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Key to the male imagines of Parapsectrocladius Cranston (modified from Cranston, 2000) 1. Base of anal point evenly tapering anteriorly to merge with tergite. Inferior volsella rounded and without any dorsal ridge... 2 - Base of anal point flanked by setose protuberances. Inferior volsella with substantial dorsally-directed sclerotised ridge... 4 2. Anal point rounded, rather densely setose to apex; inferior volsella distinctly bilobed, dorsal lobe rounded apically.......................................................................................... P. acuminatus (Edwards) - Anal point tapering triangular; inferior volsella simple, apically bluntly triangular.................................. 3 3. Inner margin of inferior volsella with fine setae (Fig 2 B of Cranston 2000).......... P. escondido Cranston et A����n Su��rez - Inner margin of inferior volsella with strong setae (Fig. 3)....................................... P. setosus sp. nov. 4. Gonostylus more normal length, not extending to anal point apex when reflexed....................... P. reissi Cranston - Gonostylus very long, extending to anal point base when reflexed............................. P. longistylus Cranston, Published as part of Donato, Mariano, Mauad, Melina & Fuentes, Mar��a Cecilia, 2015, A new species of Parapsectrocladius Cranston (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from Patagonia, Argentina, pp. 547-559 in Zootaxa 3911 (4) on page 549, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3911.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/237124, {"references":["Cranston, P. S. (2000) Parapsectrocladius: a new genus of Orthocladiinae Chironomidae (Diptera) from Patagonia, the southern Andes. Insect Systematic and Evolution, 31 (1), 103 - 120. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631200 X 00345"]}

Parapsectrocladius emended diagnosis The following characters are new with respect to the original description: Male. Wing length 1.54���2.84 mm. Head: Antenna with 12���13 flagellomeres. AR 0.94���1.66. Thorax: Acrostichals restricted to sector 1 / 3 from anterior or lacking. Wing: Membrane with fine to moderate punctation, without macrotrichia. R with 9���18, R 1 with 0���8 setae. Squama with 9���28 setae. VR between 1.12���1.22. Legs with 3���11 sensilla chaetica in basal 1 / 10 of tarsomere 1 of midleg. Female. A.R. 0.39���0.55. Wing vein R with 17���20, R 1 with 7���8, and R 4 + 5 with 5���8 setae. VR 1.15���1.23; squama with 16���24 setae. Legs with 6���13 sensilla chaetica in apical quarter of tarsomere 1 of midleg and 2���6 on tarsomere 1 of hindleg. Larva. Fourth-instar larva medium-sized, 2.98-7.2 mm long. Antenna, AR 1.2���2.32. Mentum comprising paired median teeth and 1 st laterals somewhat appressed or not. Ventromental plate extending from mid first lateral teeth or second teeth, narrow and not extending to outermost mental tooth., Published as part of Donato, Mariano, Mauad, Melina & Fuentes, Mar��a Cecilia, 2015, A new species of Parapsectrocladius Cranston (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from Patagonia, Argentina, pp. 547-559 in Zootaxa 3911 (4) on pages 548-549, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3911.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/237124

Parapsectrocladius reissi Cranston Parapsectrocladius reissi Cranston 2000: 114. Material examined. ARGENTINA: 7 females, R��o Negro, P. N. Nahuel Huapi, Manso medio, La Cantera, 41 �� 21 ' 16 ''S ��� 71 �� 42 ' 27.3 ''W, 764 m a.s.l., 15 -i/ 2 -ii- 2007, Malaise trap, Garr��-Montes de Oca cols. (MLP). Remarks. These females were caught in a pond near Manso medio River. This body of standing water could be connected with Manso medio River when the river overflows. The species was first known from Chile and is described in detail by Cranston (2000). These females fit well with Cranston���s description pointing out a slight difference in the number of setae in gonocoxite IX, with 4���5 in Chilean specimens and 6���8 setae in the new specimens. These specimens represent the first record of this species from Argentina, thereby becoming a new trans-andean taxon., Published as part of Donato, Mariano, Mauad, Melina & Fuentes, Mar��a Cecilia, 2015, A new species of Parapsectrocladius Cranston (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from Patagonia, Argentina, pp. 547-559 in Zootaxa 3911 (4) on page 554, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3911.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/237124, {"references":["Cranston, P. S. (2000) Parapsectrocladius: a new genus of Orthocladiinae Chironomidae (Diptera) from Patagonia, the southern Andes. Insect Systematic and Evolution, 31 (1), 103 - 120. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631200 X 00345"]}

Parapsectrocladius setosus sp. nov. Type material. ARGENTINA: Holotype male, R��o Negro, P. N. Nahuel Huapi, C�� Catedral, Laguna Toncek, 41 �� 11 ��� 54.2 ������S ��� 71 �� 29 ��� 12 ������W, 1747 m a.s.l., 20.i. 2007, sweep net, M. Donato col. (MLP). Paratypes: male, same data as holotype; 2 males, same data as holotype except A. Garr�� and F. Montes de Oca cols. (NHM and ZSM); 2 males with pupal exuviae, same data as holotype except A. Garr�� and F. Montes de Oca cols., drift net (MLP and NHM); 1 male, R��o Negro, Meseta de Somuncur��, Laguna Puesto de Lata, Paraje Chasic��, Estancia Jaguar Musso, 41 ��09��� 18.6 ������S ��� 67 �� 34 ��� 40.3 ������W, 1.055 m a.s.l., M. Donato col. (MLP). Etymology. Named after the strong and numerous setae in the inner margin of the inferior volsella. Diagnosis. The male of Parapsectrocladius setosus is clearly differentiated from the rest of the species of the genus except P. escondido by having the anal point tapering triangular without setose protuberances at base and the inferior volsella simple and apically bluntly triangular. It can be separated from P. escondido by having the inner margin of the inferior volsella with strong setae. The pupa of P. setosus is separated from the rest of the members of the genus by having the thoracic armament comprising long blunt spines (> 30 pm), thoracic horn covered with fine spinules and with a basal swelling, median spine patches of tergites IV���VI weakly defined and apex of anal lobe with small tubercles. Male (n = 7). Total length 3.86���5.40, [4.98] (6) mm. Wing length 2.22���2.84, [2.74] (5) mm. Total length/wing length 1.74���2.03, [1.82] (5). Wing length/length of profemur 2.37���2.52, [2.43] (5). Coloration (specimen preserved in alcohol) uniformly brown; thorax somewhat light brown with vittae, postnotum and preepisternum darker; legs light brown. Head. Antennae with 12 ���13, 13 (6) flagellomeres; AR 1.2���1.5, [1.41] (5), ultimate flagellomere 489���584, [568] (5) long. Temporal setae 8, divided in 1, [1] inner verticals, 1���2, [1] outer verticals, and 3���5, [4] postorbitals. Clypeus with 18���28, [28] (6) setae. Tentorium 220���254, [230] (6) long and 46���100, [48] (6) wide. Palpomere lengths (1���5) (5): 40���60, [40]; 50���80, [62]; 100���150, [124]; 118���148, [130]; 172���224, [186] (4). Thorax. Antepronotum with 9���15, [11] (5) lateral setae. Acrostichals absent. Dorsocentrals 18���22, [22] (4); prealars 6���9, [8] (5); supraalar 1, [1] (5). Scutellum with 9���18, [18] (5) setae. Wing. VR 1.13���1.2, [1.16] (5). C extension 20���78, [20] (5) long. Brachiolum with 2, [2] (5) seta. R with 10���12, [10] (4); R 1 with 0���1, [0] (5); R 4 + 5 with 0���2, [2] (5). Squama with 12���28, [23] (5) setae. Legs. Spur of front tibia 60���154, [62] long; spurs of mid tibia 24���40, [40] and 32���44, [44]; of hind tibia: 30���42, [42] (6) and 76���98, [90] long. Width at apex of front tibia 60���88, [70]; of mid tibia 70���154, [74]; of hind tibia 80���106, [84]. sensilla chaetica of tarsomere 1 of midleg 3���6, [4] (6). Comb with 11���13, [11] (6) setae. Lengths and proportions of legs in Table 1. Hypopygium (Figs. 1���3). Tergum IX with 18 setae, divided in 4���7, [4] (6) small setae and 7���11, [7] (6) big setae. Laterosternite IX with 3���6, [3] (5) setae. Anal point 162���196, [162] (6) long, width at base 30���60, [44] (6), and with 14���24, [16] (6) setae. Phallapodeme 130���162, [162] (5) long; transverse sternapodeme 94���114, [114] (5) long. Virga represented by a broad and diffuse area of fine spinules. Gonocoxite 362���462, [450] long; length from base of gonocoxite to apex of inferior volsella/length of gonocoxite 0.53���0.55, [0.53]. Inferior volsella subtriangular with strong setae on inner margin (Fig. 3). Gonostylus 168���202, [180] long; megaseta 18���26, [20] (6) long. HR 2.15���2.5, [2.5]; HV 2.30���2.77, [2.77] (6). Pupa (n = 2) (Figs. 4���5). The pupae examined fit the description by Cranston (2000) of P. longistylus except for the presence of an anteromedian patch of spines present on T III (Fig. 4). In the drawing of the pupal abdomen (Fig. 4 A of Cranston, 2000) the tergites IV���VI have an anteriomedian patch of spines. Female and larva. Unknown. Distribution and biology. The species is known from Chile and Argentina. The altitude range is from about 1000 to 1.700 m a.s.l. Collection sites show that this species prefers standing water environments. The geographic distribution of the genus is extended eastward in Patagonia since P. setosus was collected in the Somuncur�� Plateau, a vast basalt plateau of over 25,000 km 2 located in north eastern Patagonia, with an average altitude of 1000 m a.s.l. The terrestrial vegetation is predominantly herbaceous and shrub forms (Le��n et al., 1998). This plateau would not have suffered the Patagonian glaciations and subsequent marine ingressions, thereby acting as a refuge and dispersal center (Ringuelet, 1975). The Somuncur�� Plateau is also an area of endemism, with numerous endemic species such as the fish Gymnocharacinus bergi Steindachner (Menni & Gomez, 1995), the frogs Atelognathus reverberii (Cei) and Pleurodema somuncurensis (Cei) (Cei, 1980), the scorpions Urophonius somuncura Acosta (Acosta, 2003) and Bothriurus ceii Ojanguren-Affilastro (Ojanguren-Affilastro, 2007), among others. TABLE 1. Lengths (in ��m) and proportions of legs of Parapsectrocladius setosus sp. n. (male, n = 5). Measurements of the holotype in square brackets. Abbreviations: Femur (fe); Tibia (ti); Tarsomeres 1���5 (ta 1-5); Leg Ratio (LR), ratio of metatarsus to tibia; ��Beinverh��ltnisse�� (BV), combined length of femur, tibia, and basitarsus divided by combined length of tarsomeres 2���5; ��Schenkel-Scheine-verh��ltnis�� (SV), ratio of femur plus tibia to metatarsus., Published as part of Donato, Mariano, Mauad, Melina & Fuentes, Mar��a Cecilia, 2015, A new species of Parapsectrocladius Cranston (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from Patagonia, Argentina, pp. 547-559 in Zootaxa 3911 (4) on pages 549-552, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3911.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/237124, {"references":["Cranston, P. S. (2000) Parapsectrocladius: a new genus of Orthocladiinae Chironomidae (Diptera) from Patagonia, the southern Andes. Insect Systematic and Evolution, 31 (1), 103 - 120. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631200 X 00345","Leon, R. J. C., Bran, D., Collantes, M., Paruelo, J. M. & Soriano, A. (1998) Grandes unidades de vegetacion de la Patagonia extra andina. Ecologia Austral, 8, 125 - 144.","Ringuelet, R. A. (1975) Zoogeografia y ecologia de los peces de aguas continentales de la Argentina y consideraciones sobre las areas ictiologicas de America del Sur. Ecosur, 2, 1 - 122.","Menni, R. C. & Gomez, S. E. (1995) On the habitat and isolation of Gymnocharacinus bergi (Osteichthyes: Characidae). Environmental Biology of Fishes, 42, 15 - 23. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00002346","Acosta, L. E. (2003) Description of a new Patagonian species of Urophonius Pocock (Scorpiones, Bothriuridae), from Meseta de Somuncura, Argentina. Zootaxa, 187, 1 - 12.","Ojanguren-Affilastro, A. A. (2007) A new endemic scorpion species from the Somuncura Plateau, in northern Patagonia (Scorpiones; Bothriuridae). Zootaxa, 1466, 47 - 56."]}

