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This study aimed to investigate variations in fatty acid composition between buffalo colostrum and mature milk. Samples were collected from 20 buffaloes for fatty acid analysis. Results revealed significant differences in the fatty acid composition between colostrum and mature milk. Colostrum exhibited lower levels of saturated fatty acids while higher monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to mature milk. Specifically, colostrum demonstrated higher n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acids, which resulted in a lower n‐6/n‐3 ratio compared to mature milk. These findings suggest that buffalo colostrum may offer more advantages in human health compared to mature milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study sought to understand the levels of vitamin K in the mature milk of Chinese lactating mothers, thereby providing a foundation for the development of appropriate intake (AI) of vitamin K for infants aged 0–5 months. Methods: Five hundred healthy lactating mothers were selected from the mature milk bank established by the Chinese Maternal and Infant Nutrition and Health Cohort by using a simple random sample procedure. Relevant information about lactating mothers and their infants was obtained by a questionnaire survey. Vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 (MK-4 and MK-7) in mature milk were determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Results: The total concentration of vitamin K in mature milk was 4.50 (2.85–6.33) ng/mL. The concentrations of vitamin K1, vitamin K2, MK-4, and MK-7 were 2.81 (1.66–4.39) ng/mL, 1.37 (0.75–2.11) ng/mL, 1.20 (0.58–1.97) ng/mL, and 0.13 (0.08–0.19) ng/mL, respectively. The concentration of vitamin K1 was highest and the concentration of MK-7 was lowest. The concentrations of vitamin K2 and MK-4 in mature milk from the south were significantly higher than those in mature milk from the north. The total vitamin K, vitamin K2, and MK-4 concentrations in mature milk of lactating mothers residing in urban areas were higher than those in rural areas. There was a tendency for the concentration of total vitamin K and vitamin K1 to increase with the mother's age. Moreover, the concentration of MK-4 in mature milk was highest in summer, followed by spring and winter. The levels of vitamin K1 and MK-4 in mature milk were found to be affected by lactation stage; they were highest at 91–120 days and lowest at 31–60 days. Conclusions: Based on the concentration of vitamin K in mature milk found in this study, it is recommended that the appropriate intake of VK for Chinese infants aged 0–5 months is 3.49 μg/d (2.18 μg/d for VK1 and 1.06 μg/d for VK2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Rabbit colostrum is the initial mammary secretion after parturition, consisting of nutritional and bioactive components. However, the protein expression profiles in the colostrum and mature milk of rabbits are still unclear. Accordingly, in this study, the proteomics approach was performed on milk sampled from rabbit colostrum and mature milk. A total of 525 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were revealed, among which 244 proteins were upregulated and 281 were downregulated compared with the colostrum of rabbits. The bioinformatics analysis showed that the DAPs were related to the immune response and fatty acids metabolism. In conclusion, the results of this study will contribute to the expansion of the rabbit milk protein database, as well as provide insights into utilizing breeding practices to address concerns related to the growth and health of rabbit offspring. Colostrum intake is a crucial determinant of survival in newborn rabbits. Neonates rely entirely on passive immunity transfer from their mothers while suckling colostrum. The goal of this study was to explore the protein differences of rabbit milk during different lactation periods. Our findings showed that the daily milk yield exhibited an increasing trend from the 2nd to the 21st day of lactation. A data-independent acquisition proteomics approach identified a total of 2011 proteins. Significantly, different abundances were found for 525 proteins in the colostrum and the mature milk samples. Eleven differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were examined using parallel reaction monitoring, which verified the reliability of the proteomic data. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that these DAPs were primarily associated with glycosyltransferase activity, macromolecule transmembrane transporter activity, and regulation of acute inflammatory response. The dominant metabolic pathways of the DAPs involve the complement and coagulation cascades. A protein–protein interaction analysis identified apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A1, triose phosphate isomerase 1, and albumin as the hub proteins responsible for distinguishing differences between biological properties in rabbit colostrum and mature milk. These findings enhance our comprehension of the rabbit milk proteome, particularly in expanding our knowledge regarding the requirements of neonatal rabbits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The differences in metabolites and related metabolism pathways in colostrum and mature milk from Saanen goats at different lactation stages were explored by untargeted metabolomics based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole electrostatic field orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-QE-orbitrap-MS). The results showed that a total of 118 differential metabolites were found between colostrum and mature milk, among which 62 had higher relative contents in colostrum than in mature milk and 56 had lower relative contents in colostrum than in mature milk. These metabolites were mainly lipids, amino acids, and nucleosides. Nine key metabolic pathways most associated with these metabolites were selected, which jointly regulated the lactation process of Saanen goats, and the citric acid cycle could act as a bridge connecting other metabolic pathways. The number of differential metabolites involved in these metabolic pathways was 12. The differential metabolites with relatively high contents in colostrum were taurine, hypotaurine, taurocholic acid, L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, succinic acid, isocitrate, D-maltose, α-lactose, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate and glycine. The differential metabolite with relatively high contents in mature milk was N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide. They could be used as potential marker metabolites in the colostrum and mature milk of Saanen goats. Metabolomics technology can also be used for identifying differential metabolites in milk from other dairy species at different lactation stages.

Abstract N‐glycosylation has important implications for the physicochemical properties and biochemical activity of breast milk proteins. However, an in‐depth characterization of site‐specific N‐glycans in breast milk serum proteins is lacking. In this study, 875 site‐specific N‐glycans attached to 114 serum glycoproteins from breast colostrum (BC) and 427 site‐specific N‐glycans attached to 60 serum glycoproteins from breast mature milk (BM) were identified and quantified using label‐free site‐specific glycoproteomics. Among them, 24 site‐specific N‐glycans mapping to 11 N‐glycosites on 9 glycoproteins were significantly increased, and 76 site‐specific N‐glycans mapping to 19 N‐glycosites on 13 glycoproteins were significantly decreased. Gene ontology annotation analysis showed that BC and BM serum N‐glycoproteins were mainly enriched in complement activation, classical pathway, extracellular exosome part, and immunoglobulin receptor binding. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis revealed that BC and BM serum N‐glycoproteins were mainly involved in the PI3K‐Akt signaling pathway. Additionally, breast milk serum N‐glycoproteins carried fucosylated core structures as well as Lewis and sialylated branch structures that may contribute to neonatal retinal homeostasis. These results provide a molecular basis for understanding the unique biological activities of breast milk serum N‐glycoproteins.

