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1. Erratum: Towards a muon collider

Author: Carlotta Accettura, Dean Adams, Rohit Agarwal, Claudia Ahdida, Chiara Aimè, Nicola Amapane, David Amorim, Paolo Andreetto, Fabio Anulli, Robert Appleby, Artur Apresyan, Aram Apyan, Sergey Arsenyev, Pouya Asadi, Mohammed Attia Mahmoud, Aleksandr Azatov, John Back, Lorenzo Balconi, Laura Bandiera, Roger Barlow, Nazar Bartosik, Emanuela Barzi, Fabian Batsch, Matteo Bauce, J. Scott Berg, Andrea Bersani, Alessandro Bertarelli, Alessandro Bertolin, Kevin Black, Fulvio Boattini, Alex Bogacz, Maurizio Bonesini, Bernardo Bordini, Salvatore Bottaro, Luca Bottura, Alessandro Braghieri, Marco Breschi, Natalie Bruhwiler, Xavier Buffat, Laura Buonincontri, Philip N. Burrows, Graeme Burt, Dario Buttazzo, Barbara Caiffi, Marco Calviani, Simone Calzaferri, Daniele Calzolari, Rodolfo Capdevilla, Christian Carli, Fausto Casaburo, Massimo Casarsa, Luca Castelli, Maria Gabriella Catanesi, Lorenzo Cavallucci, Gianluca Cavoto, Francesco Giovanni Celiberto, Luigi Celona, Alessandro Cerri, Gianmario Cesarini, Cari Cesarotti, Grigorios Chachamis, Antoine Chance, Siyu Chen, Yang-Ting Chien, Mauro Chiesa, Anna Colaleo, Francesco Collamati, Gianmaria Collazuol, Marco Costa, Nathaniel Craig, Camilla Curatolo, David Curtin, Giacomo Da Molin, Magnus Dam, Heiko Damerau, Sridhara Dasu, Jorge de Blas, Stefania De Curtis, Ernesto De Matteis, Stefania De Rosa, Jean-Pierre Delahaye, Dmitri Denisov, Haluk Denizli, Christopher Densham, Radovan Dermisek, Luca Di Luzio, Elisa Di Meco, Biagio Di Micco, Keith Dienes, Eleonora Diociaiuti, Tommaso Dorigo, Alexey Dudarev, Robert Edgecock, Filippo Errico, Marco Fabbrichesi, Stefania Farinon, Anna Ferrari, Jose Antonio Ferreira Somoza, Frank Filthaut, Davide Fiorina, Elena Fol, Matthew Forslund, Roberto Franceschini, Rui Franqueira Ximenes, Emidio Gabrielli, Michele Gallinaro, Francesco Garosi, Luca Giambastiani, Alessio Gianelle, Simone Gilardoni, Dario Augusto Giove, Carlo Giraldin, Alfredo Glioti, Mario Greco, Admir Greljo, Ramona Groeber, Christophe Grojean, Alexej Grudiev, Jiayin Gu, Chengcheng Han, Tao Han, John Hauptman, Brian Henning, Keith Hermanek, Matthew Herndon, Tova Ray Holmes, Samuel Homiller, Guoyuan Huang, Sudip Jana, Sergo Jindariani, Paul Bogdan Jurj, Yonatan Kahn, Ivan Karpov, David Kelliher, Wolfgang Kilian, Antti Kolehmainen, Kyoungchul Kong, Patrick Koppenburg, Nils Kreher, Georgios Krintiras, Karol Krizka, Gordan Krnjaic, Benjamin T. Kuchma, Nilanjana Kumar, Anton Lechner, Lawrence Lee, Qiang Li, Roberto Li Voti, Ronald Lipton, Zhen Liu, Shivani Lomte, Kenneth Long, Jose Lorenzo Gomez, Roberto Losito, Ian Low, Qianshu Lu, Donatella Lucchesi, Lianliang Ma, Yang Ma, Shinji Machida, Fabio Maltoni, Marco Mandurrino, Bruno Mansoulie, Luca Mantani, Claude Marchand, Samuele Mariotto, Stewart Martin-Haugh, David Marzocca, Paola Mastrapasqua, Giorgio Mauro, Andrea Mazzolari, Navin McGinnis, Patrick Meade, Barbara Mele, Federico Meloni, Matthias Mentink, Claudia Merlassino, Elias Metral, Rebecca Miceli, Natalia Milas, Nikolai Mokhov, Alessandro Montella, Tim Mulder, Riccardo Musenich, Marco Nardecchia, Federico Nardi, Niko Neufeld, David Neuffer, Daniel Novelli, Yasar Onel, Domizia Orestano, Daniele Paesani, Simone Pagan Griso, Mark Palmer, Paolo Panci, Giuliano Panico, Rocco Paparella, Paride Paradisi, Antonio Passeri, Nadia Pastrone, Antonello Pellecchia, Fulvio Piccinini, Alfredo Portone, Karolos Potamianos, Marco Prioli, Lionel Quettier, Emilio Radicioni, Raffaella Radogna, Riccardo Rattazzi, Diego Redigolo, Laura Reina, Elodie Resseguie, Jürgen Reuter, Pier Luigi Ribani, Cristina Riccardi, Lorenzo Ricci, Stefania Ricciardi, Luciano Ristori, Tania Natalie Robens, Werner Rodejohann, Chris Rogers, Marco Romagnoni, Kevin Ronald, Lucio Rossi, Richard Ruiz, Farinaldo S. Queiroz, Filippo Sala, Jakub Salko, Paola Salvini, Ennio Salvioni, Jose Santiago, Ivano Sarra, Francisco Javier Saura Esteban, Jochen Schieck, Daniel Schulte, Michele Selvaggi, Carmine Senatore, Abdulkadir Senol, Daniele Sertore, Lorenzo Sestini, Varun Sharma, Vladimir Shiltsev, Jing Shu, Federica Maria Simone, Rosa Simoniello, Kyriacos Skoufaris, Massimo Sorbi, Stefano Sorti, Anna Stamerra, Steinar Stapnes, Giordon Holtsberg Stark, Marco Statera, Bernd Stechauner, Daniel Stolarski, Diktys Stratakis, Shufang Su, Wei Su, Olcyr Sumensari, Xiaohu Sun, Raman Sundrum, Maximilian J. Swiatlowski, Alexei Sytov, Tim M. P. Tait, Jingyu Tang, Jian Tang, Andrea Tesi, Pietro Testoni, Brooks Thomas, Emily Anne Thompson, Riccardo Torre, Ludovico Tortora, Luca Tortora, Sokratis Trifinopoulos, Ilaria Vai, Marco Valente, Riccardo Umberto Valente, Alessandro Valenti, Nicolò Valle, Ursula van Rienen, Rosamaria Venditti, Arjan Verweij, Piet Verwilligen, Ludovico Vittorio, Paolo Vitulo, Liantao Wang, Hannsjorg Weber, Mariusz Wozniak, Richard Wu, Yongcheng Wu, Andrea Wulzer, Keping Xie, Akira Yamamoto, Yifeng Yang, Katsuya Yonehara, Sangsik Yoon, Angela Zaza, Xiaoran Zhao, Alexander Zlobin, Davide Zuliani, and Jose Zurita
Subjects: Astrophysics, QB460-466, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Published: 2024
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2. Towards a muon collider