Parapsectrocladius escondido Cranston et A����n Su��rez Parapsectrocladius escondido Cranston et A����n Su��rez in Cranston 2001: 440; Donato et al. 2008 (checklist), Ashe & O'Oconnor 2012 (catalog). Parapsectrocladius escondido Cranston et A����n Su��rez in Cranston 2000: 115. Nomen nudum. Material examined. ARGENTINA: Holotype male with larval and pupal exuviae, R��o Negro, P. N. Nahuel Huapi, Bariloche, Lago Escondido, 5 -i- 1998, A����n Su��rez col. (MLP # 2678); 4 males, R��o Negro, P. N. Nahuel Huapi, laguna Los C��ntaros, 41 ��00' 20.5 ''S ��� 71 �� 49 ' 19.5 ''W, 874 m a.s.l., 19 -xii- 2007 / 7 -i- 2008, Malaise trap, Garr��-Montes de Oca cols. (MLP); 4 females, R��o Negro, P. N. Nahuel Huapi, mall��n La Heladera, 41 ��00'06.4''S ��� 71 �� 49 ' 40.3 ''W, 859 m a.s.l., 15 -xii- 2006, sweep net, Garr��-Montes de Oca cols. (MLP). Male (n = 5). Total length 3.60���4.16 (3.60) mm. Wing length 1.80���2.50 (1.80) mm. Total length/wing length 1.64 ���2.00 (2.00). Wing length/length of profemur 2.51���2.73 (2.51). Head. AR 1.33���1.66 (1.33), ultimate flagellomere 466���631 (466) long. Temporal setae 7���8 (7), divided in 2���3 (3) inner verticals and 4���5 (4) outer verticals. Clypeus with 7���13 (7). Tentorium 174���212 (174) long and 32���50 (32) wide. Palpomere lengths (1���5): 48���64 (48); 42���68 (42); 122���164 (122); 126���188 (126); 175���236 (175). Thorax. Antepronotum with 8���14 (14) lateral setae. Acrostichals 7���10 (7) [2]. Dorsocentrals 10���14 (10); prealars 3���4 (3); supraalar 1 (1). Scutellars 7���11 (7). Wing. VR 1.12���1.20 (1.12). C extension 0���20 (0) long. Brachiolum with 2���3 (2) seta. R with 10���16 (12); remaining veins bare. Squama with 16���23 (16) setae. Legs. Spur of front tibia 60���70 (60) long; spurs of mid tibia 22���34 (22) and 24���40 (24); of hind tibia: 24���60 (24) and 62���80 (62) long. Width at apex of front tibia 44���56 (44); of mid tibia 44���56 (46); of hind tibia 52���66 (52). Sensilla chaetica of tarsomere 1 of midleg 3���4 (3). Comb with 7���9 [4] setae. Lengths and proportions of legs in Table 3. Hypopygium. Tergum IX with 6���10 (8) setae. Anal point 58���84 [4] long, width at base 36���80 [4], and with 6���9 [4] setae.Phallapodeme 94���146 (94) long; transverse sternapodeme 64���104 (64) long. Gonocoxite 230���296 (230) long; length from base of gonocoxite to apex of inferior volsella/length of gonocoxite 0.65���0.69 (0.65). Gonostylus 95���116 (95) long; megaseta 14���16 [3] long. HR 2.40���2.74 (2.42); HV 3.53���3.80 (3.79). Female (n = 4). Total length 2.64���3.24 mm. Wing length 2.50���2.64 mm. Total length/wing length 1.00��� 1.30. Wing length/length of profemur 2.88���3.13. Head. AR 0.39���0.54. Flagellomeres length: 84���90; 44���52; 46���54; 46���56; 92���124. Temporal setae 4���7: including 1���3 inner verticals and 3���4 outer verticals. Clypeus with 11���19 setae. Tentorium 180���200 long, 38���46 wide. Palpomeres length: 44���60; 60���70; 108���139; 140���154; 192���232 (3). Thorax chaetotaxy. Lateral antepronotals 7���10, Dorsocentrals 11���17, Prealars 3, Supralar 1 (2), Scutelars 10���12. Wing. VR 1.15���1.23. C extension 0���42 long. Brachiolum with 2 setae. R with 17���20, R 1 7���8, R 4 + 5 5���8. Squama with 16���24 setae. Legs. Spur of fore tibia 30���40 long; spur of middle tibia 26���34 and 34���48 long; spurs of hind tibia 30���34 and 70���78 long. Width of apex of fore tibia 52���54; of middle tibia 54���60; of hind tibia 60���64. Sensilla chaetica on tarsomere 1 of middle leg 6���13, of hind leg 2���6. Tibial comb with 7���8 setae. Legs measurements as in Table 4. Abdomen. Number of setae on sternite VIII 4���9, Gonocoxite IX with 5���6 long setae and 2���7 small setae. Cercus 122���160 long. Seminal capsules 150���186 long. Notum 230���244 long. Remarks. The new material was found in other standing water environments such as lagoon and mall��n. This last environment, is a name from the Patagonian Mapuche native people that refers to a kind of wetland that can be a swampy area or a low area where water accumulates, is characteristic in Patagonia., Published as part of Donato, Mariano, Mauad, Melina & Fuentes, Mar��a Cecilia, 2015, A new species of Parapsectrocladius Cranston (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from Patagonia, Argentina, pp. 547-559 in Zootaxa 3911 (4) on pages 553-554, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3911.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/237124, {"references":["Cranston, P. S. (2001) Validation of Parapsectrocladius escondido Cranston & Anon Suarez (Diptera: Chironomidae) by declaration of type depository. Insect Systematic and Evolution, 31 (4), 1 - 440.","Donato, M., Massaferro, J. & Brooks, S. J. (2008) Chironomid (Chironomidae: Diptera) checklist from Nahuel Huapi National Park, Patagonia, Argentina. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 67 (1 - 2), 163 - 170.","Cranston, P. S. (2000) Parapsectrocladius: a new genus of Orthocladiinae Chironomidae (Diptera) from Patagonia, the southern Andes. Insect Systematic and Evolution, 31 (1), 103 - 120. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631200 X 00345"]}

