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Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T15:31:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-03-15 Mixing N-fixing trees with eucalypts is an attractive option to improve the long-term soil N status in fast-growing plantations established in tropical soils. A randomized block design was replicated at four sites in Brazil to compare the biogeochemical cycles in mono-specific stands of Eucalyptus (100E) and Acacia mangium (100A) with mixed-species plantations in a proportion of 1:1 (50A50E). Our study aimed to assess the effects of introducing A. mangium trees in Eucalyptus plantations on atmospheric N 2 fixation, N cycling and soil organic matter stocks. Litterfall and soil N mineralization were measured over the last two years of the rotation (4–6 years after planting). Aboveground N accumulation in the trees and C and N stocks in the forest floor and in the top soil were intensively sampled at harvesting age. N 2 fixation rates were estimated using the natural abundance of 15 N as well as by the difference between total N stocks in 100A and 50A50E relative to 100E (accretion method). While the 15 N natural abundance method was unsuitable, the accretion method showed consistently across the four sites that atmospheric N fixation reached about 250 and 400 kg N ha −1 rotation −1 in 50A50E and 100A, respectively. Except at one site with high mortality, N contents within trees at harvesting were approximately 40% higher in 100A than in 100E. Mean N contents in litterfall and N mineralization rates were about 60% higher in 100A than in 100E, with intermediate values in 50A50E. The amounts of N in litterfall were much more dependent on soil N mineralization rates for acacia trees than for eucalypt trees. Soil C and N stocks were dependent on soil texture but not influenced by tree species. N budgets over a 6-year rotation were enhanced by about 65 kg N ha −1 yr −1 in 100A and 40 kg N ha −1 yr −1 in 50A50E relative to monospecific eucalypt plantations. Introducing N-fixing trees in eucalypt plantations might therefore contribute to reducing the need for mineral N fertilization in the long-term. USP ESALQ Forest Science Department UNESP Departamento de Solos e Recursos Ambientais Universidade Estadual Paulista ‘Júlio de Mesquita Filho’ CIRAD UMR Eco&Sols Eco&Sols INRA CIRAD IRD Montpellier SupAgro University of Montpellier USP CENA, Av. Centenário, 303 CENIBRA Coordenação de Pesquisa Florestal, 35196-972 Belo Oriente Department of Forest Science and Wood UFES, 29550-000 Jerônimo Monteiro UNESP Departamento de Solos e Recursos Ambientais Universidade Estadual Paulista ‘Júlio de Mesquita Filho’

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:59:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-03-01 We conducted a diagnosis of the environmental management system of the Brazilian auto parts industry, using the LIFE certification methodology (lasting initiative for earth) as a diagnostic tool. This certification recognizes enterprises that develop conservation actions for biodiversity for the purpose of minimizing and/or mitigating their own negative impact on the environment. Through this method, it was possible to quantify and qualify the environmental impact and investigate the existence of conservation actions, as well as evaluate them quantitatively and qualitatively. Therefore, we used this methodology to demonstrate its potential as an economic instrument of environmental management through its application within an EMS certified to the ISO 14001 series. It was shown that there are many benefits of using sustainable environmental resources (possibility to return to ISE-Corporate Sustainability Index-Bovespa) and for the final disposal of waste from production. The main results indicated that the LIFE methodology allows companies to incorporate actions to biodiversity conservation transversally into their EMSs, which can increase the efficiency of enterprise management. We believe that the use of this management model by other companies will enable the intensification of conservation actions in protected areas in their regions. Department of Forest Science ESALQ University of Sao Paulo, Padua Dias Avenue, 11 Economics Sociology and Technology Department College of Agricultural Sciences of Botucatu UNESP, Portaria I: José Barbosa de Barros Street, 1780 LIFE Institute, Victor Benato Street, 210-Unilivre Economics Sociology and Technology Department College of Agricultural Sciences of Botucatu UNESP, Portaria I: José Barbosa de Barros Street, 1780