Author: Carlotta Accettura, Dean Adams, Rohit Agarwal, Claudia Ahdida, Chiara Aimè, Nicola Amapane, David Amorim, Paolo Andreetto, Fabio Anulli, Robert Appleby, Artur Apresyan, Aram Apyan, Sergey Arsenyev, Pouya Asadi, Mohammed Attia Mahmoud, Aleksandr Azatov, John Back, Lorenzo Balconi, Laura Bandiera, Roger Barlow, Nazar Bartosik, Emanuela Barzi, Fabian Batsch, Matteo Bauce, J. Scott Berg, Andrea Bersani, Alessandro Bertarelli, Alessandro Bertolin, Kevin Black, Fulvio Boattini, Alex Bogacz, Maurizio Bonesini, Bernardo Bordini, Salvatore Bottaro, Luca Bottura, Alessandro Braghieri, Marco Breschi, Natalie Bruhwiler, Xavier Buffat, Laura Buonincontri, Philip N. Burrows, Graeme Burt, Dario Buttazzo, Barbara Caiffi, Marco Calviani, Simone Calzaferri, Daniele Calzolari, Rodolfo Capdevilla, Christian Carli, Fausto Casaburo, Massimo Casarsa, Luca Castelli, Maria Gabriella Catanesi, Lorenzo Cavallucci, Gianluca Cavoto, Francesco Giovanni Celiberto, Luigi Celona, Alessandro Cerri, Gianmario Cesarini, Cari Cesarotti, Grigorios Chachamis, Antoine Chance, Siyu Chen, Yang-Ting Chien, Mauro Chiesa, Anna Colaleo, Francesco Collamati, Gianmaria Collazuol, Marco Costa, Nathaniel Craig, Camilla Curatolo, David Curtin, Giacomo Da Molin, Magnus Dam, Heiko Damerau, Sridhara Dasu, Jorge de Blas, Stefania De Curtis, Ernesto De Matteis, Stefania De Rosa, Jean-Pierre Delahaye, Dmitri Denisov, Haluk Denizli, Christopher Densham, Radovan Dermisek, Luca Di Luzio, Elisa Di Meco, Biagio Di Micco, Keith Dienes, Eleonora Diociaiuti, Tommaso Dorigo, Alexey Dudarev, Robert Edgecock, Filippo Errico, Marco Fabbrichesi, Stefania Farinon, Anna Ferrari, Jose Antonio Ferreira Somoza, Frank Filthaut, Davide Fiorina, Elena Fol, Matthew Forslund, Roberto Franceschini, Rui Franqueira Ximenes, Emidio Gabrielli, Michele Gallinaro, Francesco Garosi, Luca Giambastiani, Alessio Gianelle, Simone Gilardoni, Dario Augusto Giove, Carlo Giraldin, Alfredo Glioti, Mario Greco, Admir Greljo, Ramona Groeber, Christophe Grojean, Alexej Grudiev, Jiayin Gu, Chengcheng Han, Tao Han, John Hauptman, Brian Henning, Keith Hermanek, Matthew Herndon, Tova Ray Holmes, Samuel Homiller, Guoyuan Huang, Sudip Jana, Sergo Jindariani, Paul Bogdan Jurj, Yonatan Kahn, Ivan Karpov, David Kelliher, Wolfgang Kilian, Antti Kolehmainen, Kyoungchul Kong, Patrick Koppenburg, Nils Kreher, Georgios Krintiras, Karol Krizka, Gordan Krnjaic, Benjamin T. Kuchma, Nilanjana Kumar, Anton Lechner, Lawrence Lee, Qiang Li, Roberto Li Voti, Ronald Lipton, Zhen Liu, Shivani Lomte, Kenneth Long, Jose Lorenzo Gomez, Roberto Losito, Ian Low, Qianshu Lu, Donatella Lucchesi, Lianliang Ma, Yang Ma, Shinji Machida, Fabio Maltoni, Marco Mandurrino, Bruno Mansoulie, Luca Mantani, Claude Marchand, Samuele