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A critical aspect of predicting soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations is the lack of available soil information; where information on soil characteristics is available, it is usually focused on regions of high agricultural interest. To date, in Chile, a large proportion of the SOC data have been collected in areas of intensive agricultural or forestry use; however, vast areas beyond these forms of land use have few or no soil data available. Here we present a new SOC database for the country, which is the result of an unprecedented national effort under the framework of the Global Soil Partnership. This partnership has helped build the largest database of SOC to date in Chile, named the Chilean Soil Organic Carbon database (CHLSOC), comprising 13 612 data points compiled from numerous sources, including unpublished and difficult-to-access data. The database will allow users to fill spatial gaps where no SOC estimates were publicly available previously. Presented values of SOC range from 6 x 10(-5) % to 83.3 %, reflecting the variety of ecosystems that exist in Chile. The database has the potential to inform and test current models that predict SOC stocks and dynamics at larger spatial scales, thus enabling benefits from the richness of geochemical, topographic and climatic variability in Chile. The database is freely available to registered users at

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El presente trabajo revisa los aspectos organicos de la jurisdiccion en materia tributaria y aduanera deteniendose en cada uno de los organos a los que la ley les atribuye competencia, criticando ciertos particularismos de esta disciplina, con especial enfasis en las modificaciones introducidas por la ley N° 20.322. La jurisdiccion tributaria y aduanera implica que un organo objetivamente independiente, subjetivamente imparcial y establecido por ley, ejerza la funcion de resolver con efecto de cosa juzgada las controversias juridico-tributarias que se promueven entre la Administracion del Estado y el contribuyente

Soil biological activity has important implications for soil carbon (C) sequestration. However, very little is known about the environmental factors, particularly the effect of soil mineralogy on availability of C for soil microorganisms. In this study, we have investigated the influences of soil type (clay mineralogy)on C mineralization and its effects on biological activity at different levels of soil organic matter stability. Two soils an allophanic, derived from recent volcanic ash and a kaolinitic, resulting from metamorphic parent materials were physically fractioned in to light(LF, coarse sand 250-2000 µm), intermediate (IF, fine sand53-250 µm) and mineral (MF,silt and clay < 53 µm) fractions. Several biological and biochemical analyses at Ah horizons of mineral soil and physical fractions were conducted: soil respiration, enzymatic activities, carbohydratesand microbial biomass, amongst others soil variables. The results indicated that the bulk soiland physical fractions had a significant impact on cumulative C mineralizedafter 30 days of incubation and soil enzyme activities. More than 76% of total C-CO2 variation was explained by stepwise multiple regression analysis including factors such as soil enzymes (ß-glucosidase, dehydrogenase and phosphatase) and inorganic P. Soil ATP extractionwas agood indicator of microbial activity, because of a positive and significant correlation among ATP and i) C-CO2 and ii) metabolic quotient (soil respiration rate divided by microbial biomass). We also found an inverse and significant relationship between Al pyrophosphate (Al bound to SOM) and the C-CO2 in volcanic soil, whereas the same correlation did not occur in kaolinitic soil. Our results confirmed a greater stabilization capacityof MF in allophanicthan in kaolinitic soils due to the amorphous minerals clay materials.