Parapsectrocladius acuminatus (Edwards) Cardiocladius acuminatus Edwards 1931: 275. Paratrissocladius acuminatus; Halvorsen 1988 (comb. n., redescription of male); Spies & Reiss 1996 (catalog). Parapsectrocladius acuminatus; Cranston 2000 (comb. n., description of larva and pupa); Donato et al. 2008 (checklist, new record), Ashe & O'Oconnor 2012 (catalog). Material examined. ARGENTINA: 6 males, R��o Negro, P. N. Nahuel Huapi, Manso medio, La Cantera, 41 �� 21 ' 16 ''S ��� 71 �� 42 ' 27.3 ''W, 764 m a.s.l., 15 -i/ 2 -ii- 2007, Malaise trap, Garr��-Montes de Oca cols. (MLP); 1 male, R��o Negro, P. N. Nahuel Huapi, r��o ��irihuau, 41 �� 17 ' 35.1 ''S ��� 71 �� 14 ' 26.3 ''W, 1044 m a.s.l., 15 -ii/ 28 -ii- 2007, Malaise trap, Garr��-Montes de Oca cols. (MLP); 2 males, Tierra del Fuego, R��o Moat y Ruta Comp. J, 54 �� 58 '03.9''S ��� 66 �� 44 ' 35.7 ''W, 2 -xii- 2008, Malaise trap, M. Donato & G. Spinelli cols. (MLP). Male (n = 9). Total length 2.80���3.82 mm. Wing length 1.54���2.06 mm. Total length/wing length 1.63���2.05. Wing length/length of profemur 2.37���2.58. Head. AR 0.98���1.26, ultimate flagellomere 371���481 long. Temporal setae 5���9, divided in 1 inner vertical and 4���8 outer verticals. Clypeus with 6���14 setae. Tentorium 164���208 long and 30���60 wide. Palpomere lengths (1���5): 44���62; 42���70; 112���150; 108���140; 160���196. Thorax. Antepronotum with 6���8 lateral setae. Acrostichals 5���10 (6). Dorsocentrals 7���13; prealars 2���4; supraalar 0���1 (7). Scutellum with 5���11 setae. Wing. VR 1.14���1.22. C extension 0���36 (8) long. Brachiolum with 1���2 seta. R with 9���18; R 1 with 3���8 setae. Squama with 10���20 setae. Legs. Spur of front tibia 48���90 (8) long; spurs of mid tibia 18���28 and 24���32; of hind tibia: 18���30 and 56���99 long. Width at apex of front tibia 42���56; of mid tibia 40���58; of hind tibia 48���70. Sensilla chaetica of tarsomere 1 of midleg 4���11. Comb with 9���11 setae. Lengths and proportions of legs in Table 2. Hypopygium. Tergum IX with 6���10 (8) setae. Anal point 80���130 (8) long, width at base 30���44 (6), and with 12���17 (7) setae.Phallapodeme 78���176 long; transverse sternapodeme 66���82 long. Gonocoxite 264���328 long; length from base of gonocoxite to apex of inferior volsella/length of gonocoxite 0.6���0.68. Gonostylus 104���159 long; megaseta 10���18 (8) long. HR 1.97���2.56; HV 2.14���3.05. Geographic distribution. This species was known from the Valdivian forest in Chile (its holotype and the new material studied by Cranston 2000) and the surrounding area of Bariloche in Rio Negro province (Argentina) (Donato et al. 2008). New material allows us to extend its distribution to Tierra del Fuego province (Argentina), located in the southernmost distribution of the Subantarctic forest., Published as part of Donato, Mariano, Mauad, Melina & Fuentes, Mar��a Cecilia, 2015, A new species of Parapsectrocladius Cranston (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from Patagonia, Argentina, pp. 547-559 in Zootaxa 3911 (4) on pages 552-553, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3911.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/237124, {"references":["Edwards, F. W. (1931) Chironomidae. Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile, based mainly on material in the British Museum (Natural History). Part 2, Nematocera. London: Printed by Order of the Trustees, pp. 233 - 331.","Halvorsen, G. A. (1988) Redescription of Paratrissocladius acuminatus (Edwards) comb. n. (Cardiocladius acuminatus Edwards) from southern Chile. Spixiana, Supplement 14, 85 - 89.","Cranston, P. S. (2000) Parapsectrocladius: a new genus of Orthocladiinae Chironomidae (Diptera) from Patagonia, the southern Andes. Insect Systematic and Evolution, 31 (1), 103 - 120. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631200 X 00345","Donato, M., Massaferro, J. & Brooks, S. J. (2008) Chironomid (Chironomidae: Diptera) checklist from Nahuel Huapi National Park, Patagonia, Argentina. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 67 (1 - 2), 163 - 170."]}

Parapsectrocladius ���Playa Negra��� Material examined. ARGENTINA: 1 female, R��o Negro, P. N. Nahuel Huapi, Manso medio, mall��n Playa Negra, 41 �� 21 ' 26.1 ''S ��� 71 �� 34 ' 12.6 ''W, 808 m a.s.l., 26 -x- 2006, sweep net, Garr��-Montes de Oca cols. (MLP). Female (n = 1). Total length 3.52 mm. Wing length 2.70 mm. Total length/wing length 1.30. Wing length/length of profemur 3.03. Head. AR 0.50. Flagellomeres length: 92; 48; 58; 60; 128. Temporal setae 6: including 1 inner vertical and 5 outer verticals. Clypeus with 14 setae. Tentorium 192 long, 40 wide. Palpomeres length: 64; 64; 120; 132; 214. Thorax chaetotaxy. Lateral antepronotals 10, Dorsocentrals 13, Prealars 4, Supralar 1, Scutelars 15. Wing. VR 1.33. C extension 20 long. Brachiolum with 3 setae. R with 18, R 1 14, R 4 + 5 6. Squama with 36 setae. Legs. Spur of fore tibia broken; spur of middle tibia 30 and 40 long; spurs of hind tibia 32 and 74 long. Width of apex of fore tibia 72; of middle tibia 62; of hind tibia 76. Sensilla chaetica on tarsomere 1 of middle leg 24, of hind leg 25. Tibial comb with 9 setae. Legs measurements as in Table 5. Genitalia (Fig. 6). Number of setae on sternite VIII 18, Gonocoxite IX with 27 setae. Dorsomesal lobe as in generic diagnosis, apodeme lobe as in Figure 7. Cercus 160 long. Seminal capsules 180 long. Notum 220 long. Remarks. Parapsectrocladius ���Playa Negra��� is very close to P. reissi by sharing the undivided tergite IX, gonapophysisVIII, with distinct ventrolateral lobe and 9 strong setae on each side of midline of sternite VIII near gonocoxapodeme. The gonocoxite IX, with 27 setae no longer than 40 ��m present in the former species is unique among the known females of the genus., Published as part of Donato, Mariano, Mauad, Melina & Fuentes, Mar��a Cecilia, 2015, A new species of Parapsectrocladius Cranston (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from Patagonia, Argentina, pp. 547-559 in Zootaxa 3911 (4) on pages 554-555, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3911.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/237124