Mariotto, Stewart Martin-Haugh, David Marzocca, Paola Mastrapasqua, Giorgio Mauro, Andrea Mazzolari, Navin McGinnis, Patrick Meade, Barbara Mele, Federico Meloni, Matthias Mentink, Claudia Merlassino, Elias Metral, Rebecca Miceli, Natalia Milas, Nikolai Mokhov, Alessandro Montella, Tim Mulder, Riccardo Musenich, Marco Nardecchia, Federico Nardi, Niko Neufeld, David Neuffer, Daniel Novelli, Yasar Onel, Domizia Orestano, Daniele Paesani, Simone Pagan Griso, Mark Palmer, Paolo Panci, Giuliano Panico, Rocco Paparella, Paride Paradisi, Antonio Passeri, Nadia Pastrone, Antonello Pellecchia, Fulvio Piccinini, Alfredo Portone, Karolos Potamianos, Marco Prioli, Lionel Quettier, Emilio Radicioni, Raffaella Radogna, Riccardo Rattazzi, Diego Redigolo, Laura Reina, Elodie Resseguie, Jürgen Reuter, Pier Luigi Ribani, Cristina Riccardi, Lorenzo Ricci, Stefania Ricciardi, Luciano Ristori, Tania Natalie Robens, Werner Rodejohann, Chris Rogers, Marco Romagnoni, Kevin Ronald, Lucio Rossi, Richard Ruiz, Farinaldo S. Queiroz, Filippo Sala, Jakub Salko, Paola Salvini, Ennio Salvioni, Jose Santiago, Ivano Sarra, Francisco Javier Saura Esteban, Jochen Schieck, Daniel Schulte, Michele Selvaggi, Carmine Senatore, Abdulkadir Senol, Daniele Sertore, Lorenzo Sestini, Varun Sharma, Vladimir Shiltsev, Jing Shu, Federica Maria Simone, Rosa Simoniello, Kyriacos Skoufaris, Massimo Sorbi, Stefano Sorti, Anna Stamerra, Steinar Stapnes, Giordon Holtsberg Stark, Marco Statera, Bernd Stechauner, Daniel Stolarski, Diktys Stratakis, Shufang Su, Wei Su, Olcyr Sumensari, Xiaohu Sun, Raman Sundrum, Maximilian J. Swiatlowski, Alexei Sytov, Tim M. P. Tait, Jingyu Tang, Jian Tang, Andrea Tesi, Pietro Testoni, Brooks Thomas, Emily Anne Thompson, Riccardo Torre, Ludovico Tortora, Luca Tortora, Sokratis Trifinopoulos, Ilaria Vai, Marco Valente, Riccardo Umberto Valente, Alessandro Valenti, Nicolò Valle, Ursula van Rienen, Rosamaria Venditti, Arjan Verweij, Piet Verwilligen, Ludovico Vittorio, Paolo Vitulo, Liantao Wang, Hannsjorg Weber, Mariusz Wozniak, Richard Wu, Yongcheng Wu, Andrea Wulzer, Keping Xie, Akira Yamamoto, Yifeng Yang, Katsuya Yonehara, Sangsik Yoon, Angela Zaza, Xiaoran Zhao, Alexander Zlobin, Davide Zuliani, and Jose Zurita
Subjects: Astrophysics, QB460-466, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: Abstract A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10 TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders design, physics and detector studies. The aim is to provide a global perspective of the field and to outline directions for future work.
Published: 2023
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3. Comparison of Two Detector Magnetic Systems for the Future Circular Hadron-Hadron Collider