Introducción: El trasplante renal es en la actualidad el tratamiento de elección de la Insuficiencia Renal Crónica Terminal. La Nefrectomía Laparoscópica del Donante Vivo (NLDV) tiene ventajas sustanciales en relación a la Nefrectomía Clásica. Entre estas se destacan una menor estancia hospitalaria, pronto regreso a la actividad laboral, disminución del dolor post-operatorio, mejores resultados cosméticos, menor pérdida de volumen sanguíneo y una disminución de infecciones de heridas operatorias, consolidándose como la primera prioridad como forma de obtener un órgano para trasplante renal. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo mostrar la casuística y complicaciones en el Hospital Barros Luco-Trudeau (HBLT), como centro pionero en NLDV en nuestro país. Material y Método: Estudio retrospectivo de corte transversal. Se realiza una revisión de registros clínicos de 75 NLDV realizadas entre 1998-2013, seleccionando datos demográficos, clínicos y quirúrgicos de donantes y receptores, con un especial énfasis en relación a complicaciones peri-operatorias. Resultados: Sin mortalidad. Todos los riñones fueron implantados satisfactoriamente en sus respectivos receptores. Cirugía con duración promedio de 116 min, estadía hospitalaria promedio de 1,6 días, isquemia caliente promedio de 6,8 min e isquemia fría promedio de 31,5 min. Incidentes operatorios 8% y 4% conducentes a conversión. Tasa de reoperación de 1,3%. En cuanto a receptores, un 1,5% desarrolla Necrosis Tubular Aguda. 2,2% requiere transplantectomía. Discusión: La NLDV representa una técnica segura, que ha llegado a constituir el 100% de las nefrectomías de donantes vivos realizadas durante los últimos tres años. Los resultados son satisfactorios y plenamente comparables a los resultados obtenidos por lumbotomía clásica y de otros centros de alto volumen laparoscópico a nivel internacional. Background: Live Donor Laparoscopic Nephrectomy (LDLN) has substantial benefits when compared with open nephrectomy such as shorter hospital stay, prompt return to work, less post-operative pain, better cosmetic results, less blood loss and less surgical wound infections. It is the mode of choice for safely harvesting a kidney for organ transplantation. Aim: To describe the surgical results of LDLN in a pioneer renal transplant center in Chile. Material and Methods: Review of clinical records of 75 subjects aged 27 to 60 years (37 males) subjected to a LDLN in a public hospital between 1998 and 2013. Information about clinical and surgical data and perioperative complications was retrieved. Results: No subject died. All kidneys were satisfactorily implanted in their receptors. The mean operative time was 116 minutes. Mean hospital stay was 1.6 days, warm ischemia time was 6.8 minutes, and cold ischemia time was 31.5 minutes. Operative adverse events occurred in 8%. The conversion and reoperation rates were 4 and 1.3%, respectively. Among receptors, 1.5% evolved with Acute Tubular Necrosis and 2.2% required graft excision. Conclusions: LDLN is a safe and pioneering surgical technique in Chile. Its results are satisfactory and comparable to those obtained with classic lumbotomy.

El presente trabajo revisa los aspectos orgánicos de la jurisdicción en materia tributaria y aduanera deteniéndose en cada uno de los órganos a los que la ley les atribuye competencia, criticando ciertos particularismos de esta disciplina, con especial énfasis en las modificaciones introducidas por la ley N° 20.322. La jurisdicción tributaria y aduanera implica que un órgano objetivamente independiente, subjetivamente imparcial y establecido por ley, ejerza la función de resolver con efecto de cosa juzgada las controversias jurídico-tributarias que se promueven entre la Administración del Estado y el contribuyente. This paper reviews the organic aspects of the jurisdiction in tax and customs matters, analyzing each of the bodies in which they have jurisdiction, criticizing certain particularities of the discipline, with special emphasis on the amendments introduced by Law N° 20.322. Tax and customs jurisdiction implies that organ objectively independent, subjectively impartial and established by law, is to exercise the function of settling with res judicata effect tax and customs disputes which arise between the State Administration and the taxpayer.

El presente trabajo revisa los aspectos orgánicos de la jurisdicción en materia tributaria y aduanera deteniéndose en cada uno de los órganos a los que la ley les atribuye competencia, criticando ciertos particularismos de esta disciplina, con especial énfasis en las modificaciones introducidas por la ley N° 20.322. La jurisdicción tributaria y aduanera implica que un órgano objetivamente independiente, subjetivamente imparcial y establecido por ley, ejerza la función de resolver con efecto de cosa juzgada las controversias jurídico-tributarias que se promueven entre la Administración del Estado y el contribuyente.

Existen multiples indicaciones de esofagogas-trectomia tanto para patologia maligna como para benigna, siendo la mas frecuente en la primera el cancer de la union gastroesofagico (UGE) con com-promiso extenso del esofago abdominal y toracico inferior (Siewert tipo IV segun Burmeister) y en la segunda, la lesion gastroesofagica por causticos