Colostrum intake is a crucial determinant of survival in newborn rabbits. Neonates rely entirely on passive immunity transfer from their mothers while suckling colostrum. The goal of this study was to explore the protein differences of rabbit milk during different lactation periods. Our findings showed that the daily milk yield exhibited an increasing trend from the 2nd to the 21st day of lactation. A data-independent acquisition proteomics approach identified a total of 2011 proteins. Significantly, different abundances were found for 525 proteins in the colostrum and the mature milk samples. Eleven differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were examined using parallel reaction monitoring, which verified the reliability of the proteomic data. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that these DAPs were primarily associated with glycosyltransferase activity, macromolecule transmembrane transporter activity, and regulation of acute inflammatory response. The dominant metabolic pathways of the DAPs involve the complement and coagulation cascades. A protein–protein interaction analysis identified apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A1, triose phosphate isomerase 1, and albumin as the hub proteins responsible for distinguishing differences between biological properties in rabbit colostrum and mature milk. These findings enhance our comprehension of the rabbit milk proteome, particularly in expanding our knowledge regarding the requirements of neonatal rabbits.

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Lipids are essential organic components in milk and have been associated with various health benefits for newborns. However, a comprehensive analysis of lipid profiles across multiple species and levels has been lacking. In this study, we employed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to accurately determine the absolute content of lipid molecules. It revealed that ruminants exhibit a higher concentration of short-chain fatty acids compared to non-ruminants. Additionally, we identified ALC (camel), MGH (horse), and DZD (donkey) as species that display similarities to components found in human milk fat. Remarkably, it reveals that porcine milk fat is characterized by long chain lengths, low saturation, and a high proportion of essential fatty acids. PS (22:5_18:2) could potentially serve as a biomarker in porcine milk. These unique characteristics present potential opportunities for the utilization of porcine milk. Overall, our findings provide valuable insights into the lipidomics profiles of milk from different species.

While the role of n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) in the maturation of the infantile nervous system is extensively studied and relatively well-characterized, data on the potential developmental importance of the n-9 long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid (LCMUFA), nervonic acid (NA, C24:1n-9) are scarce and ambiguous. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to reanalyze our available data on the contribution of NA and its LCMUFA precursors, gondoic acid (C20:1n-9) and erucic acid (EA, C22:1n-9) to the fatty acid composition of human milk (HM) during the first month of lactation in mothers of both preterm (PT) and full-term (FT) infants. HM samples were obtained daily during the first week of lactation, and then on the 14th, 21st, and 28th days. Values of the LCMUFAs, C20:1n-9, EA, and NA were significantly higher in colostrum than in transient and mature HM. Consequently, there were highly significant inverse associations between LCMUFA values and the duration of lactation. Moreover, C20:1n-9, EA, and NA values were monotonously, considerably, and at many timepoints significantly higher in PT than in FT HM samples. By the 28th day of lactation, summarized LCMUFA values in PT HM samples declined to the level measured in FT HM samples on the first day of lactation; however, EA and NA values were still significantly higher in PT than in FT HM on the 28th day. Significantly higher availability of LCMUFAs in PT than in FT HM underpins the potential biological role of this hitherto somewhat neglected group of fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Yaks are tough animals living in Tibet’s hypoxic stress environment. However, the metabolite composition of yak milk and its role in hypoxic stress tolerance remains largely unexplored. The similarities and differences between yak and human milk in hypoxic stress tolerance are also unclear. This study explored yak colostrum (YC) and yak mature milk (YMM) using GC–MS, and 354 metabolites were identified in yak milk. A comparative metabolomic analysis of yak and human milk metabolites showed that over 70% of metabolites were species-specific. Yak milk relies mainly on essential amino acids- arginine and essential branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs): L-isoleucine, L-leucine, and L-valine tolerate hypoxic stress. To slow hypoxic stress, human breast milk relies primarily on the neuroprotective effects of non-essential amino acids or derivates, such as citrulline, sarcosine, and creatine. In addition, metabolites related to hypoxic stress were significantly enriched in YC than in YMM. These results reveal the unique metabolite composition of yak and human milk and provide practical information for applying yak and human milk to hypoxic stress tolerance.

IntroductionGlycosylation is one of the essential post-translational modifications that influences the function of milk proteins.MethodsIn the present study, 998 proteins and 764 glycosylated sites from 402 glycoproteins were identified in human milk by TMT labeling proteomics. Compared to human milk proteins, the glycoproteins were mainly enriched in cell adhesion, proteolysis, and defense/immune process.ResultsThe abundance of 353 glycosylated sites and their 179 parent proteins was quantified. After normalization to their parent protein’s abundance, 78 glycosylated sites in 56 glycoproteins and 10 glycosylated sites in 10 glycoproteins were significantly higher in colostrum and mature milk, respectively. These changed glycoproteins were mainly related to host defense. Intriguingly, one glycosylated site (Asp144) in IgA and two glycosylated sites (Asp38 and Asp1079) in tenascin are significantly upregulated even though their protein abundance was downregulated during lactation.DiscussionThis study helps us figure out the critical glycosylated sites in proteins that might influence their biological function in an unbiased way.