Author: Vyacheslav Klyukhin, Austin Ball, Christophe Paul Berriaud, Benoit Curé, Alexey Dudarev, Andrea Gaddi, Hubert Gerwig, Alain Hervé, Matthias Mentink, Werner Riegler, Udo Wagner, and Herman Ten Kate
Subjects: superconducting solenoid, future circular collider, electromagnetic modelling, magnetic flux density, magnetic field double integrals, Technology, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: The conceptual design study of a Future Circular hadron-hadron Collider (FCC-hh) to be constructed at CERN with a center-of-mass energy of the order of 100 TeV requires superconducting magnetic systems with a central magnetic flux density of an order of 4 T for the experimental detectors. The developed concept of the FCC-hh detector involves the use of an iron-free magnetic system consisting of three superconducting solenoids. A superconducting magnet with a minimal steel yoke is proposed as an alternative to the baseline iron-free design. In this study, both magnetic system options for the FCC-hh detector are modeled with the same electrical parameters using Cobham’s program TOSCA. All the main characteristics of both designs are compared and discussed.
Published: 2023
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4. Iron-free detector magnet options for the future circular collider

Author: Matthias Mentink, Alexey Dudarev, Helder Filipe Pais Da Silva, Gabriella Rolando, Benoit Cure, Andrea Gaddi, Vyacheslav Klyukhin, Hubert Gerwig, Udo Wagner, and Herman ten Kate
Subjects: Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: In this paper, several iron-free solenoid-based designs of a detector magnet for the future circular collider for hadron-hadron collisions (FCC-hh) are presented. The detector magnet designs for FCC-hh aim to provide bending power for particles over a wide pseudorapidity range (0≤|η|≤4). To achieve this goal, the main solenoidal detector magnet is combined with a forward magnet system, such as the previously presented force-and-torque-neutral dipole. Here, a solenoid-based alternative, the so-called balanced forward solenoid, is presented which comprises a larger inner solenoid for providing bending power to particles at |η|≥2.5, in combination with a smaller balancing coil for ensuring that the net force and torque on each individual coil is minimized. The balanced forward solenoid is compared to the force-and-torque-neutral dipole and advantages and disadvantages are discussed. In addition, several conceptual solenoid-based detector magnet designs are shown, and quantitatively compared. The main difference between these designs is the amount of stray field reduction that is achieved. The main conclusion is that shielding coils can be used to dramatically reduce the stray field, but that this comes at the cost of increased complexity, magnet volume, and magnet weight and reduced affordability.
Published: 2016
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5. Aluminium-Stabilized High-Temperature Superconducting Cable for Particle Detector Magnets