Introducción: El tratamiento de la Equinoccocosis es quirúrgico. El estudio de Keshmiri plantea el uso de albendazol como alternativa. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar validez interna y externa del estudio de Keshmiri. Material y método: Se aplicaron 4 instrumentos que valoran diferentes ámbitos metodológicos al estudio de Keshmiri. Se realizó lectura crítica; se analizó calidad metodológica, validez interna y externa con 3 instrumentos: MINCIR, CONSORT y SIGN. Estos, fueron aplicados por 7 investigadores con formación en epidemiología clínica. Resultados: La guía de lectura permitió verificar carencia de objetivo específico, asignación aleatoria y enmascaramiento mal definido. Los pacientes no fueron considerados hasta el final del estudio (hubo pérdida de 22,7% de pacientes en la rama del fármaco y de 42,8% de pacientes en la rama placebo). La escala MINCIR permitió identificar un ensayo clínico, con enmascaramiento, secuencia de aleatorización no clara, sin cálculo del tamaño de la muestra y objetivos vagos. CONSORT permitió comprobar carencia de hipótesis de trabajo y objetivos específicos; no identificación de variable primaria y tamaño de muestra, ambigüedades del proceso de aleatorización, enmascaramiento poco claro, ausencia de ajuste estadístico y omisión de análisis de subgrupos. SIGN permitió objetivar los mismos problemas antes descritos. Conclusión: Los instrumentos aplicados, pusieron en evidencia falencias metodológicas que objetan la validez interna y externa del estudio. La adopción de este protocolo debe observarse con precaución Background: Classic treatment of echinococcosis is surgery. The study of Keshmiri raises the use of albendazole as an alternative. Aim: To determine internal and external validity of the Keshmiri study. Material and methods: Four instruments that assess methodological quality, were applied to the manuscript. A critical reading was done and the internal and external validity of the methodological quality was analyzed with three scales: Methodology and Research in Surgery (MINCIR), Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) and Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Guides and scales were applied by 7 researchers with training in clinical epidemiology. Results: The Keshmiri study has not a specific objective. The method used for random assignment is not described and not all patients were assessed at the end of the study due to a loss form follow up of 23% of patients in drug branch and 43% in the placebo branch. MINCIR scale identified a blinded randomized clinical trial, with an unclear randomized sequence, without sample size estimation and vague objectives. CONSORT proved the lack of working hypothesis and specific objectives as well as an absence of identification of the primary variable, absence of sample size calculation, ambiguities in the randomization process, absence of statistical adjustment and the omission of a subgroup analysis. SIGN verified the same methodological errors. Conclusions: The applied instruments found methodological deficiencies that jeopardize the internal and external validity of the study

Introducción: El tratamiento de la Equinoccocosis es quirúrgico. El estudio de Keshmiri plantea el uso de albendazol como alternativa. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar validez interna y externa del estudio de Keshmiri. Material y método: Se aplicaron 4 instrumentos que valoran diferentes ámbitos metodológicos al estudio de Keshmiri. Se realizó lectura crítica; se analizó calidad metodológica, validez interna y externa con 3 instrumentos: MINCIR, CONSORT y SIGN. Estos, fueron aplicados por 7 investigadores con formación en epidemiología clínica. Resultados: La guía de lectura permitió verificar carencia de objetivo específico, asignación aleatoria y enmascaramiento mal definido. Los pacientes no fueron considerados hasta el final del estudio (hubo pérdida de 22,7% de pacientes en la rama del fármaco y de 42,8% de pacientes en la rama placebo). La escala MINCIR permitió identificar un ensayo clínico, con enmascaramiento, secuencia de aleatorización no clara, sin cálculo del tamaño de la muestra y objetivos vagos. CONSORT permitió comprobar carencia de hipótesis de trabajo y objetivos específicos; no identificación de variable primaria y tamaño de muestra, ambigüedades del proceso de aleatorización, enmascaramiento poco claro, ausencia de ajuste estadístico y omisión de análisis de subgrupos. SIGN permitió objetivar los mismos problemas antes descritos. Conclusión: Los instrumentos aplicados, pusieron en evidencia falencias metodológicas que objetan la validez interna y externa del estudio. La adopción de este protocolo debe observarse con precaución

Periodontitis is a common oral disease produced by bacterial species that reside in the subgingival plaque. These microorganisms have been associated to atherosclerosis and it is suggested that periodontitis is a cardiovascular risk factor.To isolate periodontal bacteria from blood and atheroma samples, from patients with atherosclerosis and periodontitis.Twelve patients with periodontitis and a clinical diagnosis of atherosclerosis and 12 patients with periodontitis but without atherosclerosis were studied. Blood samples were obtained immediately before and after scaling and root planing. The samples were incubated in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. One week after scaling, atheromatous plaques were obtained during endarterectomy in the 12 patients with atherosclerosis. These were homogenized and cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Microorganisms were identified by means ofPCR.Five patients with and two without atherosclerosis, had bacteremia after scaling and root planing. Bacterial species isolated from blood samples were the same found in periodontic pockets. Four atheromatous plaques of patients with bacteremia yielded positive cultures. The isolated bacteria were the same found in blood samples and periodontal pockets.Bacteremia occurred in seven of 24 patients after scaling and root planing. In four patients, the same species found in periodontic pockets and blood cultures were detected in atherosclerotic plaques obtained one week after the dental procedure.