Colostrum is a vital performance for buffaloes and potentially functional foods in the future. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the difference between the parity of buffalo colostrum and mature milk. Twenty pregnant buffaloes (primiparous = 10; multiparous = 10) were assigned to the same diet prepartum and milking routine postpartum. Calves were separated from the dams immediately after birth and colostrum was harvested within 2 h, whilst mature milk was harvested at 7 days postpartum. The colostrum was analyzed for immunoglobulin G and milk composition as the mature milk. The results showed that there was a higher level of protein, solid not fat, and milk urea nitrogen (p < 0.05), with a tendency for higher total solids (p = 0.08) in primiparous buffaloes' colostrum compared with multiparous. No parity effect was observed in colostrum immunoglobulin G, fat, lactose, and yields of colostrum and composition (p > 0.05). There was no difference in mature milk composition and yield by parity affected (p > 0.05). Compared with mature milk composition, colostrum had a higher content protein, total solids, solid not fat, and milk urea nitrogen (p < 0.05); however, fat and lactose were lower than that of mature milk (p < 0.05). For minerals, multiparous buffaloes' colostrum had a higher concentration of Fe (p = 0.05), while the mature milk had higher concentrations of K and P compared with primiparous. Buffalo colostrum had higher concentrations of Na, Mg, Co, Fe, and K with a lower concentration of Ca relative to mature milk (p < 0.05). It was observed that parity affected colostrum characteristics rather than mature milk and caused subtle variations in minerals in colostrum and mature milk of buffaloes. As lactation proceeded, both milk composition and minerals in the milk changed drastically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whey proteins are N-glycosylated proteins that play important roles in a variety of biological processes including immune defense. However, the N-glycosylation of yak colostrum (YC) and mature milk (YM) whey proteins is unknown. Therefore, this study systematically compared and analyzed YC and YM whey N-glycoproteomes using the 4D label-free technique. We identified 162 glycoproteins, 222 glycosylated peptides, and 234 glycosylation sites in YC and YM, of which 59 glycoproteins were differentially expressed in YC and YM. According to gene ontology annotation and KEGG pathway metabolism analysis, the differentially expressed N-glycoproteins were highly enriched in "cell adhesion", "extracellular region", and "calcium binding", and were mainly involved in the extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction pathway. The immunity-related N-glycoproteins, such as platelet glycoprotein 4 (CD36) and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (PIGR), were observed to be different between YC and YM. The results revealed the glycosylation sites, composition, and biological functions of YC and YM whey N-glycoprotein, which supplemented our understanding of the N-glycosylation of yak whey proteins.

As an important nutrient source in large areas of the world, goat milk is favored by more and more consumers; however, the composition, nutritional value, and regulation mechanism of goat milk are not fully characterized. Mammary gland development is as important as detailed annotation of protein composition to address the physiological and nutritional values of goat milk. In the present study, 4353 colostrum and mature goat milk proteins were identified. The abundance of 118 proteins was significantly different between colostrum and mature milk proteins. Our results indicate that the milk protein changes were associated with a network of mammary gene expression changes; importantly, the prime factors include enhanced mammary growth/development, decreased protein translation, attenuated protein folding, and lower lip/carbohydrate metabolism. The present study provides insights into the changes in mammary metabolisms during the transition from colostrum to mature milk, which can help deeply explore the difference and regulation mechanism of active milk protein in colostrum and mature milk and provide references for the identification and functional study of bioactive milk proteins in colostrum.

Introduction: The composition of breast milk is not consistent; its variability is determined by the nutritional needs of the baby: duration of pregnancy, phases of a single feeding, lactation period, variability of fat concentration. The aim: To assess the energy and essential nutrients content in mature milk from mothers delivering preterm and full-term infants. Material and methods: 75 women participated in the study, at 4 weeks postpartum. The study sample was divided into three groups according to the duration of pregnancy: G1>=32 weeks of pregnancy, G2) 33-36 weeks of pregnancy, G3) 0.05) analysed in the fourth week of lactation. Conclusions: The assessment of the milk from women who gave birth on time and prematurely showed no significant differences in protein, fats, carbohydrates and energy content considering the same stage of lactation. However, it should be emphasised that not only is human milk considered to be a nutrient but also functional food. Due to the content of enzymes, hormones and growth factors, breast milk has a protective function. It is a part of treatment for premature babies. Nevertheless, the results of our study indicate the need for further research measuring the macronutrients of human milk in order to individualize more the nutritional approach for a particularly demanding group of newborns, which may help optimize their growth and development.

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The article presents the advantages of natural feeding, current recommendations for breastfeeding of infants obtained by analyzing the scientific literature. It details current evidence emphasizing the importance, uniqueness of the qualitative and quantitative composition of breast milk, the best form of infant feeding. Emphasis is placed on existing scientifically defined facts explaining the importance of natural feeding as a natural model, vividly illustrating the main points of the concept of optimal infant feeding. Focuses on the fact that adequate feeding is considered one of the major components of the health and optimal growth of the newborn infant. The importance of colostrum at the beginning of enteral feeding for the newborn's body is emphasized. The properties of colostrum that fully meet the morpho-functional needs of the infant are described. It focuses on new, scientifically supplemented, over the past few years, data on the benefits of breast milk: optimal and balanced levels of nutrients; high assimilation of breast milk by the body of the child; the presence of a wide range of biologically active substances, essential fatty acids and amino acids, enzymes, vitamins and protective factors; favorable effect on intestinal microflora. Namely, it is shown that breast milk contains in the right quantities to provide individual not only nutritional but also immunological, endocrine needs of the child, depending on the age: alpha-lactalbumin proteins, beta-lactoglobulin, caseins, enzymes, growth factor, hormones, lactoferrin, lysozyme, secretory IgA, IgG and IgM. Non-protein components: alpha-aminonitrogen; creatine; creatinine; glucosamine; nonnucleic acid polyamines; urea; uric acid. Composition of mature milk: lipids; fat-soluble vitamins (A and carotene, D, E, K); fatty acids; phospholipids; sterols and hydrocarbonates; triglycerides; carbohydrates; water-soluble vitamins; biotin; folin; cholate; inositol; niacin; pantothenic acid; riboflavin; thiamin; vitamins B12, B6, C. Cells: cytoplasmic fragments, epithelial cells, lymphocytes, leukocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, minerals, bicarbonates, calcium, chloride, citrate, magnesium; potassium; soda; sulfate; trace elements: chromium; cobalt; copper; iodine; iron; manganese; molybdenum; nickel; selenium; zinc. Biologically active substances that are part of breast milk: hormones, enzymes, immune complexes, help newborns to overcome birth stress faster and better adapt to new living conditions. It is noted that the nature of breastfeeding in the first year of life to a large extent determines the health of the child not only in the early years, but also in subsequent periods of his life.

