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Efficient outgassing of shallow magma bodies reduces the risk of explosive eruption. Silica-rich magmas are too viscous for exsolved gas bubbles to escape the system through buoyant forces alone, and so volatile overpressure is often released through deformation-related processes. Here we present a case study on magma-emplacement-related deformation in a shallow (500 m depth) rhyolite intrusion (the Sandfell laccolith, Eastern Iceland) to investigate the establishment and evolution of degassing and outgassing networks in silicic sub-volcanic intrusions. We observe viscous and brittle deformation features: from vesiculated flow bands that organized into 'pore channels' in the ductile regime, to uniform bands of tensile fractures (‘fracture bands’) that grade into breccia and gouge in the brittle regime. Through field mapping, structural analysis, and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS), we show that the deformation spectrum, observed all over the laccolith, represents stages of degassing (viscous processes) and outgassing (brittle processes) that resulted in the formation of interconnected permeable networks through the growth and linkage of fracture bands. Areas with concentrations of higher degrees of brittle deformation are proximal to abruptly changing AMS fabrics and point to laccolith-scale strain partitioning in the magma linked to different stages of laccolith growth. The establishment of intrusion-scale permeable networks through the cumulation of discrete magma fractures would have profoundly assisted the outgassing of the entire laccolith. Therefore, fracture banding captures viscous and brittle processes working in tandem as an efficient outgassing mechanism, and should be considered in sub-volcanic intrusions elsewhere.

Mineral fabrics within igneous intrusions can archive both tectonic and magmatic processes. However, whether magmatic state fabrics reflect primary magmatic processes or regional tectonic strain is often ambiguous. To investigate when fabrics are formed, one can compare the mineral fabrics to primary magmatic features, such as the interface between solidified magmas in mingling zones. The monzodioritic Fanad pluton shows a NNE-SSW–aligned petrofabric parallel to the strike of a nearby shear zone, with dioritic enclaves aligned parallel and oblique to this petrofabric. We therefore aimed to test if the enclaves’ internal fabrics are passive and align with enclave morphology or result from progressive overprint by regional tectonic strain. Crystallographic preferred orientation and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility data from all enclaves and the host monzodiorite revealed a NNE-SSW petrofabric parallel to the regional tectonomagmatic fabric. However, anisotropy of anhysteretic remanent magnetization data within petrofabric-oblique enclaves revealed a primary fabric parallel to the enclave long axis. Therefore, we interpret enclave morphologies to reflect earlier magmatic state deformation, with fabrics being realigned to regional tectonic deformation. These two distinct petrofabrics were interpreted in the context of the magmatic processes and the evolving late Caledonian paleostress field, with earlier magma processes distinguished from subsequent tectonic overprinting occurring in the magmatic state. Our new data show that multiple fabrics are preserved within enclaves even though all fabric development occurred within a magmatic state. Our results also show that enclaves can effectively record successive strain events, providing new insight with which to decipher tectonomagmatic processes.

Shallow magmatic reservoirs have been identified at many volcanoes worldwide. However, questions still remain regarding their size, dynamics and longevity. The Reyðarártindur Pluton exposed in Southeast Iceland provides a superb example to investigate the above questions. Here, we use field mapping, sampling, geochemistry, 3D pluton shape modelling and a numerical thermal model to reconstruct the assembly and eruptive history of the shallow magma body. In 3D, the c. 2.5 km3 pluton has a castle-like shape characterised by flat roof segments that are vertically offset along steep faults. The exposed pluton is constructed largely of a single rock unit, the Main Granite (69.9 to 77.6 wt.% SiO2). Two additional units occur only as enclaves: the Granite Enclaves (67.4 to 70.2 wt.% SiO2), and the Quartz Monzonite Enclaves (61.8 to 67.3 wt.% SiO2). However, geochemistry clearly indicates that the units are related and hence were likely derived from the same source reservoir. In two locations, the pluton roof displays depressions associated with large dykes. Within these two dykes the rock is partially to wholly tuffisitic, and geochemical compositions range from quartz monzonite to granite. We interpret these dykes as eruption-feeding conduits from the pluton. Additionally, we speculate that the mingling of magmatic units with compositional ranges from quartz monzonite to granite within the conduits indicates that injection of new magma into the reservoir triggered eruption. Rapid pluton construction is indicated by ductile contacts between units in the pluton and a thermal model calculates the top 75 m would have rheologically locked up within 1000 years. Hence, we argue that the pluton was a short-lived part of the wider magmatic system that fed the associated volcano, and that timeframes from emplacement to eruption were limited to 1000 years. Rhodes, E. Barker, A. K. Burchardt, S. et al. (2021). Rapid assembly and eruption of a shallow silicic magma reservoir, Reyðará