Parapsectrocladius setosus sp. n. is described and figured as pupa and male imago, based on material collected in Patagonia, Argentina. The male of the new species groups with P. escondido Cranston & Añón Suárez by having the anal point tapering triangular; inferior volsella simple, rounded, without any dorsal ridge and apically blunt. It can be distinguished from P. escondido by the possession of strong setae on the inner margin of inferior volsella. New material of Parapsectrocladius belonging from several localities allows us to emend the generic diagnosis of the adult male, female and larva of Parapsectrocladius, discuss its phylogenetic position and to expand the geographic distribution of P. acuminatus Cranston, P. escondido and P. reissi. Cranston., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet"

Los crecientes problemas de degradación ambiental que mundialmente afectan a los ecosistemas acuáticos han llevado a la necesidad de monitorear la calidad del agua de los mismos y una de las maneras más prácticas y a la vez más eficientes, es el monitoreo biológico utilizando los macroinvertebrados bentónicos. El objetivo general de este trabajo fue la aplicación de distintos índices bióticos en tres sistemas de ríos y tributarios dentro del Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi (PNNH) que presentaron diferentes disturbios antrópicos: sistema Challhuaco-Ñireco, sistema Catedral-Gutiérrez y sistema Manso Inferior-Villegas. Los resultados obtenidos a partir de los análisis físico-químicos del agua, del análisis taxonómico de las comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentónicos, de la aplicación y la comparación de los diferentes índices bióticos y del análisis estadístico aplicado, permitieron realizar una evaluación de la calidad de las aguas en dichos sistemas acuáticos y una comparación de los diversos índices considerados, pudiendo indicar cuál es el más apropiado para aplicar en la zona de estudio y para realizar futuros biomonitoreos en otros sistemas lóticos de Patagonia Norte. Increasing problems of environmental degradation affect the aquatic ecosystems, and they have led to the necessity of a monitoring of the biological quality of water. One of the most accurate ways to carry out this quality assessment is from using biological monitoring. The primary aim of this study was the application of different biotic indexes in three rivers and tributary systems, which belong to the Nahuel Huapi National Park and present different anthropic disturbances: system Challhuaco-Ñireco, system Catedral-Gutiérrez and system Manso Inferior-Villegas. The achieved results from the analysis of physico-chemical parameters, the applicability of the biotic indexes and the statistical multivariate analysis, provide an evaluation of the quality of water in these aquatic systems and the comparison of the different indexes will indicate which one would be the most appropriate to apply in the area of study.

Tesis presentada para optar al Grado de Doctor en Ciencias Naturales Fil: Mauad, Melina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Argentina

Pseudosmittia saetheri sp. n. (Figs 1���4) Material examined. ARGENTINA: Holotype male, Buenos Aires, Sierra de La Ventana, A�� Naposta, 38 �� 08' 42.0'' S, 62 �� 05' 35.6 '' W, 300 m a.s.l., 11.i. 2010, sweep net, M. Donato. Etymology. Named in memory of Professor Ole Anton Saether, leader in chironomid systematics, who passed away during the elaboration of this paper. Diagnosis. Distinguished from all other species of the genus by the combination of the following characters: R 4 + 5 ending proximal to M 3 + 4; virga triangular, consisting of a single spine without lateral spinules or additional structures; anal point covered by microtrichia; superior volsella and median volsella separated and about equally long, superior volsella digitiform with a strong anterobasal projection with apical seta; inferior volsella single, more or less triangular; Cu 1 straight. Male (n = 1). Total length 1.6 mm. Wing length 0.9 mm. Total length/wing length 1.78. Wing length/length of profemur 2.65. Coloration (specimen preserved in alcohol) uniformly dark brown with legs light brown. Head. Antennae with 13 flagellomeres, without apical seta; AR 0.97, ultimate flagellomere 280 long. Temporal setae 6, divided in 4 inner verticals, outer verticals lacking, and 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 5 setae. Tentorium 98 long and 20 wide. Palpomere lengths (1���5): 22; 27; 54; 66; 88. Thorax (Fig. 1). Antepronotum with 1 lateral setae. Dorsocentrals 8; prealars 3; supraalar absent. Scutellum with 4 setae. Wing (Fig. 2). R 4 + 5 ending proximal to M 3 + 4. VR 1.4. C extension 16 long. Brachiolum with 1 seta; other veins bare. Legs. Spur of front tibia 37 long; spurs of mid tibia broken; of hind tibia: 17 and 39 long. Width at apex of front tibia 22; of mid tibia 22; of hind tibia 32. Comb with 11 setae. Lengths and proportions of legs in Table 1. TABLE 1. Lengths (in ��m) and proportions of legs of Pseudosmittia saetheri sp. n. (male, n = 1). Abbreviations: Femur (fe); Tibia (ti); Tarsomeres 1-5 (Ta 1-5); Leg Ratio (LR), ratio of metatarsus to tibia; ��Beinverh��ltnisse�� (BV), combined length of femur, tibia, and basitarsus divided by combined length of tarsomeres 2-5; ��Schenkel-Scheine-verh��ltnis�� (SV), ratio of femur plus tibia to metatarsus. Hypopygium (Figs 3���4). Tergum IX with 2 setae, laterosternite IX with 4 setae. Anal point 20 long. Phallapodeme 35 long; transverse sternapodeme 75 long. Virga 20 long. Gonocoxite 132 long; length from base of gonocoxite to apex of inferior volsella/length of gonocoxite 0.16. Gonostylus 54 long; megaseta 10 long. HR 2.44; HV 2.96. Remarks. The species P. saetheri keys with P. magdae in Andersen et al. 2010. The characters gonostylus simple against bilobed gonostylus with lateral lobe adpressed to gonostylus and superior volsella without tubercles against superior volsella with 2���4 large tubercles clearly separates the two species. In the male identification key of Ferrington & Saether (2011) P. saetheri keys in the dilemma 75 but the shape of the inferior volsella is different to those proposed by the authors. The species may be a variety of P. forcipata. The main differences consist in the longer median volsella, the anterobasal projection of the superior volsella with one strong seta, and the straight Cu 1. Habitat. This species was collected in the Napost stream, one of the most important permanent streams of the Ventania Hill system and drains in the Atlantic Ocean. This stream is originated by several headwaters of short length and small drainage in Naposta Hill at 750 m a.s.l. The flow is variable from low in the dry season (summer and winter) to high in the rainy season (autumn and spring). Naposta stream is characterized by clear water, rocky streambed, low conductivity and nutrient concentrations, neutral to slightly alkaline water and high dissolvedoxygen., Published as part of Mauad, Melina, Siri, Augusto & Donato, Mariano, 2013, New species of Pseudosmittia Edwards, 1932 and new records of Allocladius Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae) from South America, pp. 445-460 in Zootaxa 3694 (5) on pages 447-449, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3694.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/223454

Pseudosmittia trapezoidea sp. n. (Figs 9–12) Material examined. Holotype male, ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires, Aº s/n RP 30, 34º 54 ' 30.9 '' S, 57 º 56 ' 21.8 '' W, 13.iii. 2007, sweep net, M. Donato (MLP). Etymology. The name refers to the trapezoid shape of the inferior volsella. Diagnosis. Distinguished from all other species of the genus by R 4 + 5 ending proximal to M 3 + 4; anal point parallel-sided covered by microtrichia; gonostylus slightly curved; virga consisting of double median spine without lateral spinules or additional structures; superior volsella consisting of rounded and low basal swelling of inner margin of gonocoxite; median volsella absent. Male (n = 1). Total length 2.03 mm. Wing length 0.92 mm. Total length/wing length 2.20. Wing length/length of profemur 2.56. Coloration (specimens preserved in alcohol) uniformly dark brown with legs light brown. Head. Antennae with 13 flagellomeres, AR 1.27, ultimate flagellomere 330 long. Temporal setae divided in 1 outer vertical, inner verticals lacking, and 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 8 setae. Tentorium 115 long and 22 wide. Stipes 78 long and 7 wide. Palpomere lengths (1–5): 20; 32; 61; 78; 115. Thorax (Fig. 9). Antepronotum without lateral setae. Dorsocentrals 11; prealars 3; supraalar absent. Scutellum with 2 setae. Wing (Fig. 10). VR 1.6. C extension 28 long. Brachiolum with 1 setae; other veins bare. Legs. Spur of front tibia 39 long; spurs of mid tibia broken; of hind tibia 15 long, the external tibial spur broken. Width at apex of front tibia 24; of midd tibia 24; of hind tibia 34. Comb with 11 setae. Lengths and proportions of legs in Table 3. Hypopygium (Figs 11–12). Tergum IX with 14 setae, laterosternite IX with 3 setae. Anal point 35 long, parallel-sided. Phallapodeme 20 long; transverse sternapodeme 86 long. Virga 39 long. Gonocoxite 134 long; length from base of gonocoxite to apex of inferior volsella/length of gonocoxite 0.45. Gonostylus 76 long; megaseta 12 long. HR 1.76; HV 2.66. Remarks. Peudosmittia trapezoidea keys to couplet 10 of Andersen et al. 2010, the absence of a postcubital fork in this species fits in the first option but differs with the other character proposed since the anal point is very strong with parallel sides. In Ferrington & Saether (2011) P. trapezoidea keys with P. parifusata Ferrington & Saether but differs from this species in having LR 1 0.45, superior volsella absent and the shape of inferior volsella without accessory lobe. Habitat. The species Pseudosittia trapezoidea was collected in the shores of one of the first order tributaries of the El Pescado stream. This last stream is a tributary of the Rio de La Plata. It is characterized by a low flow rate with limited transport capacity. This parameter, however, becomes modified as a result of higher precipitation usually occurring about twice a year during autumn and the late spring. El Pescado stream is characterized by neutral to slightly alkaline water with low conductivity, high turbidity and moderated dissolved-oxygen and nutrient concentrations.

