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International audience; In order to match the beam exiting the RFQ to the superconducting cavities and to minimize the longitudinal beam extension, three rebunchers will be installed in the Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT) of SARAF-LINAC phase II. CEA is in charge of the design and fabrication of the copper-plated stainless steel, 3-gap rebunchers. Beam dynamic simulation leads to the global MEBT design. The rebuncher was successfully conditioned to the RF power of 4.4 kW required for CW operation, with sufficient power margin. A solid state power amplifier of 10 kW developed by SNRC is used during the RF test. The rebuncher shows a good performance in terms of the dissipated power, peak temperatures and vacuum level.

International audience; High electronic excitations in radiation of metallic targets with swift heavy ion beams at the coulomb barrier play a dominant role in the damaging processes of some metals. The inelastic thermal spike model was developed to describe tracks in materials and is applied in this paper to some systems beams/targets employed recently in some nuclear physics experiments. Taking into account the experimental conditions and the approved electron-phonon coupling factors, the results of the calculation enable to interpret the observation of the fast deformation of some targets.

The UK government’s CO2 emissions targets will require electrification of much of the country’s infrastructure with low carbon technologies such as photovoltaic panels, electric vehicles and heat pumps. The large scale proliferation of these technologies will necessitate major changes to the planning and operation of distribution networks. Distribution network operators are trialling electrical energy storage (EES) across their networks to increase their understanding of the contribution that it can make to enable the expected paradigm shift in generation and consumption of electricity. In order to evaluate a range of applications for EES, including voltage control and power flow management, installations have taken place at various distribution network locations and voltage levels. This article reports on trial design approaches and their application to a UK trial of an EES system to ensure broad applicability of the results. Results from these trials of an EES system, low carbon technologies and trial distribution networks are used to develop validated power system models. These models are used to evaluate, using a formalised methodology, the impact that EES could have on the design and operation of future distribution networks.

International audience; The SARAF 176 MHz accelerator is designed to provide CW proton/deuteron beams up to 5 mA current and 40 MeV accelerated ion energy. Phase I of SARAF (up to 4–5 MeV) has been installed, commissioned, and is available for experimental work. Phase II of SARAF is currently in the design and first prototyping stage and will contain longer MEBT with three rebunchers and four cryomodules, each consisting of SC HWRs and solenoids. Phase II MEBT line is designed to follow a 1.3 MeV/u RFQ, is 4.5 m long, and contains three 176 MHz rebunchers providing a field integral of 105 kV. Different rebuncher configurations have been studied in order to minimize the RF losses and maximize the shunt impedance. Different apertures have also been tested with the 40 mm diameter required by beam dynamics. The simulations were done using CST Microwave Studio. CEA leads the design for SARAF phase II linac including the MEBT rebunchers and has studied a mixed solid copper and Cu plated stainless steel, 3-gap cavity. SNRC is developing a 4-gap OFHC copper rebuncher as a risk reduction. Both designs are presented and discussed in the paper.

For many years incipient partial discharge (PD) faults in power cables have been identified through off-line investigation techniques. More recently, in an effort to allow pro-active asset management of the medium-voltage (MV) cable network to be carried out, continuous on-line monitoring systems are being installed with the aim of reducing unexpected failures. This study presents work on the analysis and handling of acquired data, from the point of view of asset management and the PD activities observed in an on-line cable monitoring systems. Initially, a review of on-line against off-line cable PD monitoring is presented, in terms of their setups and their respective advantages and disadvantages. The study then presents the authors’ experience of applying wavelet-based denoising techniques [both the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and the second generation wavelet transform (SGWT)] to PD data denoising. Results of a study on the on-line PD-based monitoring of MV underground cables that are presented in the following section demonstrate that PD activity which is observed in on-line monitoring also has an associated high level of electrical noise that must be removed to allow proper identification of the PD signals and the denoised PD activity is seen to vary with time. Finally, the necessity of developing a means by which knowledge rules can automatically be acquired from on-line condition monitoring data, to reduce reliance on human expertise, is discussed.