Fatty acid (FA) in breast milk is beneficial to the growth and neurodevelopment of infants. However, the structure profiles of breast milk FAs and the influencing factors which are crucial for normal function have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to characterize the profiles of total and sn-2 FAs in human mature milk based on two representative urban areas in China and explore potential sociodemographic determinants. Mothers (n = 70) at 40–100 d postpartum from Beijing and Danyang were recruited according to unified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Total and sn-2 FA compositions were examined by gas chromatography and quantified. Using the Spearman correlation and multiple regression model, we found that the location and maternal education level were the most conspicuous correlated factor. The milk of mothers from Beijing had higher levels of the n-6 series of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) (C20:2, C20:3n-6, C20:4n-6, n-6PUFA/n-3PUFA, LA/ALA, and ARA/DHA) than that of Danyang, while the opposite was observed in the n-3 series of LCPUFA (C18:3n-3 and Total n-3PUFA). Compared to the milk of mothers with a high school degree or below, those with a bachelor's degree or above had lower SFAs (C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, and Total SFA), n-3 series of LCPUFA (C18:3n-3 and Total n-3PUFA), C18:1n-9t, and higher n-6 series of LCPUFA (C18:2n-6c, C20:2, C20:4n-6, Total n-6PUFA, and n-6PUFA/n-3PUFA). Maternal age, infant gender, pre-conception body mass index (BMI), parity, delivery mode, and gestational weight gain were also associated with total FAs. However, fewer associations were found between the above factors and sn-2 FAs. This study will promote an understanding of human breast milk's lipid profile and help develop a formula more suitable for infants.

Mammalian milk including microRNAs (miRNAs) as a novel class of noncoding RNAs, that can be transferred to infants and it plays on a critical role in biological functions such as immune regulation and development. However, the origin and functional importance of milk-derived miRNAs are still undetermined. This study applied RNA sequencing to explore the featured profiles of miRNA expression in colostrum and mature milk-originated exosomes from human, bovine, and caprine milk. These dietary exosome-derived miRNAs are highly conserved in human, bovine and caprine milk. Interestingly, abundant miRNAs expressed in human milk are similarly conserved across species. In addition, we confirmed that immune-related miRNAs (miR-30a-5p, miR-22-3p, and miR-26a) are commonly observed in the colostrum and mature milk of cows and caprines as well as humans. Our results provide new insights and resources for investigating the functionality of immune-associated miRNAs and evaluating physiological and biological condition in human, bovine and caprine milk as biomarkers.

While the role of n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) in the maturation of the infantile nervous system is extensively studied and relatively well-characterized, data on the potential developmental importance of the n-9 long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid (LCMUFA), nervonic acid (NA, C24:1n-9) are scarce and ambiguous. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to reanalyze our available data on the contribution of NA and its LCMUFA precursors, gondoic acid (C20:1n-9) and erucic acid (EA, C22:1n-9) to the fatty acid composition of human milk (HM) during the first month of lactation in mothers of both preterm (PT) and full-term (FT) infants. HM samples were obtained daily during the first week of lactation, and then on the 14th, 21st, and 28th days. Values of the LCMUFAs, C20:1n-9, EA, and NA were significantly higher in colostrum than in transient and mature HM. Consequently, there were highly significant inverse associations between LCMUFA values and the duration of lactation. Moreover, C20:1n-9, EA, and NA values were monotonously, considerably, and at many timepoints significantly higher in PT than in FT HM samples. By the 28th day of lactation, summarized LCMUFA values in PT HM samples declined to the level measured in FT HM samples on the first day of lactation; however, EA and NA values were still significantly higher in PT than in FT HM on the 28th day. Significantly higher availability of LCMUFAs in PT than in FT HM underpins the potential biological role of this hitherto somewhat neglected group of fatty acids.

Although the composition of donkey milk is similar to that of human milk, systematic comparisons of the site-specific N -glycosylation patterns of their whey proteins are lacking. In this study, hydrophilic interaction chromatography-based enrichment of intact N -glycopeptides, coupled with a site-specific glycoproteomics strategy, was used to systematically characterise whey N -glycoproteins in donkey colostrum (DC), donkey mature milk (DM), human colostrum (HC), and human mature milk (HM) for the first time. We identified 628, 347, 868, and 425 site-specific N -glycans mapped to 135, 67, 113, and 60 glycoproteins in DC, DM, HC, and HM, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis revealed the potential biological effects of N -glycosylation modifications on the whey proteins themselves. Our findings elucidated the composition of donkey and human milk whey N -glycoproteins and their potential structure-activity relationships and provided guidance for the production of specific functional donkey milk products and the development of donkey milk-based infant formulas. • In-depth analysis of DC, DM, HC, and HM whey protein N -glycosylation. • Eight whey N -glycoproteins were shared among the four groups. • 60 common N -glycans were identified in the four groups. • N -glycosite and site-specific N -glycan profiles were compared between the groups. • Structure-activity relationship of N -glycoproteins was elucidated between the groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this systematic review was to understand Indian mothers' milk composition and report changes in it over the past 100 years. A review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA and registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022299224). All records published between 1921 and 2021 were identified by searching databases Google Scholar, ResearchGate, PubMed, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. All observational, interventional, or supplementation studies reporting macronutrients (protein, fat, lactose) in milk of Indian mothers, delivering term infants, were included. Publications on micronutrients, preterm, and methods were excluded. Milk was categorized into colostrum, transitional, and mature. In all, 111 records were identified, of which 34 were included in the final review. Fat ranged from 1.83 to 4.49 g/100 mL, 2.6 to 5.59 g/100 mL, and 2.77 to 4.78 g/100 mL in colostrum, transitional, and mature milk, respectively. The protein was higher in colostrum (1.54 to 8.36 g/100mL) as compared to transitional (1.08 to 2.38 g/100 mL) and mature milk (0.87 to 2.33 g/100 mL). Lactose was lower in colostrum (4.5–6.47 g/100 mL) as compared to transitional (4.8–7.37 g/100 mL) and mature milk ranges (6.78–7.7 g/100 mL). The older studies (1950–1980) reported higher fat and protein in colostrum as compared to subsequent time points. There were variations in maternal nutritional status, diet, socioeconomic status, and regions along with study design specific differences of time or methods of milk sampling and analysis. Additionally, advancements in methods over time make it challenging to interpret time trends. The need for conducting well-designed, multicentric studies on nutrient composition of Indian mother's milk using standardized methods of sampling and estimation for understanding the role of various associated factors cannot be undermined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colostrum is a vital performance for buffaloes and potentially functional foods in the future. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the difference between the parity of buffalo colostrum and mature milk. Twenty pregnant buffaloes (primiparous = 10; multiparous = 10) were assigned to the same diet prepartum and milking routine postpartum. Calves were separated from the dams immediately after birth and colostrum was harvested within 2 h, whilst mature milk was harvested at 7 days postpartum. The colostrum was analyzed for immunoglobulin G and milk composition as the mature milk. The results showed that there was a higher level of protein, solid not fat, and milk urea nitrogen (p < 0.05), with a tendency for higher total solids (p = 0.08) in primiparous buffaloes’ colostrum compared with multiparous. No parity effect was observed in colostrum immunoglobulin G, fat, lactose, and yields of colostrum and composition (p > 0.05). There was no difference in mature milk composition and yield by parity affected (p > 0.05). Compared with mature milk composition, colostrum had a higher content protein, total solids, solid not fat, and milk urea nitrogen (p < 0.05); however, fat and lactose were lower than that of mature milk (p < 0.05). For minerals, multiparous buffaloes’ colostrum had a higher concentration of Fe (p = 0.05), while the mature milk had higher concentrations of K and P compared with primiparous. Buffalo colostrum had higher concentrations of Na, Mg, Co, Fe, and K with a lower concentration of Ca relative to mature milk (p < 0.05). It was observed that parity affected colostrum characteristics rather than mature milk and caused subtle variations in minerals in colostrum and mature milk of buffaloes. As lactation proceeded, both milk composition and minerals in the milk changed drastically.