Author: Anna Vaskuri, Benoit Curé, Alexey Dudarev, and Matthias Mentink
Subjects: Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Published: 2023

6. Towards Ultra-Thin Detector Magnet Designs by Insulating Coil Windings With V$_{2}$O$_{3}$-Epoxy Composite

Author: Anna Vaskuri, Benoit Curé, Alexey Dudarev, Matthias Mentink, Stephan Pfeiffer, and Benoit Teissandier
Subjects: Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Published: 2023

7. Design and Quench Analysis of Superconducting Solenoids for the Lepton Future Circular Collider

Author: Benoit CURE, Matthias Mentink, Nikkie Deelen, and Alexey Dudarev
Subjects: Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Published: 2022

8. Superconducting Detector Magnet for BabyIAXO

Author: Alexey Dudarev, Patricia Borges de Sousa, Nikolay Bykovskiy, Helder Pais Da Silva, Matthias Mentink, and Herman H.J. ten Kate
Subjects: Physics, Detector, Mechanical engineering, Superconducting magnet, Cryogenics, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Telescope, Electromagnetic coil, law, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Electromagnetic shielding, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Electrical conductor
Abstract: BabyIAXO, a 20 m-long telescope aiming at the search for solar axions, is planned since late 2017 as a smaller scale but fully functional demonstrator of the International Axion Observatory (IAXO). It essentially comprises a superconducting magnet, optics and X-ray detectors, installed on a Sun-tracking drive system providing rotation and tilting of the detector. The preliminary design of the BabyIAXO magnet has been developed with time and the most recent modifications are reported. The magnet concept is based on using Al-stabilized NbTi conductor in a common-coil winding layout, fully resembling the baseline IAXO design and providing two free bores of 700 mm diameter and 10 m length with a magnetic field of about 2 T. The key challenges for construction and operation of the conduction cooled 40 MJ BabyIAXO magnet are addressed, such as procurement of the conductor, quench protection of the magnet components and magnetic shielding of vacuum and cryogenic equipment. Following the lab-scale experiments carried out to verify the magnet concept, their relevance and main results are further discussed before taking up the construction of the full project anticipated in 2020.
Published: 2021