International audience; The association of N-2-fixing species (NFS) could be an attractive option for achieving a sustainable increase of Eucalyptus plantations (EP) productivity through a positive balance between facilitative effects and competition between species. A randomised block design was replicated at four sites (Cenibra, USP, Suzano and IP) in Southern Brazil and at one site in Congo. The development of mono-specific stands of Acacia mangium (100A) and Eucalyptus grandis or urophylla x grandis (100E), was compared with N fertilisation treatment (100E + N) and with mixed-species plantations in a 1:1 ratio (50A:50E), and in an additive series with varying densities of acacia for the same density of eucalypt (25A:100E, 50A:100E, 100A:100E). The objectives were to assess the effect of mixtures on tree growth and stand production, and the behaviour of the two species in contrasting soil and climatic conditions. Tree growth was monitored over stand rotation and the biomass of aboveground tree components estimated at mid-rotation and at harvesting age. Eucalyptus height was 13% higher in Brazil than in Congo. Favourable ecological conditions in Congo and Cenibra led to 50% higher Acacia tree height than at the other sites. A depressive effect of Eucalyptus neighbour trees on Acacia height and circumference growth, lower in Congo than in Brazil, was observed in the mixtures from age 1-2 years onwards. Depressive effects of acacia on eucalypt height and circumference growth were low in USP, Suzano and IP, high in Cenibra, and not observed in Congo, in 50A:50E and 25A:100E. A positive though insignificant response to N fertilisation was only found in USP and Congo. Complementarity for light and soil resource capture between Eucalyptus and Acacia trees resulted in mean annual increments in total stand stemwood biomass (MAI) that were 7-15%, 6-12%, and 40% higher in the additive series than for 100E in Cenibra, LISP and Congo, respectively at mid-rotation. Whilst lasting complementarity and facilitation in Congo led to 17-34% higher MAI in mixtures than for 100E at harvesting age, MAIs were not significantly higher in mixtures than for 100E in Brazil. Mixed-species plantations of Eucalyptus and A. mangium might enhance aboveground stand production on poor nutrient soils in warm and humid tropical climates with low water limitations

As plantações de eucalipto ocupam 20 milhões de hectares em solos altamente intemperizados. Plantações consorciadas de eucalipto com acácia têm potencial de melhorar a produtividade do povoamento, em relação às respectivas plantações homogêneas, através do efeito facilitador da fixação biológica de N pelas árvores de acácia. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito do consórcio de genótipos de Eucalyptus com Acacia mangium sobre a produção da biomassa aérea de cada espécie e sobre a ciclagem de N. Quatro experimentos foram estabelecidos em áreas manejadas com eucalipto durante várias rotações, em blocos casualizados, contendo três tratamentos: plantação homogênea de acácia (100A), de eucalipto (100E) e plantação consorciada na proporção 1:1 (50A:50E). As áreas experimentais localizam-se em condições ecológicas diferentes na região sudeste do Brasil, nos Estados de São Paulo e de Minas Gerais. O crescimento das árvores foi medido durante toda a rotação de cultivo e equações alométricas de biomassa e de mineralomassa de N foram estabelecidas em cada área, no final da rotação, para os compartimentos aéreos das árvores. A deposição de serapilheira e a mineralização de N in situ foram avaliadas durante dois anos, no final da rotação. As concentrações de C e N no solo foram avaliadas no final da rotação e estimadas por meio do método NIRS (espectrometria de reflectância no infravermelho próximo) e calculados seus estoques no solo. A fixação simbiótica de N2 foi estimada pela diferença do estoque total de N entre os tratamentos. A produção de biomassa de lenho foi maior em 100E que em 50A:50E, devido ao menor crescimento da acácia, em comparação ao eucalipto, nas condições climáticas estudadas. A matéria seca de serapilheira depositada foi maior em 100E, mas o retorno médio de N ao solo, via deposição, em 100A foi 1,7 vez maior que em 100E. Os estoques de C e N no solo foram iguais nos diferentes tratamentos. Os estoques totais de C e N, na área com o maior crescimento de eucalipto, localizada em Santana do Paraíso, foram 30% e 50% maiores do que na área com menor crescimento, localizada em Itatinga. A mineralização de N no solo foi duas vezes maior em 100A que em 100E, e intermediária em 50A:50E, resultante de uma rápida ciclagem de N, da serapilheira acumulada, abaixo de árvores de acácia. O fluxo de N retornado ao solo com a deposição de serapilheira, no final da rotação, foi um bom indicador da disponibilidade de N no solo, em plantações tropicais de rápido crescimento. Nesse contexto, em termos de