs, M. (1965) The genus Capparis (Capparaceae) from the Indus to the Pacific. Blumea 12: 385 - 541.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books, 254 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018"]}

Capparis rotundifolia Rottler (1803: 185). Fig. 3 Lectotype (designated here):— INDIA, between Pondichery and Alamparvei, 1 st and 2 nd October 1799, Rottler M.J., s.n. lectotype, designated here P04022372 (P, image!); isolectotype: K000247323 (K, image!) Distribution: — INDIA and SRI LANKA (Sundararaghavan 1993, Maurya et al. 2020). Notes: —While searching the type specimens of Capparis rotundifolia, we came across two specimens, one housed in K, and the other one at P. The P specimen, P04022372 (designated here as lectotype) have Rottler’s annotation as “ INDIA, Entre Pondichery et Alamparvei, 1 et 2 Octobre 1799 ” and a determinavit slip by Jacobs as “ Capparis rotundifolia Rottl., Isotype!. Other specimen housed at K, K000247323 have Rottler’s annotation, “ Capparis rotundifolia nov., Octob. 1, 1799”, and a determinavit slip by Jacobs as “ Capparis rotundifolia Rottl., Type!. Capparis rotundifolia was first described by Rottler from Pondicherry and Alamparvei (also known as Alamparai) regions of south India, but the collection number and herbarium details were not mentioned in the protologue. Jacobs (1965) cited one of the Rottler’s specimens housed at P as a Holotype (Rottler s.n., K, P, Holo) in his treatment. However, the only specimen of Rottler available at P (P 04022372) has the determinavit slip by Jacobs as “Isotype”. Another specimen of Rottler housed at K has the determinavit slip by Jacobs (1965) as ‘Type’ which is a mixture of two specimens (K000247322 & K000247323), both devoid of flowers or fruits. Hence, we selected the P specimen as a lectotype, matching perfectly with the protologue. The citation of ‘Holotype’ by Jacobs (1965) has to be considered a correctable error (Art. 9.10 of ICN) and the P specimen (P 04022372) is designated here as the lectotype for C. rotundifolia following Art. 9.3 and 9.10 of ICN (Turland et al. 2018)., Published as part of Maurya, Satish, Datar, Mandar N. & Choudhary, Ritesh Kumar, 2021, Lectotypification of four names in the genus Capparis (Capparaceae), pp. 125-132 in Phytotaxa 500 (2) on page 129, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.500.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5424505, {"references":["Sundararaghavan, R. (1993) Capparaceae. In: Sharma, B. D. & Balakrishnan, N. P. (Eds.) Flora of India. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 249 - 335.","Maurya, S., Datar, M. N. & Choudhary, R. K. (2020) The Genus Capparis L. in India. MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India, pp. 1 - 96. [ISBN: 978 - 81 - 946051 - 0 - 2; http: // aripune. org / wp-content / uploads / 2020 / 11 / The % 20 Genus % 20 Capparis % 20 in % 20 India _ Web _ protected. pdf]","Jacobs, M. (1965) The genus Capparis (Capparaceae) from the Indus to the Pacific. Blumea 12: 385 - 541.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books, 254 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018"]}

Maurya, Satish, Datar, Mandar N., Choudhary, Ritesh Kumar (2021): Lectotypification of four names in the genus Capparis (Capparaceae). Phytotaxa 500 (2): 125-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.500.2.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.500.2.5