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Se presenta una investigación realizada en una universidad privada chilena, cuyos objetivos fueron determinar qué variables de los estudiantes (académicas, sociodemográficas, socioeducativas, económicas y personales) presentan una relación significativa con la retención y con la deserción, ambas medidas al término del primer año de carrera. El instrumento para obtener la información fue la Encuesta de Caracterización, que se aplica al momento del ingreso de los estudiantes a la institución. El análisis de datos consideró tres aplicaciones (2017 – 2019) y utilizó un modelo de regresión logística binaria. Los resultados evidenciaron que la mayoría de estas variables no muestra correlación con abandono ni permanencia en los estudios, mientras que aquellas que correlacionaron con la deserción son académicas (promedio ponderado en PSU y notas de enseñanza media), en primer lugar, y, en segundo lugar, de tipo social (ser extranjero) y económico (arancel de la carrera y trabajar mientras se estudia). Como factor de retención apareció el colegio de origen, con ventaja para los alumnos que provienen de colegios particulares subvencionados. La investigación permite concluir que hay características de entrada de los estudiantes que constituyen un perfil del alumno que deserta, siendo los más relevantes los factores relacionados con la trayectoria académica estudiantil.

After explaining a large set of new concepts and proposing a new theoretical frame, we first depict same stereotypical behavioral and strategic propensities emerging in human systems according an important managerial literature. Then we highlight the systemic models emerging from the strategies implemented by some Italian Regions in managing innovation dynamics. The arrival of the analysis is the identification of more effective tools for founding innovation policies.

As early as 2007 Hibbard and other scholars have pointed out that that in a hyper-connected world innovation processes and cumulative feedbacks through population dynamics, energy, institutions, and political economies have triggered a complex dynamics involving the entire Earth-System. The global landscape is therefore characterized by hierarchical evolving systems, the result within which human decision making processes have to face uncertainty and anxiety, as knowledge is necessarily incomplete, fuzzy, and sometimes even wrong. As many scientists and scholars claim, a lesson can then drawn from nature: unceasingly develop learning and adaptation, enriched by purposeful research, experimentation and rationally founded imagination. I is just during critical phases that it is necessary to enlarge individual and collective knowledge endowment.

Here six techno-economic trajectories are discussed in light of global challenges and the great changes that are taking place in the techno-scientific and social world: digitization of socio-economic processes, smart specialization, environmental sustainability and systemic resilience, knowledge intensive activities, health topics dealt with IA techniques, bio-economy and agri-food. For each trajectory focus area, actors and indicators are proposed.

In an era characterized by uncertainty and complexity efforts must be increased to define general coordinates on which to base medium-long term strategies. To this end, it is reasonable to start with the precise identification of global challenges and then define the appropriate theoretical and operational tools to face them. Indeed this chapter deals with topics concerning the following trends: 1) smart manufacturing. 2) Constraints deriving from limited basic natural resources (water, energy, food). 3) Potentialities and risks of artificial intelligence developments. 4) Changes in the workplace as a result of the increasing use of AI. 5) Suggestions on how to rethink work through two trajectories and one operational trail.

The final chapter contains the proposal to rethink the policies for innovation based on the approach defined Design thinking. Particularly important is the introduction of concepts such as global order parameters, referring to a systemic view of the techno-economic dynamics, and of a complementary methodology, called Agile. Based on the proposed framework, the decision-making space of different actors (private, public) in pursuing objectives at different levels is then analyzed. In this way a multi-level and multi-stakeholder decision making process can be enriched through a multiplicity of indicators in order to timely verify the efficiency of implementation process.

In this chapter, first three traditional frames centered on innovation processes and innovative strategies are analyzed: Linear Model, National Innovation Systems, Evolutonary Approach to the analysis of economic processes. The reasons that lead us to seek a new conceptual frame, which we define adaptive strategic thinking on the basis of a theoretical and empirical literature, are explained.

There is a growing awareness that humanity and the Planet Earth are near to a tipping point, since we are experiencing a critical transition phase, resulting from a hyper-connected world, where global interactive structures and cumulative feedback evolve. It follows an increasing systemic complexity at all levels, hence uncertainty and instability all decision makers have to deal with. New strategic and operational frameworks are therefore needed. The book aims to provide a theoretical-strategic frame and to suggest he book aims to provide a strategic-operational frame and to suggest both an operational architecture and mechanisms suitable for assessing the effectiveness of strategic choices. Oggi e diffusa la consapevolezza che l’Umanita e il Pianeta Terra siano vicini ad un tipping point – un ‘punto di non ritorno’ – all’interno di una fase di critical transition, cioe di bruschi cambiamenti che sono l’esito di crisi congiunte: pandemica, sanitaria, climatica, energetica. Cio e dovuto all’esistenza di un mondo iperconnesso, dove evolvono strutture interattive globali e feedback cumulativi. Ne consegue un incremento della complessita sistemica a ogni livello, quindi incertezza e instabilita con cui devono misurarsi i processi decisionali di tutti gli attori. E dunque necessario delineare nuovi strumenti di analisi strategica e progettazione operativa: a tal fine, il presente volume intende fornire uno schema teorico-strategico e suggerire sia un’architettura operativa sia meccanismi per valutare l’efficacia delle scelte di medio-lungo periodo.