manejo florestal, os resultados sugerem que uma rotação com plantação homogênea com espécie arbórea fixadora de N (AFN) após várias rotações com plantios de eucaliptos, pode ajudar a manter a fertilidade de N do solo, com um manejo compatível com as práticas adotadas pelas empresas florestais. Outra opção de manejo em larga escala, seria a introdução de um sub-bosque com espécie AFN em plantações comerciais de eucalipto. No entanto o sucesso destas plantações consociadas, em grande parte, depende das espécies selecionadas. Eucalyptus plantations cover 20 million hectares on highly weathered soils. Eucalyptus plantations intercropped with Acacia have the potential to improve the productivity of the stand, in relation to their mono-specific plantations, through the facilitatory effect of N fixation by acacia trees. The objective was to evaluate the effect of the consortium of genotypes of Eucalyptus with Acacia mangium on the production of biomass of each species and N cycling. Four experiments were established in areas managed with eucalypts for several rotations in a randomized block design with three treatments: mono-specific acacia plantation (100A), eucalyptus (100E) and mixed plantation at 1:1 (50A:50E). The experimental areas located in different ecological conditions in the southeastern region of Brazil, in the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. Tree growth was measured throughout the rotation of cultivation and allometric equations of biomass and mineral mass of N have been set for each area at the end of the rotation to the compartments of the trees. Litterfall and N mineralization in situ were assessed for two years, at the end of the rotation. Concentrations of C and N in the soil were evaluated at the end of the rotation and estimated by the NIRS method (near infrared reflectance spectrometry) and calculated stocks in the soil. The symbiotic N2 fixation was estimated by the difference of the total stock of N among treatments. The wood biomass production was higher in 100E than in 50A:50E, due to lower acacia growth compared to eucalyptus climatic conditions studied. The litterfall dry mass was higher in 100E, but the average return of N from litterfall to the soil was 1.7 times higher in 100A than in 100E. The stocks of C and N in the soil were similar in the different treatments. The total stocks of C and N, with more eucalypts growth, located in Santana do Paraíso, were 30% and 50% higher relative, by less growth, located in Itatinga. The mineralization of N in the soil in 100A was twice that at 100E, and intermediate in 50A:50E, resulting from faster turnover of N in the forest floor under acacia trees. Annual N flux from litterfall at the end of the rotation was a good indicator of soil N availability in fast-growing tropical plantations. In this context, in terms of forest management, results suggest that one rotation of mono-specific N-fixing tree species (NFT) after a certain number of of eucalypt rotations could help to maintain plantation soil fertility, with a management compatible with forest company practices. Other large scale management option for management is the introduction of NFT undergrowth by commercial eucalypts. However, the success of these mixed-species plantations is largely dependt on the selected species.

Background and aims Eucalyptus plantations cover 20 million hectares on highly weathered soils. Large amounts of nitrogen (N) exported during harvesting lead to concerns about their sustainability. Our goal was to assess the potential of introducing A. mangium trees in highly productive Eucalyptus plantations to enhance soil organic matter stocks and N availability. Methods A randomized block design was set up in a Brazilian Ferralsol soil to assess the effects of mono-specific Eucalyptus grandis (100E) and Acacia mangium (100A) stands and mixed plantations (50A:50E)on soil organic matter stocks and net N mineralization. Results A 6-year rotation of mono-specific A. mangium plantations led to carbon (C) and N stocks in the forest floor that were 44% lower and 86% higher than in pure E. grandis stands, respectively. Carbon and N stocks were not significantly different between the three treatments in the 0-15 cm soil layer. Field incubations conducted every 4 weeks for the two last years of the rotation estimated net soil N mineralization in 100A and 100E at 124 and 64 kg ha(-1) yr(-1), respectively. Nitrogen inputs to soil with litterfall were of the same order as net N mineralization. Conclusions Acacia mangium trees largely increased the turnover rate of N in the topsoil. Introducing A. mangium trees might improve mineral N availability in soils where commercial Eucalyptus plantations have been managed for a long time.