Detection and diagnosis of partial discharge (PD) activity has been widely adopted in electrical plant condition monitoring. Analysis and detection of PD in practical applications is often hampered by noise in the signal. Recent research has shown that the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is effective in extracting PD pulses from severe noise. One disadvantage, however, is that DWT does not reproduce accurate PD pulse magnitude and pulse shape after thresholding in the presence of strong noise. This paper presents the application of the second generation wavelet transform (SGWT), as an improved algorithm, to extraction of PD pulse from electrical noise. The paper begins with the description of the fundamental theory and structure of SGWT analysis and comparisons with DWT. The method is then applied to both simulated and real world PD data. Results prove that SGWT can significantly improve the effectiveness of PD denoising.

Improvement in the therapeutic index of doxorubicin, a cytotoxic molecule, has been sought through its chemical conjugation to short (15-23 amino acid) peptide sequences called Vectocell peptides. Vectocell peptides are highly charged drug delivery peptides and display a number of characteristics that make them attractive candidates to minimize many of the limitations observed for a broad range of cytotoxic molecules. The studies reported here characterized the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of a range of Vectocell peptides conjugated to doxorubicin through different linkers. These studies show that the in vivo therapeutic index of doxorubicin can be improved by conjugation with a specific Vectocell peptide (DPV1047) through an ester linker to C14 of doxorubicin, in both colon and breast tumor models. This conjugate was also shown to have significant in vivo antitumoral activity in a model resistant to doxorubicin, suggesting that this conjugate is able to circumvent the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype. These experiments therefore provide support for the use of the Vectocell technology with other cytotoxic agents.

A 200kW/200kWh energy storage system connected to a UK 11kV distribution network has been used to demonstrate a range of operational duties. To maximize the information that can be gathered during the operation of the device, primary and secondary sites have been instrumented to provide power and voltage measurements. Control algorithms have been devised to perform adaptive peak-shaving operations that track the daily variations in time and magnitude of peak power flows. Results are presented from actual network measurements of scheduled power exchange operations and both simulations and trial results of peak-shaving operations. Simulation results are used in an ageing model to determine the battery lifetime effects when allowing alternative depth-of-discharge to be reached.

Calibrating a sound synthesizer to replicate or approximate a given target sound is a complex and time consuming task for musicians and sound designers. In the case of the OP1, a commercial synthesizer developed by Teenage Engineering, the difficulty is multiple. The OP-1 contains several synthesis engines, effects and low frequency oscillators, which make the parameters search space very large and discontinuous. Furthermore, interactions between parameters are common and the OP-1 is not fully deterministic. We address the problem of automatically calibrating the parameters of the OP-1 to approximate a given target sound. We propose and evaluate a solution to this problem using a multi-objective Non-dominated-Sorting-Genetic-Algorithm-II. We show that our approach makes it possible to handle the problem complexity, and returns a small set of presets that best approximate the target sound while covering the Pareto front of this multi-objective optimization problem.

For intermittent power sources like wind and solar, the challenge is to connect and integrate this type of generation while still meeting the required grid stability and reliability, particularly at a low reserve capacity level. This requires viable solutions of electrical energy storage both for distributed and bulk power applications. UK Power Networks has installed a dynamic energy storage system at a site in Norfolk in England in collaboration with ABB, and Durham University. The system is located in an 11 kV network with some penetration of wind power. The paper highlights the grid characteristics, offers salient design features of the energy storage and gives some results from commissioning and the first power exchanges carried out. It also discusses uses of the installation in the 11 kV grid with the aim of harnessing wind power more efficiently than was possible before.