9. A Coupled A–H Formulation for Magneto-Thermal Transients in High-Temperature Superconducting Magnets

Author: Matthias Mentink, Michal Maciejewski, Herbert De Gersem, Bernhard Auchmann, Arjan Verweij, Jeroen van Nugteren, Idoia Cortes Garcia, Lorenzo Bortot, and Sebastian Schöps
Subjects: Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), Technology, Accelerator magnets, Field (physics), FLOW, Other Fields of Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, magnetic fields, Weak formulation, 01 natural sciences, Physics, Applied, law.invention, Engineering, law, 0103 physical sciences, Eddy current, VOLTAGE, FIELD, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, LOSSES, Magneto, physics.acc-ph, Physics, Superconductivity, Science & Technology, superconducting coils, eddy currents, Engineering, Electrical & Electronic, FINITE-ELEMENTS, MAGNETIZATION, Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph), Condensed Matter Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, high-temperature superconductors, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Magnetic field, Computational physics, physics.comp-ph, Magnet, Physical Sciences, finite-element analysis, Physics - Accelerator Physics, Magnetic potential, Physics - Computational Physics
Abstract: The application of high-temperature superconductors to accelerator magnets for future particle colliders is under study. Numerical methods are crucial for an accurate evaluation of the complex dynamical behavior of the magnets, especially concerning the magnetic field quality and thermal behavior. We present a coupled $\textbf{A}$-$\textbf{H}$ field formulation for the analysis of magneto-thermal transients in accelerator magnets. The magnetic field strength $\textbf{H}$ accounts for the eddy current problem in the source regions containing the superconducting domains, while the magnetic vector potential $\textbf{A}$ represents the magnetoquasistatic problem in the normal and non-conducting domains. Furthermore, we include a slab approximation for the source regions, making the formulation suitable for large scale models composed of thousands of tapes. In this work, the relevant equations are derived and discussed, with emphasis on the coupling conditions. The weak formulation is derived, and numerical results are provided in order to both, verify the formulation and scale it to the size of an accelerator magnet., Comment: 10 pages, 11 figures
Published: 2020

10. Test of the First Full-Length Prototype of the HL-LHC D2 Orbit Corrector Based on Canted Cosine Theta Technology

Author: Ezio Todesco, K. Pepitone, Dominic Coll, J. Mazet, Jeroen van Nugteren, Glyn Kirby, Francois-O. Pincot, Gerard Willering, Jean-Luc Guyon, J. Robertson, Gijs de Rijk, Juan Carlos Perez, Franco Mangiarotti, Matthias Mentink, Marta Bajko, Lucio Fiscarelli, J. Feuvrier, Jens Steckert, Michal Duda, and Vincent Desbiolles
Subjects: Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Aperture, Context (language use), Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Dipole, Optics, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Orbit (dynamics), Physics::Accelerator Physics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract: In the context of CERN's high-luminosity upgrade project (HL-LHC) for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a new double aperture beam orbit corrector magnets will be installed near the recombination dipole (D2). These 2.2 m long NbTi dipoles are built with the canted cosine theta (CCT) technique. The two independently powered apertures are oriented such that their field vectors are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of the beams. A full-length double aperture prototype was built and tested at CERN in the SM18 test facility. Here we present the results of powering tests at 1.9 and 4.5 K: training of each aperture, magnetic field quality and cross-talk effects, quench detection system effectiveness, quench protection performance and quench-back with several energy extraction systems.
Published: 2020

11. Simulated Versus Experimentally Observed Quench Behavior of the HL-LHC Twin Aperture Orbit Corrector Prototype

Author: Jeroen van Nugteren, Gerard Willering, Matthias Mentink, Glyn Kirby, Michal Duda, and Franco Mangiarotti
Subjects: Resistive touchscreen, Materials science, Aperture, Superconducting magnet, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, law, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Eddy current, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Resistor, 010306 general physics, Electrical conductor, Voltage
Abstract: This paper discusses the simulated and experimentally observed quench behavior of the first HL-LHC Twin Aperture Orbit Corrector Prototype, also known as the MCBRDp1 magnet. This superconducting magnet features two independently powered apertures. Each aperture comprises two concentric canted-cosine-theta-type Nb-Ti/Cu coils that together generate a dipolar magnetic field over the bore. These coils are held in place by conductive aluminum-alloy formers. The circuit is protected by a combination of energy extraction and quench-back in the coils. When the coils are discharged over an energy extractor, eddy currents are generated in the formers, and the resulting heat quickly and efficiently brings the Nb-Ti/Cu strands above their current sharing temperature, provided that the resistive voltage over the energy extractor is sufficiently large. This paper compares simulations and experimental observations. It is shown that with the BBQ tool, the initial voltage development after a training quench is correctly reproduced. The ProteCCT simulation tool is shown to be consistent with experimentally observed discharges of the MCBRDp1 prototype for different bath temperatures, energy extractor types, and initial operating currents. The baseline energy extractor resistor value of 1.5 Ω and the non-linear varistor option both give worst-case hotspot temperatures below the 200 K hotspot temperature limit. At ultimate current, the resulting hotspot temperatures are 143 and 167 K, and the peak voltages-to-ground are 590 and 440 V, respectively.
Published: 2020