The physicochemical properties of water, sediment and nutrients mainly relate directly between forest management and water quality. We analyzed the physicochemical conditions of water in the Eucalyptus reforested area, based on 3 hydrological indicators and patterns of CONAMA Resolution. 357. Samples were collected from the catchment during the period of December 2007 to September 2008 in a catchment of 23 hectares located in the middle Paraiba Valley and the physical and chemical variables were determined using standard methods of the American Public Health Association. The results were compared to the extreme limits of stability as a means of evaluating the quality of water in the area of management and determined the average, maximum and minimum for the CONAMA. Only suspended solids higher value than both the extreme limits of stability as the standards of CONAMA. Therefore, the hypothesis stating that in areas with steep slopes to forest silvicultural practices should provide more specific, in order to allow the maintenance of hydrological processes and the production potential of the soil.

No Estado do Paraná, o setor industrial de papel e celulose possui aproximadamente 200 mil hectares de área reflorestada com Pinus . A crescente demanda vem impulsionando a implantação de novas áreas, sendo imprescindível a otimização do uso da área que se apresenta como o fato central da sustentabilidade. Neste contexto, não somente o que diz respeito à produtividade propriamente dita, mas aspectos relativos à qualidade ambiental, como os recursos hídricos e a conservação do solo são importantes para a conservação do ecossistema. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo principal caracterizar a dinâmica hidrológica e a biogeoquímica de duas microbacias, cobertas respectivamente, por Mata Atlântica e Pinus taedaL. As microbacias localizadas na região centro-leste do Estado do Paraná, no Município de Telêmaco Borba, foram selecionadas com a finalidade de realizar medições de precipitação e vazão, durante o período de agosto de 2005 a julho de 2006, e principalmente quantificar o balanço dos nutrientes. De acordo com os resultados, concluiu-se que as duas microbacias apresentaram características semelhantes para a dinâmica hidrológica, para as propriedades do solo e, principalmente para o balanço geoquímico dos nutrientes. Portanto, essas constatações apóiam a hipótese para futuras comparações entre as duas microbacias e permitem inferir que prováveis mudanças que possam ocorrer poderão ser atribuídas às práticas do manejo florestal. In the State of Paraná, Brasil, the pulp and paper industry holds about 200 thousand hectares of Pine plantatios. An increasing demand has been stimulating the implantation of new areas and this fact requires the optimization of land use practices, that which is itself a central fact for sustainability. In this context, not only from the perspective of the productivity, itself, but also in regards to environmental aspects, such as water resources and the conservation of the soil, which are important for the conservation of the ecosystem. The main objective, of this work was to characterize the hydrological and biogeochemical dynamics of two small catchments, covered wither Rainforest and Pinus taeda L. plantation. The catchments, located in the center east region of the Paraná State, in the municipality of Telêmaco Borba, were selected with the purpose of water balance calculation through continuous measurement of precipitation and streamflow, during the period of August of 2005 until July of 2006, and, mainly, the estimation of the catchment nutrients budget. The results showed that the two catchments presented similar characteristics in hydrological dynamics, as well an in soil properties and, mainly, in the geochemical nutrients budgets. Therefore, these evidences support the hypothesis for future comparisons between the two catchments and allow inferring that probable changes that can occur might be attributed to the practical forest management in one of them.

Forests provide several ecosystem services and its presence near streams can increase water quality and quantity. In human-dominated landscapes such as agricultural lands, the forests are usually limited to a few patches. To improve the protection of water ways in these areas, we propose a methodological framework to: (i) assess the contribution of water-related ecosystem services offered by the present forest vegetation in the landscape, and (ii) prioritize areas for recovery and restoration actions. The methodology is based on a balance between local demand (physical variables) and supply (forest characteristics) of water-related services. This balance has the advantage of showing the amount of forest that currently has potential to provide services and the areas with higher deficit of services. Although this method still needs to be validated, its simplicity and easy replicability makes our methodology a rapid assessment of forest potential to provide water-related ecosystem services within agricultural areas.