Objective: Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process essential for restoring tissue integrity and homeostasis. It is thought that breast milk contributes positively to the wound healing process, thanks to the components it contains. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of breast milk on the wound healing process at different lactation stages and to evaluate the underlying mechanism(s). Materials and Methods: The effects of breast milk from different lactation stages (colostrum, transitional, and mature milk) on wound healing were determined by in vitro scratch assay in L929 fibroblast cells. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total oxidant, and antioxidant capacity were used to confirm antioxidant effects. The effect of breast milk on netrin-1 levels in L929 cells was elucidated by ELISA. Results: Breast milk at different lactation stages promoted wound healing. While the wound closure percentage was determined as 48.7% in the control group, this rate was determined to be the highest at 81.6% in the mature milk group (p:0.0002). The free radical scavenging capacity of colostrum, transitional, and mature milk with DPPH was determined as 49.69%, 60.64%, and 80.85%, respectively, depending on the lactation stages. Netrin-1 levels detected by ELISA were determined as 490.1 ± 6.5 pg/mL in the control group, while the lowest level was determined as 376.6 ± 4.5 pg/mL in mature milk (p:0.0003). Conclusions: Breast milk, especially mature milk, promoted wound healing on L929 cells by suppressing netrin-1 levels and scavenging free radicals.

The kinds and proportions of triglycerides of human mature milk play an independent role in the growth of infants. In this study, the human milk samples obtained from eight different Chinese cities (Chengdu, Weihai, Lanzhou, Jinhua, Beijing, Guangzhou, Zhengzhou, and Harbin) and six sequential mature lactation times (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days) were detected for the triglycerides. The result demonstrated that total 66 triglycerides were detected in mature human milk, with acyl carbon number (ACN) numbers were locating in the range of 34–54 and double bond (DB) numbers were locating in the range of 0–6. In addition, the percentage of OPO, OPL, and OOO was relatively higher than others, accounted for more than 4% of total triglycerides in all the lactation areas and times, and the percentage of U2S and LLL triglycerides was also richest in mature milk. Furthermore, it was obvious that lactation regions had more significant effect on the triglycerides compared with lactation time and the triacylglycerols (TAGs) of human milk in Guangzhou were clearly different from that in other regions. Therefore, the results of this study will provide data reference for the design of infant formula suitable for Chinese babies.

In this study, we compared the content of main components in goat colostrum and mature milk, and evaluated their influences on the intestinal microbiota to establish the correlations between milk components and functional features of the intestinal microbiota. Compared with goat mature milk, colostrum had significantly higher contents of protein, fat, minerals, dry matter, EGF, IGF-I, LTF and IgG, but lower concentrations of lactose and cAMP. The metagenomic analysis indicated that ingestion of mature milk increased the abundance of probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus and Muribaculum, while goat colostrum intake could promote the growth of probiotics Lactobacillus and Alistipes, but also the pathogen Helicobacter. Fat content was positively associated with the abundance of Helicobacter. Our study provided evidence that goat colostrum and mature milk could change the composition and structure of the intestinal microbiota community in different ways, which might drive the downstream effects on the host’s metabolism and health.

Guanzhong dairy goat milk is the product of national geographical indication exclusively in Shaanxi province of China. A total of 433 whey proteins were identified and quantified in colostrum and mature milk, which were obtained from Guanzhong dairy goat and Chinese Holstein. Twenty-seven highly expressed proteins in GM were related to immune response, and 23 were metabolic processes. Thirty-four highly expressed proteins in GC milk were mainly related to the immune response, negative regulation of endopeptidase activity and ossification, indicating that goat milk was very important for the development of immune system and bone growth and ossification in newborns. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the differentially expressed proteins in the four whey groups were mapped in 15 pathways, in which the complement and coagulation cascade and carbon metabolism were the most important. Cross-species comparison of whey protein helps to extend understanding of variation in the nutritional value of different milk sources.