The complex interaction of contemporary techno- and socio-economic processes has set the stage for the emergence of a cyber-physical universe – the novel environment in which agents behave and interact. In this paper, we collect the different threads that lead to and characterize the cyber-physical world in a single analysis and outline a map of the complex dynamics at work in the new context. The resulting description is used to assess how decision-making should evolve in order to be able to address in a systemic manner the opportunities and challenges of the current era of deep and extended changes.

In this chapter we outline the cyber-physical world we entered following the pervasive diffusion of information processing devices that are able to able to interact through exchanging information (cyber-physical systems). In this way ubiquitous computing and ubiquitous connectivity are changing how people think, act and produce. Indeed processes and products are becoming smart and connected on a potentially global level. The possibility of realizing a digital of everything representation from the subatomic level and nanoscale to the astronomical level implies that the physical world is surrounded and pervaded by a digital sphere that interacts with and influences it. Are we in a world like the one hypothesized by Borges' famous paradoxes of the 1: 1 map? The reality Is very different from the imagery Borges’s map: hyperstructures self-organize and emerge, global players act and influence the dynamics of complex adaptive systems.

Pandemic, health crisis, climate risk after decades of stressing natural capital because of overexploitation of resources and moreover increasing socio-economic inequalities are considered by many scholar to cause a tipping point in the evolution of bio-physical and socio-technical processes on a global level. In light of the systemic interdependencies of a hyper-connected world, the scenario of a global systemic crisis does not appear unlikely. We can try to avoid it by taking on new strategic priorities and mindset, then defining theoretical imperatives and application criteria. In this perspective, an example is the paradigm shift represented by the passage from the so-called shareholder capitalism to the stakeholder capitalism.

Clusters that emerged in the past have changed during the latest decades, so that today the research challenge in economic geography is on their evolution over time. The aim of this paper is to update the evolutionary path of SME Italian clusters, which faced the economic crisis are undergoing a process of decline in the number of firms. Furthermore, changes in the techno-economic landscape and in the competitive environment have generated new challenges. In this context, some leading firms, able to connect local resources (and firms) to global networks, have emerged over time and today they act as a gatekeeper. The focus will be on local networks interacting with leading firms and particular attention will be devoted to the pattern of co-evolution and to the geographical dimension of this co-evolutionary process. To empirically verify if other firms in the cluster may co-evolve with the leading firm over time, a deep analysis of the Gucci network in the leather products cluster in Florence will b...

The aim of this paper is to propose an explanation of the changes of dynamic matching between systemic properties of local production systems (LPS) and characteristics of the competitive environment. An evolutionary sequence travelled during the last three decades by Italian LPS is identified and an explanation of long-term dynamics is based on how information flows and knowledge are structured within a local environment. The “traditional” pattern of interlocking behaviours of different agents is defined as cognitive architecture, which evolutionarily emerges as invisible mind. Evolutionary pressures lead new patterns of relationships and interlocking behaviours, which we define as a tendency for more visible “minds” to assert themselves. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Clusters that emerged in the past have changed during the latest decades, so that today the research challenge in economic geography is on their evolution over time. The aim of this paper is to update on the evolutionary path of SMEs Italian clusters, which faced with the economic crisis are undergoing a process of decline in the number of firms. Furthermore changes in the techno-economic landscape and in the competitive environment have generated new challenges. In this context, some leading firm, able to connect local resources (and firms) to global networks, have emerged over time. We argue that within SMEs clusters, the leading firms act as a gatekeeper, linking local networks to global markets. The focus will be on local networks interacting with leading firms and particular attention will be devoted to the pattern of co-evolution and to the geographical dimension of this co-evolutionary process. To empirically verify if others firms in the cluster may co-evolve with the leading firm over time, a deep analysis of the Gucci network in the leather products cluster in Florence will be carried out.