Interest in ecological restoration and forest restoration projects has grown both in the scientific and practical fields of public policy and civil society. The reason for this is the increase in the number of international agreements (e.g., Paris agreement) and national initiatives that drive public policy and the interest of private enterprise in restoration projects, especially as a means of mitigating carbon emissions. More recently, restoration projects have adopted new approaches to make them more effective and applicable at large scales and including anthropogenic land uses. The Restoration of Forests and Landscapes is such approach, which seeks to encompass not only ecological objectives of forest restoration, but also social and economic aspects, with the aim of promoting the livelihoods of the actors of the landscape involved. It differs from other approaches since it does not only focus on restoration of degraded lands but aims to couple forest restoration with other anthropogenic land uses producing multifunctional landscapes. Despite the growing interest in restoration projects, it is necessary to further develop and implement tools to verify compliance with restoration projects\' objectives and socioeconomic impacts, especially in more complex approaches such as landscapes. This project therefore aimed to identify the necessary principles and propose a standard framework of socioeconomic aspects for forest and landscape restoration projects. The project was done in two steps. The first served to identify the main concepts and principles of Forest and Landscape Restoration. In the second stage, develop a standardization scheme of socioeconomic aspects, which may be suitable for different contexts and which aims to assist in the planning, implementation of project monitoring. O interesse por projetos de restauração ecológica e restauração florestal tem crescido tanto no campo científico, quanto no campo prático de políticas públicas e da sociedade civil. A razão para tal é o aumento no número de acordos internacionais (e.g., acordo de Paris) e iniciativas nacionais que impulsionam políticas públicas e o interesse da iniciativa privada em projetos de restauração, especialmente como forma de mitigar as emissões de carbono. Mais recentemente, os projetos de restauração adotaram novas abordagens, visando torná-los mais efetivos e aplicáveis a escalas amplas e que incluem usos antrópicos do solo. A Restauração de Florestas e Paisagens é uma dessas abordagens, que procura abarcar não somente objetivos ecológicos de restauração florestal, mas também aspectos sociais e econômicos, com o objetivo de promover a melhoria nos meios de vida dos atores da paisagem envolvida. Difere das demais abordagens pois não foca apenas em restauração das terras degradadas, mas visa acoplar a restauração florestal aos demais usos antrópicos da terra produzindo paisagens multifuncionais. A despeito do interesse crescente nos projetos de restauração, faz-se necessário avançar na elaboração e implantação de ferramentas que visem verificar o cumprimento dos objetivos e impactos socioeconômicos dos projetos de restauração, especialmente em abordagens mais complexas como a de paisagens. Este projeto tem portanto, o objetivo de identificar os princípios necessários para tal, e propor um esquema de padronização dos aspectos socioeconômicos para projetos de restauração de florestas e paisagens. Para isso, o projeto possui duas etapas. A primeira serviu para identificar os principais conceitos e princípios da Restauração de Florestas e Paisagens. Na segunda etapa, elaborar um esquema de padronização dos aspectos socioeconômicos, que possa ser adequado a contextos diversos e que visa auxiliar no planejamento, implementação de monitoramento dos projetos.