Pseudosmittia larga sp. n. (Figs 5���8) Material examined. ARGENTINA: Holotype male, Buenos Aires, La Plata, Reserva Natural de Punta Lara, 38 �� 03' 36.5 '' S, 62 �� 01' 18.4 '' W, 29.xii. 2011, sweep net, M. Donato and A. Siri; paratypes: 5 males same data as holotype. Etymology. From Spanish larga = long; referring to the long median volsella. Diagnosis. The combination of R 4 + 5 ending proximal to M 3 + 4; virga triangular consisting of a single spine without lateral spinules or additional structures; anal point 6���10 long covered by microtrichia; superior volsella and median volsella separated, superior volsella digitiform, median volsella longer than superior volsella; inferior volsella single with an apical triangular tip; distinguishes P. larga from all other species of the genus. Male (n = 6, except when otherwise stated). Total length 1.6���1.8 (4) mm. Wing length 0.9���1.03 [0.9] mm. Total length/wing length 1.66���1.82 (4). Wing length/length of profemur 2.72���2.96 [2.73]. Coloration (specimens preserved in alcohol) uniformly dark brown with legs light brown. Head. Antennae with 13 flagellomeres, AR 0.96���1.06 [1.00], ultimate flagellomere length 270���330 [280]. Temporal setae divided in 0���3 [3], inner verticals, 0���2 [0] outer verticals and 0���3 [1] postorbitals. Clypeus with 7��� 9 [8] setae. Tentorium 98���115 [110] long and 15���17 [15] wide. Stipes 88���98 [90] long and 5���10 [5] wide. Palpomere lengths (1���5): 20���22 [20]; 27���37 [32]; 54���64 [54]; 64���68 [66]; 81���98 [85]. Thorax (Fig. 5). Antepronotum with 1 lateral seta. Dorsocentrals 7���10 [9]; prealars 3���4 [4] (5); supraalars 1 (1). Scutellum with 2 [2] (5) setae. Wing (Fig. 6). VR 1.40���1.45 [1.4]. C extension 10���17 [13] (5). Brachiolum with 1 seta; other veins bare. Legs. Spur of front tibia 37���42 [37] (4) long; spurs of mid tibia 12���15 [12] (3) and 22 [22] (1); of hind tibia 15���20 [20] (5) and 39 [39] (2) long. Width at apex of front tibia 20���24 [20]; of midtibia 20���24 [20]; of hind tibia 29���34 [29]. Comb with 11���12 [11] setae. Lengths and proportions of legs in Table 2. Hypopygium (Figs 7���8). Tergum IX with 6���10 [8] setae; laterosternite IX with 4���5 [4] setae. Anal point 6���10 (5) long. Phallapodeme 34���39 [34] long; transverse sternapodeme 68���76 [74] long. Virga 15���24 [17] long. Gonocoxite 124���134 [124] long; length from base of gonocoxite to apex of inferior volsella/ length of gonocoxite 0.24���0.29 [0.26]. Median volsella longer than superior volsella. Gonostylus 49���56 [49] long; megaseta 5���10 [10] long. HR 2.39���2.74 [2.53]; HV 3.18���3.67 (4). Remarks. In the male identification key of Andersen et al. (2010), P. l a rg a keys in dilemma 21 but its character median volsella longer than superior volsella does not allow to continue in the key. The species P. magdae possesses a median volsella nearly as long as the superior volsella and the other option of this dilemma is median volsella shorter than superior volsella. When P. larga is keyed in the identification key of Ferrington & Saether (2011) the same as in P. saetheri occurs, since the inferior volsella of this species is different to that proposed by the authors. This species is very close to P. forcipata and may be a variation of this species. The key characters consist in the median volsella longer than superior volsella, inferior volsella without accessory lobe, anal point small, and Cu 1 straigth. Habitat. The species Pseudosmittia larga was collected in the protected area "Reserva natural Punta Lara" (RNPL), declared main area of the Biosphere Reserve "Pereyra Iraola" (UNESCO, Man and the Biosphere Programme, World Network of Biosphere Reserves (http://www.unesco.org/mab/). The RNPL contains wetlands such as marshes formed by the genera Scirpus, Schoenoplectus, Typha and Zizaniopsis, pounds and small lagoons. Besides, RNPL also protects the southernmost relict of the Paranean rain forest. This community has a similar specific composition like that of northeastern Argentina, eastern Paraguay and southwestern Brazil and reaches its southernmost distribution using the rivers Parana and Uruguay as biotic corridors. The climate is temperate and wet, between the years 1909 to 2005 the mean annual temperature was 16.2 C with 22.8 C in January and 9.9 C in July (Hurtado et al. 2006). The mean annual precipitations from the same period was 1040 mm (Hurtado op. cit.)., Published as part of Mauad, Melina, Siri, Augusto & Donato, Mariano, 2013, New species of Pseudosmittia Edwards, 1932 and new records of Allocladius Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae) from South America, pp. 445-460 in Zootaxa 3694 (5) on pages 449-451, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3694.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/223454

Allocladius quadrus Andersen, Saether & Mendes Allocladius quadrus Andersen, Saether and Mendes, 2010: 17; Ferrington & Saether (2011: 96). Material examined. ARGENTINA: 2 males, Salta, Quebrada del Agua, 24 �� 30 ' 33.0'' S, 68 �� 10 ' 52.6 '' W, 3678 m a.s.l., 11.i. 2005, sweep net, M. Donato; 1 male, R��o Negro, P.N. Nahuel Huapi, laguna Los Juncos, 41 �� 03' 37.9 '' S, 71 �� 00' 34.3 '' W, 906 m a.s.l., 12.xii. 2007, sweep net, A. Garre and F. Montes de Oca (MLP). Male (n = 3, except when otherwise stated). The following measurements are different from the original description. Total length 2.3���2.4 mm. Wing length 1.35���1.55 mm. Total length/wing length extended to 1.7. Wing length/length of profemur 2.70���3.04. Head. AR 1.2 ��� 1.2. Minimum length of ultimate flagellomere 390. Tentorium 115���124 long, 22���34 wide. Stipes 115���120 long, 7���10 wide. Palpomere lengths (2���5) 39 ���46, 71���83, 88��� 103, 120 ��� 127. Third palpomere with 2 lanceolate sensilla clavata, 19���21 long. Thorax. Dorsocentrals 7���10, acrostichals 3���5, scutellum with 6���7 setae. Wing. Minimum value for VR 1.25. Legs. Width at apex of fore tibia 25���29, mid tibia 24���30, of hind tibia 37���42. Comb of 13���16 setae. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 6. Hypopygium. Anal point 40���41, including 26 long basal sclerotized part with 8 setae and 14���15 long bare, hyaline distal part. Tergite IX with 6���8 setae in addition to those on anal point. Phallapodeme 44���46 long. Transverse sternapodeme 61���76 long. Virga 5 long, 10���14 wide. Pars ventralis (Fig. 44) single, subquadrangular, 75���93 (2) long, 80���103 (2) wide. Gonocoxite 166���181 long. Inferior volsella reaching to 0.43���0.46 gonocoxite length. Gonostylus 71���73; megaseta 7���10. Remarks. The specimens from Quebrada del agua in Salta province were collected at a Punean spring and the specimen collected at laguna Los Juncos in Rio Negro province at a small temporal lagoon (Fig. 13). This lagoon is located in the Patagonian steppe. These new records define the distributional pattern of A. quadrus as Andean Patagonian. The analyses of the data matrix using only male characters as defined by Ferrington & Saether (2011) under concavities K= 2 to K= 20 showed the best group support under K= 5. In this concavity the analysis yielded 7 trees (Fit= 63.62, CI= 0.17, RI= 0.56) and the resulting strict consensus tree is shown in Figure 14. The species P. larga and P. saetheri conform a clade supported by the characters Cu 1 straight [21 (0)]; superior volsella with strong orally curved microtrichia [57 (1)] and inferior volsella without accessory lobe [63 (1)]. This clade is located in a major clade in the angusta group of species. The species P. trapezoidea is the sister group of the clade ((P. propetropis (P. tropis ��� P. lamellata)) sharing the characters inner verticals of temporal setae absent [5 (1)] and virga 35���57 long [46 (1)]. This species is part of a major clade constituted by all the species of the brevifurcata group except P. brevifurcata that is located in a clade with several species of the xanthostola group. In the strict consensus tree Allocladius fortispinatus is place at the base of the Allocladius clade as the sister species of the rest of the species of the genus except A. wirthi sharing the synapomorphies postorbitals present [7 (0)], anal point at least extreme apex without microtrichia or anal point absent [34 (0)], and oral projections of transverse sternapodeme well developed [41 (0)]., Published as part of Mauad, Melina, Siri, Augusto & Donato, Mariano, 2013, New species of Pseudosmittia Edwards, 1932 and new records of Allocladius Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae) from South America, pp. 445-460 in Zootaxa 3694 (5) on pages 456-457, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3694.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/223454