I sistemi socio-economici locali (Ssl) sono stati interpretati dalle tradizioni di studi risalenti a Marshall, Porter e Krugman principalmente considerando la prossimitŕ spaziale degli attori. Era l'ancoraggio territoriale a far lievitare forme peculiari di economie esterne, di vantaggi competitivi e di dinamiche endogene. Negli ultimi decenni, tuttavia, questi sistemi hanno attraversato cambiamenti multi-dimensionali a molteplice scala. Le nuove connotazioni strutturali - tra cui la prossimitŕ cognitiva, la, la complementaritŕ di contratti formali e accordi informali nelle collaborazioni tra imprese, le reti translocali - richiedono un differente quadro teorico e comportano diverse implicazioni di policy. Il quadro teorico pone al centro la co-evoluzione di tecnologie, modelli organizzativi, culture e istituzioni. Entro la molteplicitŕ di traiettorie rese possibili da tale co-evoluzione, ciascun Ssl è sia correlato ad un sistema socio-tecnico che ne limita le dinamiche di mutamento, sia inserito in percorsi lungo i quali puň accedere in modi discontinui ad orizzonti tecno-economici lontani. Le implicazioni di policy debbono pertanto riferirsi alle traiettorie innovative che l'attuale transizione socio-tecnica globale rende possibili ad uno specifico gruppo di Ssl, che è nel nostro caso la Toscana. Sul piano strategico operativo - considerando i limiti politici e civili della societŕ in oggetto - tentiamo di cogliere alcuni cruciali "colli di bottiglia" che bloccano la percezione e il perseguimento degli interessi collettivi di lungo periodo. Questi blocchi riguardano la miopia cosě degli imprenditori come delle istituzioni pubbliche nei riguardi del potenziale tecnico-scientifico effettivamente accessibile e dei percorsi evolutivi che converrebbe imboccare; l'inadeguatezza delle forme istituzionali entro cui vengono prodotti e gestiti i beni comuni o; la carenza di appropriati modi per capitalizzare le imprese innovative. Per ognuno di tali lock-in avanziamo proposte costruttive percorribili.

The development of two Hayekian concepts as heuristic principles is presented as an exploration of relations between technological processes and firms' organizational systems. This is done by analyzing, within the decisional processes of the economic unit, the forms of technical-organizational configuration that firms must have in order to produce satisfactory performances as to the control and management of input and output flows (materials and information), which originated from technical-economic contexts subject to more or less accelerated transformations. The results, reached through developing the reflections set out subsequently, are as follows: 1) from a theoretical and abstract viewpoint, there exist at least two types of technical-information configuration which firms can adopt; 2) the evolutionary processes of the configuration towards two general patterns may be founded in theory (“explanation of principle”.)

The continuity care process tip to realize a rationalization of the distance of the patient from the acute phase, to the acute phase subintensive care area and in the territorial care. In this last phase, the project proposed to implement the experimentation through the determining role of the nursing profession and health care professions. These professions will carry out the function hinge between the truth hospital worker and that territorial one. In extreme synthesis continuity manager (the nurses of the continuity care) and the houses manager (nurses/technical of the rehabilitation case manager) will be the guarantors of the continuity care accompanying the patient from the bed of the hospital to the house seat. Such plan, besides to reduce the ungluing between hospital and territory, being realized a sure distance in the phase of rehabilitation of the subject, determines also the reduction of the improper resource to the hospital. In fact, the territorial actors, in time activated will be in a position to answering timely to the eventual emergent necessities or better to prevent them. Moreover, also through the active involvement in the plan of the General Medicine Doctors, they improve the collaboration and integration between the various professionalities been involved through a continuous and structured communication and the sharing of the health care distances.

The paper aims at providing the conceptual building blocks of a theory of the firm which addresses its "ontological questions" (existence,boundaries and organization) by placing production at its core. We draw on engineering for a more accurate description of the production process itself, highlighting its inner complexity and potentially chaotic nature, and on computational linguistics for a production-based account of the nature of economic agents and of the mechanisms through which they build ordered production sets. In so doing, we give a "more appropriate" production basis to the crucial issues of how firm's boundaries are set, how its organisational structure is defined, and how it changes over time. In particular, we show how economic agents select some tasks to be performed internally, while leaving some other to external suppliers, on the basis of criteria based on both the different degrees of internal congruence of the tasks to be performed (i.e. the internal environment), and on the outer relationships carried out with other agents (i.e. the external environment)

In this study, a research hypothesis on Local Production Systems (LPS) is developed on the basis of theoretical statements introduced in Lombardi (2000a). Starting from the results of empirical inquiries carried out recently by many scholars, we continue the objective of delineating a long-term trajectory of their development (Sections 6.1-6.4) on the one hand, and on the other, investigate potential future trajectories by analysing emerging properties during the ongoing transition process (Section 6.5).