12. Quench Behavior of Prototype Nb-Ti HL-LHC Dipole Canted Cos-Theta Orbit Corrector Magnets

Author: Mariusz Wozniak, Emmanuele Ravaioli, Franco Mangiarotti, Matthias Mentink, Glyn Kirby, Arjan Verweij, Qingjin Xu, and Wei Wu
Subjects: Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Abstract: The HL-LHC project is an upgrade of the LHC that requires double aperture dipole correctors. In 2015, CERN selected Canted Cos-Theta (CCT) magnet, and the development of the MCBRD magnets followed. Since then, a prototype (P1) has been built and measured at CERN, and quench results agree with simulations. In 2017, China joined the programme with in-kind prototypes and twelve (four spares) series magnets with WST, IMP, IHEP, and BAMA efforts. The first MCBRD magnet built in China is the second prototype (P2) of the programme. This magnet was subjected to triggered energy extractions at CERN magnet test facility. The energy extraction is used for magnet protection, keeping voltage-to-ground and hot-spot temperature below 560 V and 250 K, respectively. A high magnetic-field change rate during the magnet discharge from high currents causes a substantial quench-back due to the heat generated by the eddy currents in the magnet formers. A specialized software, ProteCCT, was developed as part of the STEAM project to simulate such a unique quench behaviour. This contribution focuses on comparing measured results between the P1 and P2 magnets, and P2 quench measurement and simulation results. The correction factors available in the ProteCCT software allow matching the measured results. We identify measurements needed to refine simulation inputs further and improve the simulation predictive capability.
Published: 2022

13. Search for New Phenomena in Final States with Two Leptons and One or No b -Tagged Jets at s=13 TeV Using the ATLAS Detector