Allocladius globosus Andersen, Saether & Mendes Allocladius globosus Andersen, Saether and Mendes, 2010: 11; Ferrington & Saether (2011: 97). Material examined. ARGENTINA: 2 males, Buenos Aires, Sierra de la Ventana, A�� Cueva del toro, spring, 38 �� 01' 30.2 '' S, 62 �� 01' 55.4 " W, 932 m a.s.l., 21.v. 2012, sweep net, M. Donato, A. Siri and F. Spacessi; 3 males, R��o Negro, R��o ��irihuau, near Bariloche��s airport, 41 �� 09' 54.6 " S, 71 �� 07' 54.9 " W, 848 m a.s.l., 18.iv. 2012, sweep net, M. Donato and A. Siri. Male (n = 5, except when otherwise stated). The following measurements are different from the original description. Total length 2.13���3.1 mm. Wing length maximum value 1.93 mm. Total length/wing length minimum value 1.61. Wing length/length of profemur 2.45���3.21 (4). Head. Maximum value for AR 1.31. Maximum length of ultimate flagellomere 550. Temporal setae 8���9, consisting of 0���3 weak inner verticals, 0���4 strong outer verticals, and 1���4 postorbital. Clypeus with 6���14 setae. Tentorium 113���156 long, 25���38 wide. Stipes 109���166 long, 8���15 wide. Palpomere lengths (1���5): 16 ���34, 35���53, 68���103, 73���105, 85��� 143. Thorax. Dorsocentrals 7���13, acrostichals 6���7, prealars 3���4. Scutellum 6���7 (4) setae. Wing. VR minimum value 1.15. R with 2���4 setae, other veins bare. Legs. Spur of front tibia 38���53 (4) long, spurs of midd tibia 19���23 (2) and 15���18 (3) long, of hind tibia 40���53 (4) and 15���20 (4) long. Width at apex of front tibia 26���48, of mid tibia 25���38, of hind tibia 33���58. Comb of 15���17 setae. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 5. Hypopygium. Anal point maximum length 45 (3), including 20���28 long sclerotized basal part with 4���5 setae and 10���20 long bare, hyaline distal part. Tergite IX with 13 setae in addition to those on anal point. Laterosternite IX with 2���5 setae. Phallapodeme 35���49 long. Transverse sternapodeme 60���83 long, with weak oral projections. Virga minimum length 6. Gonocoxite maximum length 210. Inferior volsella reaching to 0.43���0.48 gonocoxite length. Gonostylus maximum length 90; megaseta minimum length 9. HR minimum value 2.23. HV minimum value 3.29. Remarks. The new records of A. globosus extend its distribution from Chile to Argentina (Fig. 13). The specimens collected in ��irihuau river show significant differences in several characters from the specimens collected in the spring of Cueva del toro stream. The characters total length, number of clypeal setae, length and width of tentorium, length and width of stipes, length of ultimate flagellomere, AR, wing length, wing length/ length of profemur and gonocoxite length of the latter specimens are higher than those of the former specimens. The Ventania hill system is located SW of Buenos Aires province, with its highest altitude of 1243 m a.s.l. As a consequence of its orogenetic origin and geographic position, Ventania was considered as "an island of biodiversity" since wildlife from the Brazilian region from the north and the Patagonia from the south could occur (Ringuelet, 1961). The Ventania system is part of the peripampasic orogenic arc defined by Frenguelli (1950) together with other orogenetic systems from Argentina and shows disjunct biogeographic distributions of several and different groups of taxa (Ringuelet, 1961). The occurrence of A. globosus in this system is an example of this particular distributional pattern and this new record reinforces this pattern also found in other Chironomidae species (Siri & Donato, 2012)., Published as part of Mauad, Melina, Siri, Augusto & Donato, Mariano, 2013, New species of Pseudosmittia Edwards, 1932 and new records of Allocladius Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae) from South America, pp. 445-460 in Zootaxa 3694 (5) on pages 455-456, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3694.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/223454

Allocladius fortispinatus (Edwards) Spaniotoma (Smittia) fortispinata Edwards, 1931: 296. Bryophaenocladius fortispinata (Edwards); Ferrington & Saether (1995: 57). Bryophaenocladius fortispinatus (Edwards); Spies and Reiss (1996: 75). Allocladius fortispinatus (Edwards); Andersen et al. (2010: 10); Ferrington & Saether (2011: 50). Material examined. ARGENTINA: Holotype male, R��o Negro, Bariloche, 23���28.x. 1926, F.W. Edwards (BM 1927 ��� 63, BMNH); 2 males, R��o Negro, P.N. Nahuel Huapi, Mall��n La Heladera, 41 �� 00' 06.4'' S, 71 �� 48 ' 40.3 '' W, 878 m a.s.l., 7 ���i / 4.ii. 2007, Malaise trap, A. Garre and F. Montes de Oca (MLP); 5 males, same data except 15.xii. 2006, sweep net. Diagnosis. Emended from Andersen et al. (2010) and Ferrington & Saether (2011). The combination of supraalar absent; long costal extension; parallel-sided anal point; superior volsella slightly developed as basal swelling fused with long, narrow and adpressed inferior volsella without accessory lobe; and pars ventralis absent distinguishes A. fortispinatus from the rest of the species of the genus. Male (n = 8, except when otherwise stated). Total length 1.54���2.17 [2.17] mm. Wing length 1.05���1.33 [1.33] mm. Total length/wing length 1.44���1.71 [1.63]. Wing length/length of profemur 2.44 ���3.00 [3.00]. Coloration uniformly dark brown. Head. Antennae with 13 flagellomeres, AR 0.43���0.48 [0.48] (3), ultimate flagellomere 180���230 [230] (3) long. Temporal setae 0���2 [not observed] divided in 0���1 [not observed] (6) inner verticals, 1���2 [not observed] outer verticals and 0���2 [2] (6) postorbitals. Clypeus with 9���10 [8] setae. Tentorium 98���120 [120] long and 15���22 [not observed] wide. Stipes 81���100 [100] (6) long and 5���7 [not observed] (6) wide. Palpomere lengths (1���5): 15���22 [20]; 22���34 [34]; 46���64; 51���73; 66���78 (6). Thorax. Antepronotum with 1 lateral setae [not apparent]. Dorsocentrals 6���10 [8]; acrostichals 2���4 [2]; prealars 3 [2]; supraalars absent. Scutellum with 1���2 [2]. Wing. VR 1.4 [1.4]. C extension 88���110 [90]. Brachiolum without setae (5); all veins bare. R 4 + 5 ending distal to M 3 + 4. Legs. Spur of front tibia 35���42 [not observed] (6) long; spurs of mid tibia: 12���14 [14] (6) and 15���17 [18] (6) long; of hind tibia: 12���15 and 34���42 (6) long. Width at apex of front tibia 24���32 [not observed]; of midd tibia 24��� 34 [not observed]; of hind tibia 29���42 [not observed]. Comb with 9���11 [not observed] setae. Lengths and proportions of legs in Table 4. Hypopygium. Anal point parallel-sided with rounded apex, 17���28 [19] long, 4���8 [5] wide. Tergum IX with 4��� 12 [12] setae, laterosternite IX with 3���5 [4���6] setae. Phallapodeme 30���58 [58] long; transverse sternapodeme 46��� 60 [60] long, with well developed oral projections. Without virga. Gonocoxite 134���154 [146] long; length from base of gonocoxite to apex of inferior volsella/length of gonocoxite 0.15���0.20 [not observed]. Gonostylus 46���54 [54] long; megaseta 6���12 [12] long. HR 2.84���3.14 [2.70]; HV 3.16���4.21 [4.02]., Published as part of Mauad, Melina, Siri, Augusto & Donato, Mariano, 2013, New species of Pseudosmittia Edwards, 1932 and new records of Allocladius Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae) from South America, pp. 445-460 in Zootaxa 3694 (5) on pages 454-455, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3694.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/223454