The planning and preparation phases of emergency management are of great social interest. If appropriate safety measures can be implemented in buildings beforehand as a response to foreseeable hazards, the safety of individuals can be significantly increased. Previous research suggests that alterations to different building elements impact the evacuation rate. However, due to the unique layout of lecture halls, there is no definitive answer regarding whether evacuation rates for this building type are impacted in the same manner. In this paper, numerous crowd evacuation simulations developed in Unity3D are evaluated. The alterations selected are exit amount (2, 3 and 4 exits), exit size (50%, 60% and 70% less), and passage width between seat blocks, which has been altered by increasing the width of the seat rows (10%, 20% and 30% longer). In addition, alterations have been made to the High Density Simulator [16]. In each simulation, an alteration variation is applied to a 3D model of the F2 lecture hall at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH). Finally, agents are placed inside the 3D environments to determine the alteration’s effect on the evacuation rate. The general findings indicate that increasing the number of exits and the size of both exits and the passages between seats has a positive effect on the evacuation rate. However, when introducing 4 exits the evacuation rate is no longer positively affected, which agrees with previous research. The evacuation rates were only positively impacted for the two other alterations but to different degrees. We also discuss the limitation that leads us to conclude that more research within this field is needed to confidently apply these results in real-world scenarios., Planerings- och förberedelsefaserna inom nödsituationshantering är av stort samhälleligt intresse. Om lämpligt kan säkerhetsåtgärder implementeras i byggnader på förhand som svar på förutsägbara hinder, genom vilket säkerheten hos individerna kan märkbart öka. Enligt tidigare studier så kan ändringar hos olika delar av en byggnad påverka evakueringstakten. Men, på grund av den unika layouten hos föreläsningssalar, så finns det inget definitivt svar för huruvida evakueringstakten för denna typ av byggnad påverkas på samma sätt. I denna text har flera utvecklade simulationer i Unity3D evaluerats. De valda ändringarna är mängden utgångar (varierar mellan 2, 3 och 4 stycken), storlek på utgångar (50%, 60% respektive 70% mindre) samt bredden för passager mellan sätesblocken, som har ändrats genom att ändra bredden på sätesraderna (10%, 20% och 30% längre). Ändringar har gjorts till en Högdensitets-Simulator [16], och i varje simulation appliceras en layoutändring till en 3D-modell av föreläsningssalen F2 vid KTH. Agenterna placeras inuti dessa 3D-miljöer för att avgöra varje layoutändrings effekt på evakueringstakten. De generella fynden indikerar på att en ökning av antalet utgångar samt storleken för både utgångarna i sig och passagerna mellan sätena har en positiv effekt på evakueringstakten. Introducering av 4 utgångar ledde dock ej till positiva effekter för evakueringstakten, vilket stämmer överens med tidigare studier. Evakueringstakten påverkades endast positivt mellan de andra två ändringarna, men i olika grad. Vi diskuterar även begränsningarna vilka leder oss till slutsatsen att mer förskning bör göras inom detta fält för att kunna applicera dessa resultat i verkliga scenarion.