As famílias rurais do semiárido vivem sob constante vulnerabilidade climática, cujas atividades agropecuárias são comprometidas pela instabilidade hídrica, pela produção em solos empobrecidos e também pela demanda de altos investimentos na modernização dos seus sistemas produtivos. A consequência é um povo marginalizado, pobre, sem acesso a alimentação em quantidade e qualidade suficientes, desencadeando na migração para grandes centros ou ainda, a exploração e degradação dos recursos da Caatinga na tentativa de desenvolver suas atividades e assim permanecer no campo. Diante a problemática da seca, muitas estratégias de convivência com o semiárido são promovidas, as quais favorecem o acesso à água e a inclusão social. No entanto, o cenário atual enfatiza a necessidade de medidas mais eficientes para o fortalecimento da agricultura familiar, que devem ser condizentes à realidade do agricultor e harmoniosas com o meio ambiente. Portanto, para elucidar questões sobre a realidade de agricultores familiares do semiárido e gerar informações como subsídio a atuação de agentes externos, o presente trabalho compreendeu as vulnerabilidades dos meios de vida de agricultores familiares. Bem como, a importância e o impacto dos recursos (água, produção e área consolidada) dos meios de vida de agricultores familiares. Foram realizadas entrevistas com 23 famílias distribuídas em municípios da Bacia do Jacuípe e aplicados quatros métodos multivariados, por meio da (i) análise de agrupamentos, (ii) análise de componentes principais, (iii) análise de fatores e (iv) análise de seleção das variáveis. Os resultados apontaram para a produção que aqueles com maior número de matrizes (vacas em lactação ou caprinos para carne) diversificam suas rendas com a venda de galinhas e ovos e possuem RL com entrada de animais. Enquanto aquelas com propriedades entre 0-20 ha trabalham, somente, com a produção de hortaliças, cuja fonte de renda é o próprio negócio. Famílias com propriedades entre 20-66 ha criam caprinos, não possuem APP e não utilizam equipamentos via associações ou empréstimos. Quanto as famílias com propriedades entre 66-80 ha, embora criem caprinos, sua comercialização não é a principal fonte de renda. Assim, concluiu-se que os meios de vida das famílias rurais do semiárido apresentam maior vulnerabilidade nos seguintes recursos: financeiro (devido ao baixo retorno econômico de suas atividades e à comercialização de seus produtos, bem como às dificuldades de acesso ao crédito) e social (falta de conhecimentos técnicos resultando em práticas agropecuárias defasadas e insustentáveis, desencadeando uma má utilização dos recursos locais). O acesso aos programas sociais disponíveis e a participação em associações ou cooperativas são fundamentais para viabilizar as estratégias de convivência com o semiárido. A gestão da água (acesso e bom uso do recurso) e a aplicação dos conhecimentos tradicionais favorecem a segurança alimentar das famílias rurais. As principais estratégias de convivência com o semiárido focam no acesso a água e em alternativas para suprir a falta de alimento para o animal. O tamanho da propriedade e de produção impactam a conservação da caatinga, assim como, o tamanho da propriedade influencia no foco de produção agropecuário. Por fim, o uso eficiente da água depende de tecnologias e boas práticas que permitam o seu melhor aproveitamento. Countryside families who lives in the semi-arid region are under constant climate vulnerability, whose agricultural activities are compromised by water instability, production in impoverished soils and by the demand for high investments in the modernization of their productive systems. The consequence is a marginalized, poor people, without access to food in sufficient quantity and quality, triggering the migration to big centers or the exploitation and degradation of Caatinga resources in attempt to develop their activities and thus remain in rural areas. Faced with drought problem, many strategies for living with the semi-arid are promoted, which favor access to water and social inclusion. However, the current scenario emphasizes the need for more efficient alternatives to strengthen family farming, which must be applicable to reality of farmers and harmonious with environment. Based on the assumption that more financial resources favor the development of family agriculture, but also the awareness of use and better exploitation of local resources available in their lives, the present work understood importance and use of resources of the livelihoods (human, Social, physical, financial and natural) through the methodology Sustainable Livelihoods. interviews were conducted with 23 families included on a program called Adapta Sertão, selected with a focus on production and size of the property, distributed in municipalities of the Jacuípe Basin. To verify the impact of family farmer livelihoods, 20 factors were generated based on 99 observed variables and four multivariate methods were applied, through (i) cluster analysis, (ii) principal component analysis, (iii) analysis of factors and (iv) analysis of selection of variables. The results showed that, based on the production focus, most of the families work with milk production, and there is a direct relationship between a higher production of animals and, consequently, a lower presence of APP. Families with higher numbers of animals (lactating cows or goats for meat) are those that diversify their family income through the sale of chickens and eggs, but who have RL with animals. Families with properties between 0-20 ha are those that produce only vegetables and have their own business as main source of income (they do not work with raising goats and selling milk). Families with properties between 20-66 ha, have no APP and do not use equipment via associations or loans. However, they are those that work with the creation of goats. Regarding families with properties between 66-80 ha, although they raise goats, their commercialization is not the main source of income. Thus, it was concluded that the guarantee of food security of countryside families who lives in the semi-arid region are vulnerable in the following resources: financial (due to the low economic return of their activities and the commercialization of their products, as well as the difficulties of access to credit) and (Lack of technical knowledge resulting in lagging and unsustainable agricultural practices, triggering misuse of local resources). Access to available social programs and participation in associations or cooperatives are fundamental to enable the strategies to coexist with the semi-arid region.