For intermittent power sources like wind and solar, the challenge is to connect and integrate this kind of generation while still meeting the required grid stability and reliability, particularly at a low reserve capacity level. This requires viable solutions of electrical energy storage both for distributed and bulk power applications. UK Power Networks has installed a dynamic energy storage system at a site in Norfolk in England in collaboration with ABB, and Durham University. The system is located in an 11 kV network with considerable penetration of wind power. The paper highlights some grid characteristics, offers salient design features of the energy storage and gives some results from commissioning and the first power exchanges carried out. It also discusses uses of the installation in the 11 kV grid with the aim of harnessing wind power more efficiently than was possible before. (7 pages)

This paper considers, through a series of practical case studies, the avoidance of major incidents through t he targeted use of on-line condition monitoring of MV indoor switchboards. A technique to pin point the locatio n of partial discharge (pd) using time of flight measure ment techniques is discussed.

EDF Energy Networks has recently recognised that investing in innovation and Research & Development (R&D) is crucial in ensuring the successful future of the company. The Innovation Funding Incentive (IFI) was introduced in 2004 by OFGEM (The UK regulator for gas and electricity companies) to reverse the declining trend in R&D investment. This scheme is one of the initiatives supported by EDF Energy Networks as part of its innovation strategy, which is presented in this paper. INTRODUCTION Since the privatisation of the United Kingdom (UK) electricity industry in 1990 and the consequent pressures to improve efficiency, the level of R&D investments by (DNOs) had, by 2003, steadily declined to reach a level of less than £1m. OFGEM recognised that this low l evel of investment would not be sustainable for the long term, and would have a detrimental effect on the electricity infrastructures. It would also affect the ability of companies to find innovative ways to manage their distribution networks. The recently introduced IFI is currently the main scheme to fund innovation in EDF Energy Networks. This could change in the future as EDF Energy recently decided to further reinforce its commitment to innovation (e.g. membership to the Energy Technologies Institute (ETI)) and stronger links are developed with EDF R&D (France). SOURCES OF FUNDING FOR INNOVATION Innovation Funding Incentive The IFI allows a DNO to spend 0.5% of its combined distribution network revenues on eligible R&D projects. (approximately £4.3m /year for EDF Energy Networks). Companies are allowed to recover 80% of these costs via ‘pass-through’ charges in their tariffs. Since its introduction, the IFI has been widely supported by EDF Energy Networks (Figure 1) and other British DNOs. Following this encouraging start, the scheme has recently been extended to the British Electricity Transmission and Gas network operators. £0 £500 £1,000 £1,500 £2,000 £2,500 £3,000 £3,500 £4,000 £4,500 £5,000 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08 Regulatory Year EDF ENERGY NETWORKS R&D INVESTMENTS (£k) Figure 1: Increasing level of R&D spending The rules of the IFI regulatory framework have encouraged: A “decentralised” and “transparent” approach to R&D: The research is carried out by external providers (manufacturers, universities, etc) and a core team is managing the EDF Energy Networks research programme. A publicly available activity report is submitted to the Regulator each year. Cooperation between the British network operators: A number of projects are jointly funded by several companies, and regular meetings take place to discuss and ensure a coherent approach between the different companies. A strong emphasis on delivery of benefits, in order to ensure that the end customers (who are funding this scheme) receive value for money. The definition of an eligible IFI project, as defined in the good practice guide, is: “A project will qualify as an eligible IFI project provided that it is designed to enhance the technical development of the electricity distribution networks. IFI projects will embrace aspects of distribution system asset management from design through to construction, commissioning, operation, maintenance and decommissioning” [1]. Together with the above definition, IFI projects also need to meet the following three key criteria: C I R E D 20th International Conference on Electricity Distribution Prague, 8-11 June 2009 Paper 0401 CIRED2009 Session 6 Paper No 0401 Technical Development The project must be of a technical nature and related to enhancing the technical performance of a Network Operator’s network. Degree of Innovation the project will demonstrate at least Incremental Innovation. Customer value whether sufficient value (financial or non-financial) is delivered to end consumers if the project is successful. Ofgem will not usually approve IFI projects, but reserves the right to audit IFI activities if this is judged to be necessary. Energy Technologies Institute The ETI is an organisation established as a private-public partnership, funded equally by member companies and the Government. The private members are: EDF Energy, BP, EON, Rolls Royce, Shell and Caterpillar. Public sector members are: The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), The Department of Energy and Clim ate Change (DECC), Department of Transport, Department for Innovation, Universities & Skills. The m ain objective of the ETI is to accelerate the development, dem onstration and eventual commercial deployment of a focused portfolio of energy technologies, which will increase energy efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help achieve energy and climate change goals. The ETI was created in 2006. The programmes of work relating to networks, are currently being defined.