Se presenta la experiencia en el tratamiento quirúrgico de la patología vesicular litiásica, mediante videolaparoscopia, en una serie prospectiva de 119 pacientes de 60 o más años de edad, de ambos sexos, operados entre Marzo de 2003 y Marzo de 2004, en el Departamento y Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau analizando la patología médica asociada, presente en el 70%, los hallazgos relevantes del estudio ecotomográfico preoperatorio (99,1%), las cifras de conversión a cirugía laparotómica (19%), la morbilidad (8,4%) y la mortalidad (0%) We report our surgical experience in videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy in 119 patients with 60 or more years old, operated between March 2003 and March 2004, at the Barros Luco's Surgical Department and Service. We analized the medical pathology (70% of patients); the relevant finding at the preoperative ultrasonic study (99,2% of patients); the conversion rate (19%) and postoperatory results

Se presenta la experiencia en el tratamiento quirúrgico de la patología vesicular litiásica, mediante videolaparoscopia, en una serie prospectiva de 119 pacientes de 60 o más años de edad, de ambos sexos, operados entre Marzo de 2003 y Marzo de 2004, en el Departamento y Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau analizando la patología médica asociada, presente en el 70%, los hallazgos relevantes del estudio ecotomográfico preoperatorio (99,1%), las cifras de conversión a cirugía laparotómica (19%), la morbilidad (8,4%) y la mortalidad (0%)

Background: Periodontitis is a common oral disease produced by bacterial species that reside in the subgingival plaque. These microorganisms have been associated to atherosclerosis and it is suggested that periodontitis is a cardiovascular risk factor. Aim: To isolate periodontal bacteria from blood and atheroma samples, from patients with atherosclerosis and periodontitis. Material and methods: Twelve patients with periodontitis and a clinical diagnosis of atherosclerosis and 12 patients with periodontitis but without atherosclerosis were studied. Blood samples were obtained immediately before and after scaling and root planing. The samples were incubated in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. One week after scaling, atheromatous plaques were obtained during endarterectomy in the 12 patients with atherosclerosis. These were homogenized and cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Microorganisms were identified by means ofPCR. Results: Five patients with and two without atherosclerosis, had bacteremia after scaling and root planing. Bacterial species isolated from blood samples were the same found in periodontic pockets. Four atheromatous plaques of patients with bacteremia yielded positive cultures. The isolated bacteria were the same found in blood samples and periodontal pockets. Conclusions: Bacteremia occurred in seven of 24 patients after scaling and root planing. In four patients, the same species found in periodontic pockets and blood cultures were detected in atherosclerotic plaques obtained one week after the dental procedure

Background: Periodontitis is a common oral disease produced by bacterial species that reside in the subgingival plaque. These microorganisms have been associated to atherosclerosis and it is suggested that periodontitis is a cardiovascular risk factor. Aim: To isolate periodontal bacteria from blood and atheroma samples, from patients with atherosclerosis and periodontitis. Material and methods: Twelve patients with periodontitis and a clinical diagnosis of atherosclerosis and 12 patients with periodontitis but without atherosclerosis were studied. Blood samples were obtained immediately before and after scaling and root planing. The samples were incubated in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. One week after scaling, atheromatous plaques were obtained during endarterectomy in the 12 patients with atherosclerosis. These were homogenized and cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Microorganisms were identified by means ofPCR. Results: Five patients with and two without atherosclerosis, had bacteremia after scaling and root planing. Bacterial species isolated from blood samples were the same found in periodontic pockets. Four atheromatous plaques of patients with bacteremia yielded positive cultures. The isolated bacteria were the same found in blood samples and periodontal pockets. Conclusions: Bacteremia occurred in seven of 24 patients after scaling and root planing. In four patients, the same species found in periodontic pockets and blood cultures were detected in atherosclerotic plaques obtained one week after the dental procedure