[Display omitted] • Lipid differences between yak colostrum (YC) and mature milk (YM) were analyzed. • A total of 851 lipid species from 28 lipid subclasses were identified. • Forty-three significantly different lipids (SDLs) between YC and YM were screened. • These SDLs were mainly enriched in the glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway. • Lipid species information for GLs, STs, GPs, SPs, and FAs in YC and YM was added. Yak milk is essential to maintain the normal physiological functions of herders in Tibetan areas of China. However, the lipid components of yak colostrum (YC) and mature milk (YM) have not been systematically studied. We employed a quantitative lipidomics to comprehensively describe the alterations in the milk lipid profile of lactating yaks. Herein, totally 851 lipids from 28 lipid subclasses in YC and YM were identified and screened for 43 significantly different lipids (SDLs; variable importance in projection > 1, fold change < 0.5 or > 2 with P < 0.05), with cholesterol ester (CE, 16:0) and triacylglycerol (TAG, 54:6 (20:5), 50:1 (16:0), 56:6 (20:5)) were the potential lipid biomarkers. Fourteen SDLs were modulated downwards, and 29 SDLs were modulated upwards in YM. Moreover, by analyzing lipid metabolic pathways in these SDLs, glycerophospholipid metabolism was the most critical. Our results furnish integral lipid details for evaluating yak milk's nutritional quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on the main groups of vitamins and their effects on the child’s body. The negative effect of the macroand micro-elements deficit on the human body, both of the adults and children, has been proved convincingly. The essential triad of vitamins (A, C, D,) is the most significant vitamins for children under one year. This combination of vitamins ensures the safety of the combination and the possibility of mutual supplement of ingredients for effective formation of infant immunity, neuropsychic development, harmonious physical development and prevention of rickets. The vast majority of children under one year have an essential vitamins A, C, D deficiency, regardless of the nature of feeding. The Russian studies showed that only 45.6% of children have an adequate vitamin D level. It is also proven that children with atopic dermatitis have low vitamins A, C, and E levels.

Large variations in the bioactivities and composition of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins were observed between Saanen dairy goat and Holstein bovine at various lactation periods. In the present study, 331, 250, 182, and 248 MFGM proteins were characterized in colostrum and mature milk for the two species by Q-Orbitrap HRMS-based proteomics techniques. KEGG pathway analyses displayed that differentially expressed proteins in colostrum involved in galactose metabolism and an adipogenesis pathway, and the differentially expressed proteins in mature milk associated with lipid metabolism and a PPAR signaling pathway. These results indicated that the types and functions of MFGM proteins in goat and bovine milk were different, and goat milk had a better function of fatty acid metabolism and glucose homeostasis, which can enhance our understanding of MFGM proteins in these two species across different lactation periods, and they provide significant information for the study of lipid metabolism and glycometabolism of goat milk.

Milk represents an integrated meal for newborns; its whey protein is rich in many health beneficial components and proteins. The current study aimed to investigate the differences between colostrum and mature milk from Mediterranean and Murrah buffaloes using labeled proteomics and bioinformatics tools. In the current work, LC-MS/MS analysis led to identification of 780 proteins from which 638 were shared among three independent TMT experiments. The significantly changed proteins between the studied types were analyzed using gene ontology enrichment and KEGG pathways, and their interactions were generated using STRING database. Results indicated that immunological, muscular development and function, blood coagulation, heme related, neuronal, translation, metabolic process, and binding proteins were the main terms. Overall, colostrum showed higher levels of immunoglobulins, myosins, actin, neurofascin, syntaxins, thyroglobulins, and RNA-binding proteins, reflecting its importance in the development and activity of immunological, muscular, cardiac, neuronal, and thyroid systems, while lactoferrin and ferritin were increased in mature milk, highlighting its role in iron storage and hemoglobin formation.

Amino acids (AAs) in milk constitute proteins, not only that, they also play a significant part in the body. However, in-depth analysis of AAs in human milk between different lactation periods and different domains is relatively scarce. Herein, free AAs in human colostrum (FHC) and mature milk (FHM), and insoluble-proteome AAs in human colostrum (IPHC) and mature milk (IPHM) were characterized, using metabolomics method based on iTRAQ combined with HPLC–MS/MS. A total of 35, 35, 30, and 30 AAs were characterized in FHC, FHM, IPHC, and IPHM, respectively. Moreover, 20 and 13 significantly differential amino acids (SDAAs) were identified in FHC vs. FHM group and IPHC vs. IPHM group, respectively. The interaction network of these SDAAs was further analyzed, and the SDAAs of these two groups were found to participate in 31 and 24 differential metabolic pathways, respectively. The profiles of free and insoluble-proteome AAs between human colostrum and mature milk were quite different, and the combination of these AAs could offer a better understanding of the changes in biochemical process in human milk, and could also furnish directions for the research into development of babies nutrition and milk powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xinong Saanen goat milk is a major source of milk in the Chinese dairy industry. Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteomes of goat colostrum and mature milk were analyzed and compared using proteomic technology. A total of 543 and 585 proteins were identified in goat colostrum and mature milk, respectively. Functional category analyses revealed that most of the MFGM proteins in both colostrum and mature milk were related to phosphoprotein and acetylation. The biological process of translation, cellular component of extracellular exosome, and molecular function of poly(A) RNA binding were the main gene ontology annotations of both colostrum and mature milk. Pathways associated with disease and genetic information processing involved large number of proteins in colostrum and mature milk, and more metabolism-related pathways were observed in mature milk. Protein-protein interaction network analyses showed that ribosome was abundant in both colostrum and mature milk. Colostrum showed more functions associated with protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas mature milk had more oxidative phosphorylation functions. The results could provide further understanding of the unique biological properties of MFGM proteins of goat colostrum and mature milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xinong Saanen goats are among the major dairy goats in China, and their milk is one of the major milk supplies for the Chinese dairy industry. To explore the whey proteome of Xinong Saanen goat milk, we analyzed the whey proteins of goat colostrum and mature milk using proteomic techniques. We identified a total of 314 and 524 proteins in goat colostrum and mature milk, respectively. Our data showed the first 3 functional categories of signal, disulfide bond, and secreted in both milk types. The most abundant Gene Ontology annotations in both milks were the biological process of positive regulation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK)1 and ERK2 cascade; the cellular component of extracellular exosome; and the molecular function of calcium ion binding. Goat colostrum whey proteins showed more disease-related pathways, and mature milk showed more pathways associated with metabolism. Moreover, we observed several pathways involved in intestinal mucosal immunity only in colostrum. Protein–protein interaction network and module analysis revealed that complement and coagulation cascades and Staphylococcus aureus infection were significant in the whey proteins of both milks, and carbon metabolism was more common for mature milk than for colostrum. These findings could provide useful information for the use of goat milk whey proteins in the Chinese dairy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One type of large and intricate post-translational modification of milk proteins that has significant biological implications is phosphorylation. The characterization of phosphoproteins found in the bovine milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is still mostly unknown. Here, label-free phosphoproteomics was used to identify 94 phosphorylation sites from 54 MFGM phosphoproteins in bovine colostrum (BC) and 136 phosphorylation sites from 91 MFGM phosphoproteins in bovine mature milk (BM). αs1-Casein and β-casein were the most phosphorylated proteins in bovine colostrum. In bovine mature milk, perilipin-2 was the protein with the greatest number of phosphorylation sites. The results show that bovine colostrum MFGM phosphoproteins were mainly involved in immune function, whereas bovine mature MFGM phosphoproteins were mainly involved in metabolic function. Plasminogen and osteopontin were the most strongly interacting proteins in colostrum, whereas perilipin-2 was the most strongly interacting protein in bovine mature milk. This work demonstrates the unique alterations in the phosphorylation manner of the bovine MFGM protein during lactation and further expands our knowledge of the site characteristics of bovine MFGM phosphoproteins. This result confirms the value of MFGM as a reference ingredient for infant formula during different stages.