Three new species of Pseudosmittia Edwards from the Neotropical region, P. sætheri, P. larga and P. trapezoidea, are described and figured as males. Allocladius fortispinatus (Edwards), A. globosus Andersen et al. and A. quadrus Andersen et al. are redescribed on the basis of new material and their geographical distribution updated. A phylogenetic analysis was performed in order to assess the phylogenetic relationships of the new species. As a result, the species P. sætheri and P. larga are found to be sister species belonging to the angusta group. The species P. trapezoidea is the sister group of the clade ((P. propetropis (P. tropis – P. lamellata)) and belongs to the brevifurcata group sensu lato. Fil: Mauad, Melina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raul A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Siri, Augusto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raul A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Donato, Mariano Humberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raul A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; Argentina

Onconeura analiae sp. n. Type material. Holotype male, ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires, Sierra de la Ventana, A�� Napost��, 38 �� 08��� 45.5 ������S ��� 62 �� 05��� 35.8 ������W, 566 m asl, 10.XII. 2010, sweep net, M, Donato, A. Siri, F. Spaccesi. Allotype: 1 female, ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires, Sierra de la Ventana, C�� Bah��a Blanca, A�� unnamed, 38 �� 04��03.5����S ��� 61 �� 58��33.9 W, 479 m asl, 20���22.V. 2011, Malaise trap, M, Donato, A. Siri, F. Spaccesi. Paratypes (all from Argentina): 2 males, same data as holotype except 11.I. 2011; 1 male, same data as holotype except 3.XI. 2011; 3 females, same data as allotype; 1 female, Buenos Aires, Sierra de la Ventana, A�� Cueva del Toro, 31 �� 01��� 09.5������S ��� 62 �� 00��� 55.9 ������W, 556 m asl, 22.V. 2011, sweep net, M, Donato, A. Siri, F. Spaccesi; 1 pharate male with attached larval exuvia, Buenos Aires, Sierra de la Ventana, A�� Cueva del Toro, 38 �� 01��� 19.0������S ��� 62 �� 01��� 33.3 ������W, 672 m, 22.V. 2011, Sweep net, M, Donato, A. Siri, F. Spaccesi; 1 pharate female, Buenos Aires, Sierra de la Ventana, A�� Ventana, 38 �� 03��� 09.0������S ��� 62 �� 01��� 08.8������W, 782 m, 11.XII. 2010, hand net, M, Donato, A. Siri, F. Spaccesi; 6 pupal exuviae, same data as holotype; 1 larva, Buenos Aires, Sierra de la Ventana, A�� Napost��, 38 �� 08��� 43.8 ''S ��� 62 �� 05��� 33.5 ������W 566m, 20.V. 2011, D-net, M, Donato, A. Siri, F. Spaccesi; 1 larva, Buenos Aires, Sierra de la Ventana, A�� Cueva del Toro, 38 �� 01��� 09.6������S ��� 62 �� 00��� 56.3 ������W, 561 m, 22.V. 2011, D-net, M, Donato, A. Siri, F. Spaccesi. Etymology. Named in honour of Dr. Analia Constancia Paggi, the first Argentinian chironomidologist; the name should be treated as a noun in the genitive case. Diagnosis. Adult male is distinguished from all other species of the genus by the combination of the following characters: 12 flagellomeres, anal lobe of wing present, inferior volsella posterior margin concave, LR 1 1.38���1.46, LR 2 1.67���1.74, LR 3 1.48���1.55. The adult female is separable by the shape of the labia and apodeme lobe, presence of a sclerotized bar-like structure between dorsomesal lobes, LR 1 1.36���1.57, LR 2 1.61���1.73, LR 3 1.16���1.5, BV 1 5.45���5.64. The pupa is separable by the sclerotized, dark brown posterior corner of segments IV-VII and frontal setae very short and cone-shaped, located in precorneal area. Description. Adult male (n = 4) Total length 1.56���1.89 [1.56] mm. Wing length 0.89���1.08 [0.89] mm. Total length / wing length 1.75���1.92 [1.75]. Wing length / length of profemur 2.78���2.97 [2.97]. Color (specimen preserved in alcohol). Thorax brownish with brown vittae, scutellum, postnotum and preepisternum. Abdomen and legs brownish. Head. Antenna with [12] flagellomeres (Fig. 1), AR 0.51���0.55 [0.54], ultimate flagellomere 173���207 [180] long. Temporal setae: [2] postorbitals. Clypeus with 12���15 [12] setae. Tentorium 132���149 [141] long; 21���24 [22] wide. Stipes 90���105 [100] long; 4���7 [7] wide. Palpomere lengths: 27���32 [32], 34���46 [37], 54���61 [56], 78���90 [78], 112���137 [112]. Thorax. Lateral antepronotals 2���3 [3] (3), dorsocentrals 13���14 [13], prealars 2���3 [3], supralar [1] (2), scutelars 4���5 [5]. Wing (Fig. 2). VR 1.76���1.9 [1.83]. Clavus [23]��� 28 wide; ending 340���440 [340] from arculus. Cubital / wing length 0.48���0.5. Clavus / wing length 0.38���0.41 [0.38]. Brachiolum with 1 seta. Legs. Fore trochanter as in Figure 3. Spur of fore tibia 29���41 [29] long; spurs of middle tibia 12���17 [12] and 20���22 [20] (3) long; spurs of hind tibia 12���15 [15] and 29���37 [37] long. Width of apex of fore tibia 27���29 [27]; of middle tibia 24���29 [24]; of hind tibia 32���34 [32]. Tibial comb with 10���12 [10] setae. Legs measurements as in Table 1. Abdomen. Number of setae on tergite II 8���10 [9], TIII 8���10 [10], TIV 7���9 [8], TV 6���9 [8], TVI 5���6 [5], TVII [5], TVIII 7���10 [7]. Hypopygium (Figs 4���5). Tergite IX with 10���15 [10] small setae. Superior volsella low. Inferior volsella with posterior margin concave. Phallapodeme 39���43 [41] long; transverse sternapodeme 38���47 [41] (3) long. Gonocoxite 113���136 [124] long. Gonostylus 41���52 [41] long; megaseta 8���11 [9] long. HR 2.31���3.02 [3.02], HV 3.38���3.8 [3.8]. Adult female (n = 4) Total length 1.78���1.91 [1.91] (3) mm. Wing length 1.19���1.28 [1.28] mm. Total length / wing length 1.45���1.5 [1.5] (3). Wing length / length of profemur 3.19���3.39 [3.19]. Head. AR 0.42���0.49 [0.43]. Flagellomeres length: 49���51 [51], 37���39 [37], 35���39 [39], 37���44 [44], 67���80 [73]. Temporal setae 7���8 [7]: including 2���3 [2] inner verticals, 2���3 [3] outer verticals and 2���3 [2] postorbitals. Clypeus with 13���18 [13] setae. Tentorium 88���139 [127] long, 17���20 [20] wide. Stipes length 98���107 [98], 5���7 [7] wide. Palpomeres length: 29���41 [29], 41���44 [44], 61���63 [61], 88���95 [95], 124���134 [127]. Thorax chaetotaxy. Lateral antepronotals 3���6 [4], dorsocentrals 12���16 [16], prealars 3���4 [3], supralar [1], scutelars 4���6 [6]. Wing (Fig. 6). VR 1.7���1.87 [1.74]. Clavus ending at 650���713 [713] from arculus; with 13���19 [14] setae. Cubital / wing length 0.47���0.48. Clavus / wing length 0.55���0.57 [0.56]. Brachiolum with 1 seta. Legs. Spur of fore tibia 24���34 [27] long; spur of middle tibia 10���20 [15] and 22���27 [27] long; spurs of hind tibia 10���17 [12] (3) and 34���49 [49] (3) long. Width of apex of fore tibia 24���37 [34]; of middle tibia 34���37 [34]; of hind tibia 37���49 [43] (3). Sensilla chaetica on tarsomere 1 of middle leg 8���11 [10], of hind leg 15���17 [16] (3). Tibial comb with 11���13 [12] (3) setae. Legs measurements as in Table 2. TABLE 2. Lengths (in ��m) and proportions of legs of Onconeura analiae sp. n. (female) (n = 4, except when otherwise stated). fe ti ta 1 ta 2 ta 3 P 1 350���400 [400] 380���440 [440] 280���320 [320] 95���110 [110] 60���70 [70] P 2 460���500 [500] 450���520 [520] 280���310 [310] 130���150 [150] 60���80 [80] P 3 380���430 [430] (3) 450���520 [520] (3) 300���440 [350] (3) 170���190 [190] (3) 60���75 [75] (3) ta 4 ta 5 LR BV SV P 1 30���35 [30] 50 [50] 1.36���1.57 [1.38] 5.45���5.64 [5.52] 2.61���2.93 [2.63] P 2 30���40 [40] 40���50 [50] 1.61���1.73 [1.68] 4.93���5.50 [4.93] 3.25���3.4 [3.29] P 3 30���40 [40] (3) 50 [50] (3) 1.16���1.50 [1.49] (3) 4.26���4.86 [4.26] (3) 2.09���2.77 [2.71] (3) Abdomen. Number of setae on tergite II 5���9 [9] (3), TIII 10���11 [11] (3), TIV 8���11 [9], TV 8���10 [10], TVI 6���10 [8], TVII 5���8 [5], TVIII 8���9 [9], TIX 11���16 [16]. Genitalia (Figs 7���10). Gonocoxite with 4���7 [7] setae. Sternite VIII with 13���17 [14] setae. Cercus 71���80 [75] long. Seminal capsules 46���56 [50] long, 38���40 wide. Notum 129���142 [142] (3) long. Dorsomesal lobes well sclerotized, with a sclerotized bar-like structure between them (Fig. 8). Apodeme lobe and labia in Figures 9 and 10 respectively. Pupa (n = 6) Total length 2.61���2.86 mm. Cephalothorax. Frontal seta very short and cone-shaped located in a shallow pit between antennal sheaths (Fig. 11). Longest median antepronotals 56���98 (5). Longest lateral antepronotals 17���27. Longest precorneal seta 78���100. One sensillum near precorneal setae. Dc 1 49���61 long; Dc 2 20���34 (5) long; Dc 3 12���17 (3) long; Dc 4 132���154 long. Distance between Dc 1 and Dc 2 8���27; Dc 2 and Dc 3 144���190; Dc 3 and Dc 4 2���10. Wing sheath with two to three rows of pearls. Abdomen (Figs. 12���14). Tergite I and sternite I without shagreen. Tergites II���IX with fine shagreen. Sternite II���VIII with fine shagreen but weaker than that of tergites. Tergite II with an apical band of spinules, tergites III���VIII with an apical band of spines. Sternite IV with a posterior band of spinules, sternites V���VIII with an apical band of spines, those located in the center anteriorly directed. Posterior corner of segments IV���VII sclerotized and dark brown pigmented. Conjunctive TII/III with 2���5 hooklets; TIII /IV with 5���9 hooklets; TIV/V with 6���10 hooklets; TV/VI with 5���8 hooklets; TVI/ VII with 4���6 hooklets. O-setae present ventral and dorsal in all segments (not drawn). Segment I with 4 D-setae, 2 L-setae, the anterior one very long, without V-setae. Segments II���IV with 4 D and 4 V. Segments V���VII with 5 D and 4 V. Segment II with 3 L-setae, segments III���VII with 4 L-setae. Segment VIII with 2 D, 1 V and 3 L- setae. Anal lobe 205���241 long (Fig. 12). Anal lobe fringe with lateral 3���4 stout and shorter setae and median 3���5 taeniate setae; taeniate setae 137���145 ��m long, one median spur. Anal macrosetae 41���56 long; median setae 207���305 (2) long. Larva (n = 3) Head. Capsule length 346���450, width 183���250. Ventral head length 266���290. Ventral head length / width 1.16���1.45. SI bifid. Median tooth of mentum as long as adjacent teeth (Fig. 15). Distance between seta submentalis 46���58. Antenna (Fig. 16). AR 2.81���2.97. Length of antennal segments: 76 ���89, 17���20, 3, 2, 5; basal segment width 14���23; antennal blade 22���25 (2) long; ring organ at 20���30 from the base of first antennal segment. Mandible (Fig. 17) length 87���97. Abdomen. Procercus 25���29 high and 22���23 wide. Subbasal seta on posterior parapod simple, 30���33 (2) long. Remarks on habitat. Immatures of O. analiae were collected at Napost��, Ventana and Cueva del Toro streams, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Water analysis showed the following values (the ranges express the values from the three sites): N-NO 2 0.002���0.005 (mgN/l); N-NO 3 0.072���0.079 (mgN/l); P-PO 4 0.022���0.069 (mg P/l); DBO 2���4 (mgO/l); DQO 7���14 (mgO/l); pH 6.30���8.14; conductivity 81���280 (��S/cm); dissolved oxygen 8.64���13.98 (mgO/l) or 46.5���91.9 (%); temperature 10.9 ���23.0 (��C). Cladistic analysis. The analysis under equal weights yielded one tree (L = 77.277; CI = 0.71; RI = 0.58) (Fig. 18) and the analysis under every concavity value of implied weights yielded the same tree topology. This analysis suggests that the genus Onconeura is not a monophyletic group since Tempisquitoneura merrillorum is inside the genus. This clade is supported by the character ���pupal apex of anal lobe with one or more spines' [character 20 (1)] (this character is absent in T. merrillorum), ���larval antenna 1 / 3 as long as head capsule or shorter��� [character 21 (1)] (but T. merrillorum possesses the character state 2, see Appendix) and ���body setae long, often stout and dark��� [character 27 (1)] (in T. merrillorum this character reverts to state 0). The species T. merrillorum is the sister group of O. undecimata supported by the 'supralar seta present' [character 12 (1)]. The analysis performed with this character inactivated moved T. merrillorum as the sister group of the clade O. analiae plus O. similispina. In this topology, the synapomorphy supporting this relationship is the character 'presence of preapical sensilla chaetica on male antennal apex' [character 10 (1)]. The character support measures of this cladogram show interesting results (Fig. 21). The terminal clades with the best support are those of Ubatubaneura atlantica plus Corynoneura fortispicula, O. cascatinha plus O, oncovolsella, and O. analiae plus O. similispina. The results of Absolute frequencies and relative Bremer support are according with the most parsimonious tree found, but GC values and absolute Bremer support shows Onconeura as monophyletic with very low support and T. merrillorum as the sister group. Due to the results obtained in the analysis performed, a second analysis was performed but forcing the monophyly of Onconeura using the same search strategy. The cladogram obtained is shown in Figure 19 (L = 77.367, CI = 0,71, RI = 0.58). The analysis under implied weights yielded two different topologies (in concavities 5 to 9 and 10 to 16 respectively) and are summarized in the strict consensus (Fig. 20). Using the option in TNT to prune the trees in order to find an improvement in the resolution of the Onconeura clade, two nodes were gained by the pruning of O. japi and O. desertica and the cladogram obtained is (O. semifimbriata ((O. similispina - O. analiae) (O. undecimata (O. oncovolsella - O. cascatinha)))). These relationships are supported by continuous characters only. The pruning of the node (O. similispina - O. analiae), O. undecimata and O. semifimbriata gained one node and the resulting cladogram is (O. desertica (O. japi (O. oncovolsella - O. cascatinha)). These relationships are also supported by continuous characters. The clades (O. similispina - O. analiae) and (O. oncovolsella - O. cascatinha) are the only clades common to all the analyses performed in this study for the genus Onconeura. The former clade is supported by the synapomorphies 'LR 1 0.92 ���1.00' [character 5] and 'presence of preapical sensilla chaetica on male antennal apex' [character 10 (1)]. The latter clade is supported by the synapomorphies 'AR 0.38���0.40 ' [character 0] and 'superior volsella well developed' [character 15 (2)]. All the analyses performed show an important number of homoplastic characters that is manifested by the inclusion of T. merrillorum as part of the genus Onconeura, the difference of only decimals in the length of the cladograms when Onconeura clade was forced, and the finding of several floating taxa when cladograms were pruned., Published as part of Donato, Mariano, Siri, Augusto & Mauad, Melina, 2012, Description of a new species of the genus Onconeura Andersen et Saether (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Argentina with a cladistic analysis of the genus, pp. 43-55 in Zootaxa 3580 on pages 44-52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283051