For several years, the EDF Group has been researching and developing solutions to help anticipate cable failures and target cable replacements. The outputs of this extensive research programme have recently been used to develop an integrated solution to MV cable replacement. It can be applied to any type of MV underground networks and is presently being experimented on the EDF Energy Network. This paper firstly present the previous works carried out within EDF Group in the field of: (1) cable & accessories fault mechanisms, (2) off-line diagnosis methods, (3) development of on-line monitoring techniques, and (4) the design of a health index for EHV cables. Then it will detail the solution developed to target MV cable replacement, the Cable Health Index Tool. Finally, the paper presents the early and promising results of the validation process.

Noise has been a major problem in Partial Discharge (PD) measurement, hampering its effectiveness as a means of assessing insulation condition and of diagnosing faults in power plant insulation. The problem has become more evident in recent years as efforts are made to adopt on-line PD-detection for practical plant insulation condition monitoring. The majority of PD detection systems use Ultra High Frequency (UHF), High Frequency Current Transformer (HFCT), Acoustic Emission (AE) sensors or IEC60270 standard electrical contact systems. Despite great advances which have been achieved in hardware instrumentation over the past years, various forms of noise still affect PD measurements, irrespective of the type of measurement system employed. This paper presents the experience which the authors have accumulated in recent years dealing with noise in PD measurement using the four, aforementioned, measurement systems. Following a brief comparison of the requirement for signal analysis of the four PD measurement systems, the paper addresses the source of noise that often appears in practical applications. Denoising techniques such as the traditional digital filters, matched filters, discrete wavelet transforms and the second generation wavelet transforms will then be introduced and contrasted in terms of their distinct features, advantages and disadvantages. The most effective technique will then be proposed for the four PD measurement systems discussed. Real world data will be used to support the conclusions of the paper.

Medium Voltage distribution power networks are dynamic systems in a constant state of flux. Load varies according to customer demand and regular patterns (daily and weekly) are often observed. These gradual variations are occasionally punctuated by step changes caused by network reconfigurations or underground cable faults. Together with environmental influences (weather, soil condition etc.), these factors contribute to mechanically stress the cable network and impact directly on the health and condition of the cable insulation.

Purpose: Irinotecan is a prodrug converted to the active cytotoxic molecule SN38 predominantly by the action of liver carboxylesterases. The efficacy of irinotecan is limited by this hepatic activation that results in a low conversion rate, high interpatient variability, and dose-limiting gastrointestinal toxicity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a novel peptidic prodrug of SN38 (DTS-108) developed to bypass this hepatic activation and thus reduce the gastrointestinal toxicity and interpatient variability compared with irinotecan. Experimental Design: SN38 was conjugated to a cationic peptide (Vectocell) via an esterase cleavable linker. The preclinical development plan consisted of toxicity and efficacy evaluation in a number of different models and species. Results: The conjugate (DTS-108) is highly soluble, with a human plasma half-life of 400 minutes in vitro. Studies in the dog showed that DTS-108 liberates significantly higher levels of free SN38 than irinotecan without causing gastrointestinal toxicity. In addition, the ratio of the inactive SN38-glucuronide metabolite compared with the active SN38 metabolite is significantly lower following DTS-108 administration, compared with irinotecan, which is consistent with reduced hepatic metabolism. In vivo efficacy studies showed that DTS-108 has improved activity compared with irinotecan. A significant dose-dependent antitumoral efficacy was observed in all models tested and DTS-108 showed synergistic effects in combination with other clinically relevant therapeutic agents. Conclusions: DTS-108 is able to deliver significantly higher levels of SN38 than irinotecan, without the associated toxicity of irinotecan, resulting in an increased therapeutic window for DTS-108 in preclinical models. These encouraging data merit further preclinical and clinical investigation.