Understanding magma transport in sheet intrusions is crucial to interpreting volcanic unrest. Studies of dyke emplacement and geometry focus predominantly on low-viscosity, mafic dykes. Here, we present an in-depth study of two high-viscosity dykes (10(6) Pa & BULL;s) in the Chachahuen volcano, Argentina, the Great Dyke and the Sosa Dyke. To quantify dyke geometries, magma flow indicators, and magma viscosity, we combine photogrammetry, microstructural analysis, igneous petrology, Fourier-Transform-Infrared-Spectroscopy, and Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS). Our results show that the dykes consist of 3 to 8 mappable segments up to 2 km long. Segments often end in a bifurcation, and segment tips are predominantly oval, but elliptical tips occur in the outermost segments of the Great Dyke. Furthermore, variations in host rocks have no observable impact on dyke geometry. AMS fabrics and other flow indicators in the Sosa Dyke show lateral magma flow in contrast to the vertical flow suggested by the segment geometries. A comparison with segment geometries of low-viscosity dykes shows that our high-viscosity dykes follow the same geometrical trend. In fact, the data compilation supports that dyke segment and tip geometries reflect different stages in dyke emplacement, questioning the current usage for final sheet geometries as proxies for emplacement mechanism.

Although it is widely accepted that shallow silicic magma reservoirs exist, and can feed eruptions, their dynamics and longevity are a topic of debate. Here, we use field mapping, geochemistry, 3D pluton reconstruction and a thermal model to investigate the assembly and eruptive history of the shallow Reyðarártindur Pluton, southeast Iceland. Primarily, the exposed pluton is constructed of a single rock unit, the Main Granite (69.9–77.7 wt.% SiO2). Two further units are locally exposed as enclaves at the base of the exposure, the Granite Enclaves (67.4–70.2 wt.% SiO2), and the Quartz Monzonite Enclaves (61.8–67.3 wt.% SiO2). Geochemically, the units are related and were likely derived from the same source reservoir. In 3D, the pluton has a shape characterized by flat roof segments that are vertically offset and a volume of >2.5 km3. The pluton roof is intruded by dikes from the pluton, and in two locations displays depressions associated with large dikes. Within these particular dikes the rock is partially to wholly tuffisitic, and rock compositions range from quartz monzonite to granite. We interpret these zones as eruption-feeding conduits from the pluton. A lack of cooling contacts throughout the pluton indicates rapid magma emplacement and a thermal model calculates the top 75 m would have rheologically locked up within 1,000 years. Hence, we argue that the Reyðarártindur Pluton was an ephemeral part of the wider plumbing system that feeds a volcano, and that timeframes from emplacement to eruption were rapid.

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and anisotropy of magnetic remanence (AARM and AIRM) are efficient and versatile techniques to indirectly determine rock fabrics. Yet, deciphering the source of a magnetic fabric remains a crucial and challenging step, notably in the presence of ferrimagnetic phases. Here we use X-ray micro-computed tomography to directly compare mineral shape-preferred orientation and spatial distribution fabrics to AMS, AARM and AIRM fabrics from five hypabyssal trachyandesite samples. Magnetite grains in the trachyandesite are euhedral with a mean aspect ratio of 1.44 (0.24 s.d., long/short axis), and >50% of the magnetite grains occur in clusters, and they are therefore prone to interact magnetically. Amphibole grains are prolate with magnetite in breakdown rims. We identified three components of the petrofabric that influence the AMS of the analyzed samples: The magnetite and the amphibole shape fabrics and the magnetite distribution anisotropy. Depending on their relative strength, orientation and shape, these three components interfere either constructively or destructively to produce the AMS fabric. If the three components are coaxial, the result is a relatively strongly anisotropic AMS fabric (P' = 1.079). If shape fabrics and/or magnetite distribution anisotropy are non-coaxial, the resulting AMS is weakly anisotropic (P' = 1.012). This study thus reports quantitative petrofabric data that show the effect of magnetite distribution anisotropy on magnetic fabrics in igneous rocks, which has so far only been predicted by experimental and theoretical models. Our results have first-order implications for the interpretation of petrofabrics using magnetic methods.