O conceito de Alto Valor de Conservação (AVC) foi desenvolvido pela certificação florestal FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), e tem por objetivo designar áreas com características excepcionais devido a presença de importantes atributos, divididos nas seguintes categorias: florestas com concentração significativa de biodiversidade; grandes áreas florestais em nível de paisagem, que contenham populações viáveis da grande maioria das espécies de ocorrência natural; áreas florestais contidas ou que contém ecossistemas raros, ameaçados ou em perigo; áreas florestais em situações críticas que forneçam serviços básicos da natureza; áreas florestais fundamentais para atender necessidades básicas das comunidades locais; áreas florestais críticas para a identidade cultural tradicional de comunidades locais. Trata-se de um conceito inovador ao incluir aspectos sociais e culturais, razão pela qual tem sido amplamente utilizado fora do setor florestal, sendo incorporado por esquemas de certificação ligados a commodities e biocombustíveis, empresas de cadeia de logística (produção) e instituições financeiras. A identificação dos atributos pode ser feita seguindo-se uma abordagem genérica, na qual o manejo deve contribuir para manutenção ou incremento dos atributos identificados seguindo uma abordagem de precaução, incluindo as comunidades locais no processo de identificação das áreas de AVC. Para melhor uso deste conceito em situações específicas, alguns países adaptam os conceitos gerais em documentos chamados de Interpretação Nacional. O Brasil é um dos países que ainda não possuem uma interpretação Nacional e, portanto, a identificação de áreas de AVC é feita utilizando-se a abordagem genérica. Este trabalho se propõe a uma análise ampla do uso do conceito de AVC em três diferentes escalas: análise das publicações existentes sobre o tema, aplicação regional por meio das interpretações nacionais e uso do conceito no Brasil pelos empreendimentos de manejo florestal certificado pelo FSC. O capítulo 1 consiste em uma revisão estruturada das publicações existentes a nível mundial sobre o tema, que possibilitou a formação de uma base considerando as principais informações disponíveis sobre o tema. No capítulo 2 aprofunda-se em uma análise do conceito regional, considerando apenas os países que possuem uma interpretação nacional, reconhecendo as diferenças e características próprias de cada local. Por fim, o terceiro capítulo tem como foco específico os empreendimentos de manejo florestal certificado no Brasil, possibilitando o levantamento dos atributos identificados até o momento e a realização de uma análise das etapas de condução dos estudos de AVC por meio de questionários. The concept of High Conservation Value (AVC) was developed by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), and its purpose is to designate areas with exceptional characteristics due to the presence of important attributes, divided into the following categories: forests with a significant concentration of biodiversity; large landscape-level forest areas containing viable populations of the vast majority of naturally occurring species; forest areas contained or containing rare, threatened or endangered ecosystems; forest areas in critical situations that provide basic services of nature; areas that are fundamental to meeting the basic needs of local communities; areas critical for the traditional cultural identity of local communities. It is an innovative concept to include social and cultural aspects, which is why it has been widely used outside the forest sector, being incorporated by certification schemes linked to commodities and biofuels, logistics chain companies (production) and financial institutions. The identification of the attributes can be done following a generic approach, in which the management should contribute to the maintenance or increment of the attributes identified following a precautionary approach, including the local communities in the process of identifying the areas of HCV. To better use this concept in specific situations, some countries adapt the general concepts into documents called National Interpretation. Brazil is one of the countries that do not yet have a national interpretation and, therefore, the identification of areas of HCV is done using the generic approach. This work proposes a broad analysis of the use of the concept of HCV in three different scales: analysis of existing publications on the theme, regional application through national interpretations and use of the concept in Brazil by the forest management companies certified by the FSC. Chapter 1 consists of a structured review of the existing worldwide publications on the subject, which enabled the formation of a base considering the main information available on the theme. In Chapter 2, the analysis of the regional concept is analyzed, considering only the countries that have a national interpretation, recognizing the differences and characteristics of each place. Finally, the third chapter focuses specifically on certified forest management projects in Brazil, enabling the identification of attributes identified so far and conducting an analysis of the stages of conduction of HCV studies through questionnaires.