For many years identification of incipient Partial Discharge (PD) faults in power cables has been made through off-line investigation techniques. The periodic monitoring of power cables resulted in unexpected failures, with consequent financial penalties for the utilities. More recently, in an effort to allow continuous asset management of the medium voltage cable network to be carried out, on-line monitoring systems are being installed with the aim of reducing unexpected failures. This paper presents work on the analysis and handling of data acquired from an on-line system. A short review of on-line vs. off-line cable PD monitoring will be presented, in terms of their respective advantages and disadvantages. The authorspsila experience of applying Wavelet-based denoising techniques to extract PD data from external noise interference will be presented. Analysis of PD activity and noise interference, with respect to time-of-day, will offer insight into the challenges relating to these systems. Finally, a means of handling the vast amounts of data and of acquiring knowledge from on-line condition monitoring data will be discussed.

The most important indicator of the health of electrical plant items is the condition of their insulation for which partial discharge (PD) test or monitoring has been widely recognized as one of the best tools. The strategic importance of plant in the transmission network, and its high replacement and refurbishment cost, has categorized research and development aimed at PD based condition monitoring at transmission voltages (132 kV to 400 kV). This paper presents the signal analysis- a key part for effective condition monitoring, carried out by the present authors on a cable on-line PD measurement system where PDs from the cable under analysis, PDs from local substation plant items and various forms of noise can all exist simultaneously. In this situation, the most critical step lies in the identification and extraction of the pulses associated with cable PD activities. The paper presents an on-line cable condition monitoring system which is installed in a UK utility and the resultant typical data samples. The current PD pulse shapes are categorised into several types using wavelet transform. Based on their characteristics, a method is proposed to separate pulse signals with different shapes. Results presented in this paper prove that the proposed classification method may constitute a step forward in the automatic PD diagnosis.

Short peptide sequences that are able to transport molecules across the cell membrane have been developed as tools for intracellular delivery of therapeutic molecules. This work describes a novel family of cell-penetrating peptides named Vectocell® peptides [also termed DPVs (Diatos peptide vectors)]. These peptides, originating from human heparin binding proteins and/or anti-DNA antibodies, once conjugated to a therapeutic molecule, can deliver the molecule to either the cytoplasm or the nucleus of mammalian cells. Vectocell® peptides can drive intracellular delivery of molecules of varying molecular mass, including full-length active immunoglobulins, with efficiency often greater than that of the well-characterized cell-penetrating peptide Tat. The internalization of Vectocell® peptides has been demonstrated to occur in both adherent and suspension cell lines as well as in primary cells through an energy-dependent endocytosis process, involving cell-membrane lipid rafts. This endocytosis occurs after binding of the cell-penetrating peptides to extracellular heparan sulphate proteoglycans, except for one particular peptide (DPV1047) that partially originates from an anti-DNA antibody and is internalized in a caveolar independent manner. These new therapeutic tools are currently being developed for intracellular delivery of a number of active molecules and their potentiality for in vivo transduction investigated.

The development of monitoring equipment and analytical systems capable of detecting, localising & locating partial discharge in MV paper insulated cable systems on-line. This paper describes some recent progress including the use of matched filtering techniques for the detection and localisation of partial discharge and comparative results for on-line location mapping.

Following the development of a robust on-line monitoring solution, EDF Energy has now started to carry out routine online mapping tests on its underground medium voltage (MV) cable network. This paper describes the latest developments and compares on-line and off-line mapping techniques as well as results. It finally discusses how these new on-line techniques will impact on longer-term preventive maintenance and replacement strategies.