Donkey milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins are a class of membrane-bound secreted proteins with broad-spectrum biofunctional activities; however, their site-specific O -glycosylation landscapes have not been systematically mapped. In this study, an in-depth MFGM O -glycoproteome profile of donkey milk during lactation was constructed based on an intact glycopeptide-centered, label-free glycoproteomics pipeline, with 2137 site-specific O -glycans from 1121 MFGM glycoproteins and 619 site-specific O -glycans from 217 MFGM glycoproteins identified in donkey colostrum and donkey mature milk, respectively. As lactation progressed, the number of site-specific O -glycans from three glycoproteins significantly increased, whereas that of 11 site-specific O -glycans from five glycoproteins significantly decreased. Furthermore, donkey MFGM O -glycoproteins with core-1 and core-2 core structures and Lewis and sialylated branch structures may be involved in regulating apoptosis. The findings of this study reveal the differences in the composition of donkey MFGM O -glycoproteins and their site-specific O -glycosylation modification dynamic change rules during lactation, providing a molecular basis for understanding the complexity and biological functions of donkey MFGM protein O -glycosylation.

BACKGROUND: Xinong Saanen goat milk is a raw material for goat milk‐based infant formula production. This study aims to analyze digestion properties of Xinong Saanen goat colostrum and mature milk by simulating infant gastrointestinal digestion. Zeta potential, particles size, protein profile and peptides composition of these two kinds of milk during the digestion process were studied. RESULTS: Zeta‐potential values of the digested colostrum were lower than those of mature milk through the whole digestion. Absolute zeta potential of colostrum duodenal digestion samples showed a decrease from 16.63 ± 2.08 to 11.80 ± 2.03 mV while that of mature milk decreased sharply and then increased (P < 0.05). Colostrum had a larger particle size than mature milk and both milks showed decreased particle size with increasing digestion time but an increase for the last 30 min. Colostrum showed more high molecular weight (MW) proteins which cannot be hydrolyzed completely compared with mature milk. Digested peptides (< 10 kDa) were characterized using liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The casein‐derived peptides identified in digested colostrum and mature milk accounted for 76.67% and 59.53%, respectively. β‐Casein was the most abundant in colostrum while that in mature milk was αs1‐casein. Enterotoxin‐binding glycoprotein PP20K, butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1 (BTN1A1) and perilipin (PLIN) were only detected in digested mature milk. CONCLUSION: Differences in digestion properties between goat colostrum and mature milk were mainly shown in duodenal digestion phase. Data may provide useful information about utilization of goat milk for infant formula formulation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been shown that human breast milk (HBM) is an important nutrient for the growth and development of newborns. Currently, peptide drugs provide promising regimes in neonatal disease treatment, especially peptides from HBM that exhibit multiple functions within cells. To explore the potential biological function peptides among the colostrum, transition and mature milk from mother of extremely low birth weight children (the samples were collected from Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from December 2016 to February 2017). A total of 3,182 nonredundant peptides were identified and compared among colostrum, transitional and mature milk using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry technology, and the numbers and fragments of peptides were various. The isoelectric point and molecular weight analysis of the differentially expressed peptides basically accord with the range of mass spectrometry identification (<3 kDa). Gene Ontology analysis and Pathway analysis, restriction sites analysis, as well as bioinformatics analysis showed that these differentially expressed peptides enriched a variety of biological processes. We identified several putative peptides that might have bioactive effects in diseases and development of newborns, which will inform further functional investigations. Our preliminary research provided a better understanding of the function of peptides during the newborn periods. Furthermore, it laid a foundation for discovering new peptide drugs in neonatal disease treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Whey N-glycoproteins were identified in human and bovine milk using glycoproteomics. • The bioinformatics analysis of the identified N-glycoproteins was conducted. • Immune-related N-glycoproteins were different in human and bovine milks. • Whey N-glycoproteomes varied between human and bovine milks across lactation stages. Abstract Milk glycoproteins are crucial nutrients with a variety of functions. However, whey N-glycoproteomes in human and bovine milks have not been characterized during lactation. Herein, using lectin enrichment and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, 68, 58, 100, and 98 N-glycoproteins were identified in human colostrum and mature milk as well as bovine colostrum and mature milk whey. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analyses were used to elucidate the biological functions of whey N-glycoproteins in human and bovine colostrum and mature milks. Whey N-glycoproteomes differed dramatically between human and bovine milks and across lactation stages. The conserved and specific whey N-glycoproteins in all four sample types were also determined. Our results improve understanding of the properties and biological functions of whey N-glycoproteins in human and bovine milk and colostra, and provide insight into the potential application of some N-glycoproteins in infant formulae at different stages of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to investigate whether maternal allergy is associated with soluble CD14 (sCD14) and fatty acid composition in different stages of lactation and the onset of atopic dermatitis (AD) in early childhood. Methods: In total, 443 mother‐child groups (445 children) were enrolled in the Prediction of Allergies in Taiwanese Children birth cohort study. Colostrum and mature milk at 2 months postpartum (2‐month HM) were collected from lactating mothers. Information regarding parental allergy histories and physician‐diagnosed atopic diseases was obtained using age‐specific questionnaires (0‐2 years). We compared sCD14 levels and the composition of 30 fatty acids in the colostrum and 2‐month HM, respectively, between allergic and non‐allergic mothers and between children with and without AD by the age of 2 years. Results: In total, 185 (41.8%) mothers presented with allergies, and 154 (34.6%) children had physician‐diagnosed AD by the age of 2 years. Both in the colostrum and 2‐month HM of 289 lactating mothers, sCD14 levels were significantly lower in allergic mothers whose children presented with AD compared with children who did not (P = 0.015 and 0.044, respectively). Among the children with AD who were born to non‐allergic mothers, sCD14 levels were lower. However, the result was not statistically significant (P = 0.376 and 0.264, respectively). Our data revealed the lack of associations between fatty acid composition and AD (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Decreased sCD14 levels in the colostrum and 2‐month HM were associated with AD at 2 years of age, particularly among children born to mothers with allergies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goat milk is essential for the initial development of kids by providing a great source of commensal bacteria. In this study, we analyzed the microbiota of the milk of 30 healthy Saanen dairy goats. The 30 samples comprised 15 colostrum and 15 mature milk samples, collected from three different farms of Shaanxi Province. Colostrum samples were collected daily for five days post-delivery and mature milk was collected on the 7th, 10th, 20th, 30th, and 40th days. The result showed that microbial alpha diversity was higher in the mature milk compared with that in the colostrum. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) was performed to detect differentially abundant taxa in colostrum and goat milk. According to taxonomy results, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were the predominant bacteria phyla in both colostrum and mature milk. In addition, lactation stage noticeably influenced the composition of milk microbiota. Specifically, Novosphingobium, Brachybacterium, Psychrobacter, Lactobacillus, Yersinia, Roseateles, Rothia, Sanguibacter, Cloacibacterium, Variovorax, Sphingobacterium, and Coxiella were enriched in the colostrum, while Georgenia, Peptostreptococcus, Bacteroidales, Yaniella, Planomicrobium, Cloacibacterium, Azospirillum, Turicibacter, Cupriavidus, Herbaspirillum, Rhodobacteraceae, and Aeromonadales were the dominant genera in the mature milk. The enriched metabolic functions of the goat milk microbiota were predicted by PICRUSt and classified by KEGG pathway. Moreover, the abundances of environmental information processing, cellular processes pathway, genetic information processing pathway, organismal systems pathway, and metabolism pathway were significantly different between microbiota of colostrum and mature milk. Altogether, our study disclosed the significant difference between the microbial communities of colostrum and mature milk and provided grounds for further research in dairy microbiology.