The Palaeogene layered ultrabasic intrusion of the Isle of Rum forms the hearth of the Rum Igneous Centre in NW-Scotland. The regional Long Loch Fault, which is widely held to represent the feeder system to the layered magma reservoir, dissects the intrusion and is marked by extensive ultrabasic breccias of various types. Here we explore the connection between the layered ultrabasic cumulate rocks and breccias of central Rum that characterize the fault zone (the ‘Central Series’) and evaluate their relationship with the Long Loch Fault system. We show that fault splays in the Central Series define a transtensional graben above the Long Loch Fault into which portions of the layered units subsided and collapsed to form the extensive breccias of central Rum. The destabilization of the cumulate pile was aided by intrusion of Ca-rich ultrabasic magmas along the faults, fractures and existing bedding planes, creating a widespread network of veins and dykelets that provided a further means of disintegration and block detachment. Enrichment in LREE and compositional zoning in intra cumulate interstices suggest that the collapsed cumulates were infiltrated by relatively evolved plagioclase-rich melt, which led to extensive re-crystallization of interstices. Clinopyroxene compositions in Ca-rich gabbro and feldspathic peridotite veins suggest that the intruding magma was also relatively water-rich, and that pyroxene crystallized dominantly below the current level of exposure. We propose that the Long Loch Fault opened and closed repeatedly to furnish the Rum volcano with a pulsing magma conduit. When the conduit was shut, pressure built up in the underlying plumbing system, but was released during renewed fault movements to permit dense and often crystal-rich ultrabasic magmas to ascend rapidly from depth. These spread laterally on arrival in the shallow Rum magma reservoir, supplying repetitive recharges of crystal-rich magma to assemble the rhythmic layering of the Rum laye

Cryptodome and dome collapse is associated with volcanic hazards, such as, explosive eruptions, pyroclastic density currents, and volcanic edifice collapse. The study of the growth and evolution of volcanic domes provides vital information on the link between dome growth and the development of weakness zones that may cause collapse. The Cerro Bayo cryptodome is superbly exposed in the eroded Miocene Chachahuén volcano in the Neuquén basin, Argentina. Cerro Bayo is a >0.3 km3 trachyandesitic cryptodome that intruded within the uppermost kilometer of the Chachahuén volcano. Here we investigate the emplacement of the Cerro Bayo cryptodome using structural mapping, photogrammetry, 3D structural modelling and measurement of magma flow indicators, brittle deformation features and magnetic fabrics with anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS). Magma flow fabrics near the margin are concentric and indicate contact-parallel flow and internal inflation of the body. Magmatic and magnetic fabrics and fracture patterns in the interior of the cryptodome are more complex and outline several structural domains. These domains are separated by magmatic shear zones that accommodated intrusion growth. The shear zones locally overprint the earlier formed concentric fabric. The nature of the structural domains shows that emplacement of Cerro Bayo occurred in three stages that resemble the endogenous to exogenous growth of volcanic domes. The formation of magmatic shear zones during cryptodome formation may have a profound effect on cryptodome stability by creating weakness zones that increase the risk of collapse.

