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A multi-scale methodology is developed in conjunction with a probabilistic fatigue lifetime model for structures with pores whose exact distribution, i.e. geometries and locations, is unknown. The method takes into account uncertainty in fatigue lifetimes in structures due to defects at two scales: micro-scale heterogeneity & meso-scale pores. An element-wise probabilistic strain-life model with its criterion modified for taking into account multiaxial loading is developed for taking into account the effect of micro-scale defects on the lifetime. Meso-scale pores in the structure are taken into account via statistical modelling of the expected pore populations via a finite element method, based on tomographic scans of a small region of porous material used to make the structure. A previously implemented Neuber-type plastic correction algorithm is used for fast full-field approximation of the strain-life criterion around the statistically generated pore fields. The probability of failure of a porous structure is obtained via a weakest link assumption at the level of its constituent finite elements. The fatigue model can be identified via a maximum likelihood estimate on experimental fatigue data of structures containing different types of pore populations. The proposed method is tested on an existing high-cycle fatigue data-set of an aluminium alloy with two levels of porosity. The model requires lesser data for identification than traditional models that consider porous media as a homogeneous material, as the same base material is considered for the two grades of porous material. Numerical studies on synthetically generated data show that the method is capable of taking into account the statistical size effect in fatigue, and demonstrate that fatigue properties of subsurface porous material are lower than that of core porous material, which makes homogenisation of the method non-trivial., Comment: 42 pages, 29 figures

Fatigue failure driven by stress gradients associated to casting defects was studied in two cast nickel-based superalloys. The experimental campaign revealed complex damage phenomena linked to spongeous shrinkages, characterized by their intricate arrangement of defects in the material medium, forming defect clusters. Multiple cracks were observed to initiate from defect volumes, coalescing with neighboring void surfaces along crystallographic planes. Defects were characterized using X-ray computed tomography, and image-based finite element (FE) models were constructed as digital representations of each experimental sample explicitly containing all real casting defects. Numerical simulations of these FE models under the same conditions as the experiments revealed that tortuous defects contain small ligaments where very high local stresses develop. These ligaments initiate early cracks, but due to the limited stressed volumes, these cracks do not drive the life of the material. A thorough comparison of simulations with experiments led to the development of an original method to define stressed volumes and address small ligaments. Finally, a novel energy-based non-local model was proposed, using two parameters to predict the fatigue lives of samples containing casting defects at the mesoscopic scale. The model was validated against samples with varying porosity levels, sizes, and geometries, accurately predicting fatigue lives within a factor of 3 compared to experimental results. This new approach generalizes the application of non-local methods to real casting defects by considering their shape and stressed volumes to estimate fatigue properties.

Zn-Al-Mg coatings are characterized by a complex microstructure with dendritic and eutectic phases. This heterogeneous phase distribution contributes to multiple deformation and damage mechanisms. The presence of brittle phases promotes crack initiation and propagation. This study reveals a new deformation and damage mechanism of a Zn-Al-Mg coating, where twinning can induce crack initiation in the eutectic region. The chronology of different events leading to crack initiation and propagation is clearly established by in-situ tensile testing in a scanning electron microscope, which helps to establish a detailed characterization of the mechanical behavior of the coating.

The brittleness of an aluminide diffusion coating protecting a Ren\'e 125 Ni-based polycrystalline superalloy was investigated over a wide range of temperatures in its as-received and thermally aged form. Isothermal and thermal cycled aging were performed on the coated system at a maximum temperature of 1100 {\deg}C. Microstructure evolutions and damage initiation within the coating were characterized. Interrupted tensile tests and thermomechanical fatigue tests were conducted to document critical stress-strain conditions leading to the coating cracking and lifetime for the case of thermo-mechanical fatigue loading. Advanced digital image correlation and acoustic emission techniques were used to detect coating cracking. Isothermal oxidation or cyclic oxidation led to improved strain-to-failure due to metallurgical evolutions and also longer fatigue life under thermomechanical fatigue conditions.

Complex microstructure evolution has been observed \rev{both bare and coated } Ni-based single crystal superalloys. Rafting and $\gamma'$ depletion are investigated in this study through a brief experimental analysis and a detailed phase field model to account for mechanical-diffusion coupling. The proposed model has been implemented in a finite element code. As a main result, it is shown that rafting, $\gamma'$ depletion close to free surface/oxide layer or $\gamma'$ coalescence close to coating layer, and mechanical behavior are strongly coupled. The local additional flux of Al explains this coupling to a large extent. Finally, a discussion of strain localization and local flux of Al paves the way for clarification of these cases that degrade the performance of superalloys.

This study investigates failure mechanisms in a typical thermal barrier coating (TBC) system comprising an EB-PVD columnar top coat, an aluminide bond coat, and a Ni-based single crystal superalloy substrate, simulating gas turbine operating conditions using a burner rig. TBC degradation, initiated by interfacial defects from the LASAT method, was studied during thermal gradient cycling under fast and slow cooling. In-situ optical and infrared imaging, along with ex-situ SEM cross-sectional analysis, monitored failure mechanisms. The Laser Shock for Damage Monitoring (LASDAM) technique provided insights into gradient and cooling rate impacts on columnar TBC damage. Results showed significant effects of cooling rate on delamination and localized failure at blister sites, with LASDAM revealing significant overheating at damage sites. Analysis included full-field temperature and damage assessment, emphasizing blister-driven delamination under severe thermal gradients. Discussion focused on elastic stored energy effects, noting that fast cooling induced transient conditions where reversed temperature gradients increased damage, limiting TBC lifespan, Comment: submitted to Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 24 pages and 19 figures

The Hall effect can be extended by inducing a temperature gradient in lieu of electric field that is known as the Nernst (-Ettingshausen) effect. The recently discovered spin Nernst effect in heavy metals continues to enrich the picture of Nernst effect-related phenomena. However, the collection would not be complete without mentioning the valley degree of freedom benchmarked by the observation of the valley Hall effect. Here we show the experimental evidence of its missing counterpart, the valley Nernst effect. Using millimeter-sized WSe$_{2}$ mono-multi-layers and the ferromagnetic resonance-spin pumping technique, we are able to apply a temperature gradient by off-centering the sample in the radio frequency cavity and address a single valley through spin-valley coupling. The combination of a temperature gradient and the valley polarization leads to the valley Nernst effect in WSe$_{2}$ that we detect electrically at room temperature. The valley Nernst coefficient is in very good agreement with the predicted value., Comment: 8 pages and 5 figures

Spin pumping by ferromagnetic resonance is one of the most common technique to determine spin hall angles, Edelstein lengths or spin diffusion lengths of a large variety of materials. In recent years, rising concerns have appeared regarding the interpretation of these experiments, underlining that the signal could arise purely from thermoelectric effects, rather than from coherent spin pumping. Here, we propose a method to evaluate the presence or absence of thermal effects in spin pumping signals, by combining bolometry and spin pumping by ferromagnetic resonance measurements, and comparing their timescale. Using a cavity to perform the experiments on Pt\Permalloy and La0.7Sr0.3MnO3\Pt samples, we conclude on the absence of any measurable thermoelectric contribution such as the spin Seebeck and anomalous Nernst effects at resonance, Comment: 5 figures