Lipids are essential organic components in milk and have been associated with various health benefits for newborns. However, a comprehensive analysis of lipid profiles across multiple species and levels has been lacking. In this study, we employed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to accurately determine the absolute content of lipid molecules. It revealed that ruminants exhibit a higher concentration of short-chain fatty acids compared to non-ruminants. Additionally, we identified ALC (camel), MGH (horse), and DZD (donkey) as species that display similarities to components found in human milk fat. Remarkably, it reveals that porcine milk fat is characterized by long chain lengths, low saturation, and a high proportion of essential fatty acids. PS (22:5&#95;18:2) could potentially serve as a biomarker in porcine milk. These unique characteristics present potential opportunities for the utilization of porcine milk. Overall, our findings provide valuable insights into the lipidomics profiles of milk from different species., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Author(s).)

The objective of this study was to characterize the variations in fatty acid (FA) profile during 7 days of colostrum production and 5 months of mature milk production in Laoshan goats. The individual FA profiles of each sample were investigated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Significant differences in FAs were found between colostrum and mature milk. The contents of saturated fatty acids (SFA), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and sum of C6, C8, and C10 (SC6+C8+C10) were all significantly affected by lactation period. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the ratio of UFA/SFA or C18:2 (cis9, cis12‐octadecadienoic acid)/C18:3 (all cis‐9,12,15‐octadecatrienoic acid) during the lactation period. The highest concentrations of SC6+C8+C10, UFA, MUFA, and PUFA appeared in colostrum, but the highest SFA content was in mature milk. The highest proportions of SC6+C8+C10 and SFA were 11.32% and 79.55% on 5th day and 135th day respectively. By contrast, the lowest proportion of UFA was 20.45% on the 135th day. C14:0 (10.93%–12.87%), C16:0 (27.54%–36.65%), C18:0 (10.47%–14.59%), and C18:1 (18.80%–30.61%) were the most predominant FAs in goat milk with significant differences during the 135 days lactation period except C18:0. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the lactation time has a pronounced effect on the FA compositions of goat milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Systematically mapped DC, DM, HC, and HM MFGM protein N-glycosylation landscapes. • 12 common MFGM N-glycoproteins were identified in four groups. • 61 common N-glycan compositions were identified in four groups. • Donkey and human MFGM N-glycoprotein's macro- and microheterogeneity were outlined. • Structure-function relationship of N-glycoproteins in four groups was elucidated. Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins are highly glycosylated and involved in various biological processes within the body. However, information on site-specific N-glycosylation of MFGM glycoproteins in donkey and human milk remains limited. This study aimed to map the most comprehensive site-specific N-glycosylation fingerprinting of donkey and human MFGM glycoproteins using a site-specific glycoproteomics strategy. We identified 1,360, 457, 2,617, and 986 site-specific N-glycans from 296, 77, 214, and 196 N-glycoproteins in donkey colostrum (DC), donkey mature milk (DM), human colostrum (HC), and human mature milk (HM), respectively. Bioinformatics was used to describe the structure–activity relationships of DC, DM, HC, and HM MFGM N-glycoproteins. The results revealed differences in the molecular composition of donkey and human MFGM N-glycoproteins and the dynamic changes to site-specific N-glycosylation of donkey and human MFGM glycoproteins during lactation, deepening our understanding of the composition of donkey and human MFGM N-glycoproteins and their potential physiological roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]