Reyðarártindur is a granophyre pluton exposed in East Iceland, which prior to this field season had not been mapped in detail. Dated at 7.30 ± 0.06 Ma, the ~ 15 km2 pluton was emplaced into the flat-lying basaltic lava flows of the Neogene rift zone and felsic volcanic deposits of the Lon Central Volcano (Padilla, 2015). The intrusion is the oldest of the South-East Iceland Intrusive Suite, and these plutons are interpreted to be the shallow plumbing systems of late Tertiary volcanic centres (Cargill et al., 1928; Furman et al., 1992; Padilla, 2015). Glacial erosion has carved a valley through the centre of Reyðarártindur, exposing cross sections of the roof, the pluton interior and overlying volcanic rocks likely associated to Reyðarártindur. These features make it an ideal study area of pluton-volcano connection. We have conducted field mapping, sampling and photogrammetry with the aim to investigate plutonic-volcanic-tectonic processes. The pluton is NNW-SSE trending, which is in contrast to the NE-SW regional dyke trend. While the pluton walls are steeply-dipping, the pluton roof is mostly flat but offset up to 100m by steep dip-slip faults. Many of these faults are intruded by felsic dykes, in some cases connecting the pluton to overlying volcanic rocks. Using photogrammetry, we have mapped the shallowly dipping basaltic host rock, the faults and dykes in the pluton roof. We will present first results on the shape of the magma body and the pluton roof structure. We will then discuss the implications of the roof structures and the pluton shape for the plutonic-volcanic connection and the evolution of the Reyðarártindur intrusion. References Cargill, H., Hawkes, L., and Ledeboen, J. (1928). The major intrustions of South-Eastern Iceland. Q. J. Geol. Soc. London 84, 505–539. Furman, T., Meyer, P. S., and Frey, F. (1992). Evolution of Icelandic central volcanoes: evidence from the Austurhorn intrusion, southeastern Iceland. Bull. Volcanol. 55, 45–62. doi:10.1007

Reyðarártindur is one of several felsic plutons exposed in Southeast Iceland, interpreted to be the shallow plumbing systems of late Neogene volcanic centres (Cargill et al., 1928; Furman et al., 1992; Padilla, 2015). These plutons are considered to preserve analogous plumbing systems to the central volcanoes active in Iceland today (Furman et al., 1992). Reyðarártindur is the oldest pluton in Southeast Iceland at 7.30 ± 0.06 Ma (Padilla, 2015), and has been conveniently incised by the Reyðará River, making it ideal for an in-depth study of the external and internal geometry of a shallow rift-zone magma plumbing system. In order to analyse mechanisms of magma emplacement, we have conducted detailed structural mapping of the pluton and its basaltic host rock using drone-based photogrammetry. To complement this, we have also extensively sampled and analysed the geochemistry and petrology of the pluton interior. An outline of the pluton is shown in Figure 1, highlighting that the pluton is NNW-SSE trending, which is in contrast to the NE-SW regional dyke trend. A total thickness of 500 m and a calculated volume of 1.5 km3 is exposed. While the pluton walls are steeply-dipping, the pluton roof is mostly flat. Deviations from the flat roof occur in the form of areas that are cut by steep dip-slip faults with displacements of up to 100 m. Roof faulting creates both structural highs (horsts) and lows (grabens, as well as a monoclinal structure) in the roof. Many of the faults are intruded by felsic dykes, some of them seem to have been the feeders of surface eruptions. An estimated 95% of the pluton volume is rhyolitic in composition, with 73-76 wt.% SiO2. Geochemically, the magma in the majority of the pluton is similar, but hand samples and thin sections show a large variety of textures. In the lower part of the exposure there is a zone of mingling and mixing between a matrix magma and several different types of silicic enclaves (Figure 1). The matrix magma is more mafic