As certificações socioambientais, a fim de tornarem-se mais acessíveis a pequenos produtores proporcionam métodos alternativos para obtenção dos selos. O FSC, além da possibilidade de certificação em grupo oferece, desde 2004, o padrão de certificação Small and Slow Intensity Managed Forests (SLIMF). No Brasil, para atender a alta demanda do mercado e manterem-se competitivas, empresas florestais, além de estabelecer contratos de fomento, vêm incentivando e auxiliando pequenos produtores a certificarem-se. Para os pequenos produtores, a certificação pode contribuir com a diversificação dos meios de vida. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: i) caracterizar quais são os fatores que geram mudanças nos meios de vida de grupos de pequenos produtores florestais fomentados certificados; e ii) verificar a influência do tempo de certificação na mudança dos capitais dos meios de vida destes grupos. Para isso foram estudados quatro grupos de produtores florestais fomentados e certificados com FSC SLIMF, e um grupo fomentado, porém não certificado. Estes grupos localizam-se nas regiões brasileiras do extremo sul do estado da Bahia e norte do Espírito Santo, e vale do rio Tibagi, no estado do Paraná. Os grupos foram caracterizados por meio de entrevistas e levantamento bibliográfico. Os impactos da certificação nos meios de vida dos grupos de pequenos produtores florestais foram mensurados por meio questionário baseado em adaptação da abordagem dos Meios de Vida Sustentáveis. Foram propostos cenários da influência da certificação nos meios de vida de cada grupo certificado e interpretadas as interações entre os capitais dos meios de vida. O bom desempenho da certificação foi influenciado pela demanda do mercado por produtos certificados, pela situação prévia do capital social dos grupos de produtores e suas condições socioeconômicas. A certificação FSC SLIMF promoveu mudanças positivas em todos os capitais dos meios de vida, porém em intensidade diferente em cada grupo. Foi unânime a percepção de maior mudança no capital natural. O capital financeiro, principal motivador para participação na certificação, não apresentou o Preço Premium esperado pelos produtores. O tempo de certificação influenciou positivamente os resultados em todos os meios de vida, entretanto o engajamento e a participação dos membros na gestão dos grupos é determinante para o sucesso da certificação. Aspectos como escolaridade e renda influenciaram no interesse em se certificar e na percepção de melhorias. Socio-environmental certifications, in order to become more accessible to small producers, provide alternative methods of obtaining the acreditation. The FSC, in addition to the possibility of group certification, has offered the Small and Slow Intensity Managed Forests (SLIMF) certification standard since 2004. Brazilians forestry companies, in order to meet the market\'s high demand and to remain competitive, not only have established outgrower schemes, but also have encouraged and assisted small producers to certificate. Certification can contribute to the diversification of smallholders\' livelihoods. The present study had as objectives: i) to characterize the factors that generate changes in groups of certified forest smallholders\' livelihoods; and ii) to verify the influence of time of certification on the change of livelihood assets of these groups. Four groups of FSC SLIMF certified smallholders outgrowers, and a not certified smallholder outgrower group were selected to this study. These groups are located in the Brazilian regions of the extreme south of Bahia and north of Espirito Santo, and the Tibagi river valley in Paraná. The groups were characterized by interviews and bibliographic surveys. The certifications\' impacts on the smallholders\' livelihoods were measured using a questionnaire based on an adaptation of the Sustainable Livelihoods approach. Scenarios on the certification\'s influence on each group\'s livelihoods were developed and the interactions between livelihood capitals were interpreted. The certification\'s positive performance was influenced by the market demand for certified products, the smallholders groups previous situation on the social capital and their socioeconomic conditions. The FSC SLIMF certification promoted positive changes in all livelihoods\' capitals, but at different intensities in each group. The perception of higher change in the natural capital was unanimous. The financial capital, considered to be the main participation motivator in the certification, did not present the Premium Price expected by the producers. Certification time positively influenced outcomes across all livelihoods, however engagement and participation of group members in management is key to successful certification. Aspects such as schooling and income influenced the interest in pursuing certification and perceiving improvements.