Felsic magma commonly pools within shallow mushroom-shaped magmatic intrusions, so-called laccoliths or cryptodomes, which can cause both explosive eruptions and collapse of the volcanic edifice. Deformation during laccolith emplacement is primarily considered to occur in the host rock. However, shallowly emplaced laccoliths show extensive internal, magmatic deformation. While deformation of magma in volcanic conduits is an important process for regulating eruptive behavior, the effects of magma deformation on intrusion emplacement remain largely unexplored. By combining field mapping, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and microstructural analysis, we studied the emplacement of two laccoliths emplaced within the upper kilometer of the crust in a single intrusive event. The rhyolitic Sandfell laccolith, Iceland, which intruded at a depth of 500 m and the dacitic Cerro Bayo laccolith, Argentina. The initial growth stage of the two laccoliths is characterized by contact parallel flow indicators that formed during inflation of the laccolith. The second growth stage encompass brecciation and fracturing in the rim of the intrusion. Fractures in the Sandfell laccolith occur in layers and individual fractures are parallel to strain-localization bands in coherent rhyolite. A dominantly oblate magmatic fabric in the fractured areas, S-C fabrics in flow bands and conjugate geometry of strain-localization bands and the fractures demonstrate that the magma was sheared and compacted by the continuous intrusion of magma into the bodies. This further implies that the rims of the magma bodies essentially solidified during the intrusive event. In the third stage of growth, the stalled rim of the laccolith is breached, which promotes vertical growth of the magma body facilitated by larger steeply-dipping faults and shear zones. Our observations indicate that syn-emplacement changes in magma rheology play a major role in the emplacement of viscous magma intrusions in the upper kilo

Felsic magma commonly pools within mushroom-shaped magma chambers, so-called laccoliths or cryptodomes at shallow crustal levels, which can cause collapse of the volcanic edifice. While deformation of magma in volcanic conduits is an important process for regulating eruptive behaviour (Pistone et al., 2016), the bulk of the deformation associated with laccolith emplacement is considered to occur in the host-rock (Pollard & Johnson, 1973), and the effects of magma deformation on the intrusion emplacement is largely unexplored. Here we describe the deformation associated with the emplacement of the 0.5 km3 rhyolitic Sandfell laccolith in eastern Iceland, which formed in a single intrusive event. By combining field measurements, 3D modelling, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, and microstructural analysis, we quantify deformation that occurred in both the host-rock and the magma to investigate its effect on intrusion emplacement. Magmatic and magnetic fabric analyses reveal contact-parallel magma flow during the initial stages of intrusion emplacement. The magma flow fabric is overprinted by strain-localisation bands, which indicate that the magma subsequently became viscously stalled and was deformed by consecutively intruding magma. This change in magma rheology can be attributed to the interaction between the strain-localisation bands and the flow bands, which caused extensive fracture-rich layers in the magma and led to decompression degassing, crystallization, and rapid solidification of half of the magmatic body. Our observations indicate that syn-emplacement rheology change, and associated fracturing of intruding magma not only occur in volcanic conduits, but also play a major role in the emplacement of shallow viscous magma intrusions. References: Pistone, M., Cordonnier, B., Ulmer, P. & Caricchi, L. 2016: Rheological flow laws for multiphase magmas: An empirical approach. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 321, 158–170. Pollard, D.D. &a

The 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption on Iceland was located within the Askja fissure swarm butwas accompanied by caldera subsidence in the Barðarbunga central volcano 45 km to the southwest. Geophysicalmonitoring of the eruption identified a seismic swarm that migrated from Barðarbunga to theHoluhraun eruption site over the course of two weeks. In order to better understand this lateral connectionbetween Barðarbunga and Holuhraun, we present mineral textures and compositions, mineral-meltequilibriumcalculations, whole rock and trace element data, and oxygen isotope ratios for selected Holuhraunsamples. The Holuhraun lavas are compositionally similar to recorded historical eruptions from theBarðarbunga volcanic system but are distinct from the historical eruption products of the nearby Askja system.Thermobarometry calculations indicate a polybaric magma plumbing system for the Holuhraun eruption,wherein clinopyroxene and plagioclase crystallized at average depths of 17 km and 5 km,respectively. Crystal resorption textures and oxygen isotope variations imply that this multilevel plumbingsystem facilitated magma mixing and assimilation of low-d18O Icelandic crust prior to eruption. In conjunctionwith the existing geophysical evidence for lateral migration, our results support a model of initial verticalmagma ascent within the Barðarbunga plumbing system followed by lateral transport of aggregatedmagma batches within the upper crust to the Holuhraun eruption site.