Author: John-Bjarne Hansen, Maheyer Jamshed Shroff, Clement Helsens, Lorenzo Pezzotti, Otmar Biebel, Peilong Wang, Takuya Nobe, Shahzad Ali, Joseph Mullin, Guy Rosin, Wing Sheung Chan, Jeffrey David Shahinian, Gerjan Bobbink, Simon Berlendis, Dmitry Golubkov, Katharina Schleicher, W. D. Breaden Madden, Kirill Grevtsov, Karel Smolek, Werner Wiedenmann, M. J. Alconada Verzini, Shunichi Akatsuka, Attila Krasznahorkay, Ilija Vukotic, Lukas Ehrke, Petter Nilsson, Panagiotis Gkountoumis, Xiangke Zhang, Rui Yuan, Anna Goussiou, Marco Sessa, Marisilvia Donadelli, Elisabetta Pianori, Blair Daniel Seidlitz, A. V. Kotwal, Daniel Hayden, R. J. Teuscher, Christopher Andrew Garner, Julia Lynne Gonski, S. Pagan Griso, Federico Sforza, Maria-evanthia Tsopoulou, Nikolai Zimine, D. Amidei, Jackson Carl Burzynski, Fabian Alexander Förster, D. Gillberg, Rupert Leitner, Edward Diehl, J. A. Aparisi Pozo, Konstantinos Nikolopoulos, Devin James Mahon, Evgeniy Khramov, Hideyuki Oide, Dugan O'Neil, Andy Chen, Robert Astalos, Emmanuel Monnier, R. S. Orr, R. Hyneman, Roman Lysak, Christian Wiel, Matthieu Robin, S. Calvente Lopez, Gordon Watts, W. Y. Chan, T. S. Lau, J. W. S. Carter, Kevin Nicholas Barends, Rafal Staszewski, Gabija Zemaityte, M. R. Sutton, Li Xu, Kun Liu, Nicholas Adam Styles, R. W. Wölker, Federico Meloni, V. Izzo, Mark Owen, Didier Ferrere, Simone Francescato, Lorenzo Marcoccia, Christos Vergis, Nuno Filipe Castro, Michael James Fenton, Haifeng Li, Luigi Marchese, Dario Barberis, A. G. Clark, Igor Gavrilenko, Matteo Bauce, Puja Saha, Marcel Michael Stanitzki, Evelin Bakos, Junji Tojo, Y. C. Zhu, Paolo Camarri, Stefan Tapprogge, Y. Kulchitsky, Fabrizio Alfonsi, Artur Cardoso Coimbra, Kate Shaw, Lorne Levinson, Adam Jinaru, S. H. Tlou, P. Conde Muiño, Giancarlo Spigo, Kathleen Whalen, Athina Kourkoumeli-Charalampidi, Barbara Wosiek, Trevor Vickey, Olga Zormpa, Phillip Gutierrez, Darij Markian Starko, M. Della Pietra, Xiaohu Sun, Y. S. Ng, Jafar Shojaii, Sarah Whitney Ferguson, Andrea Catinaccio, S. Li, A. Rocchi, Arnaud Ferrari, Lingxin Meng, Marcia Begalli, Ilaria Luise, Sebastian Andreas Merkt, Gideon Bella, Massimo Corradi, Mario Lassnig, A. Maio, Marc Geisen, Teresa Barillari, Marcus Morgenstern, M. K. Ayoub, Matthew Thomas Anthony, Dewen Zhong, G. R. Gonzalvo Rodriguez, Judith Hofer, R. Di Nardo, Shangfeng Yang, Callum Jacob Birch-Sykes, Ljiljana Morvaj, Chikuma Kato, Norbert Wermes, Marjorie Shapiro, Song-Ming Wang, Thomas James Stevenson, H. Herde, Pavol Strizenec, J. Salt, K. Graham, Siegfried Wenig, Raymond Brock, M. N. Agaras, Diptaparna Biswas, A. Rodriguez Rodriguez, Cheng Chen, Yusong Tian, Eric Drechsler, A. Di Ciaccio, Osamu Sasaki, S. George, K. Al Khoury, Abner Soffer, Jana Schaarschmidt, M. 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Di Gregorio, Daniel Andreas Britzger, John Hobbs, Jeanette Lorenz, David Milstead, Jia Jian Teoh, Ahmed Bassalat, Kevin Einsweiler, V. Fadeyev, Clara Nellist, Giuseppe Iacobucci, Theodoros Georgio Zorbas, Elisabetta Vilucchi, Jens Dopke, Gokhan Unel, Thomas Koffas, Stefan Stonjek, Kaito Sugizaki, A. S. Tee, I. Siral, Richard Brenner, Marisa Sandhoff, Vincenzo Cavasinni, Marco Battaglia, Mauro Citterio, Joseph F. Urban, Aleksandra Dimitrievska, C. Moreno Martinez, Ambrosius Thomas Vermeulen, Lydia Iconomidou-Fayard, Y. Benhammou, I-huan Chiu, Emmerich Kneringer, Takafumi Kodama, Q. Hu, Archana Sharma, Benjamin Trocmé, Oleg Brandt, Petronel Postolache, Mark Hodgkinson, H. Cai, U. Mallik, Tamar Zakareishvili, Katherine Pachal, Alexey Myagkov, Luc Poggioli, C. A. Lee, J. Smiesko, M. Garcia-Sciveres, Yu Nakahama, Fabrizio Petrucci, Petr Balek, J. G. Panduro Vazquez, Jared David Little, A. Kotsokechagia, Stefano Manzoni, S. Gurbuz, Michael Begel, Nabila Wahab Shaikh, Kerstin Lantzsch, Oleg Bulekov, Uriel Barron, Benjamin Haslum Hodkinson, Milene Calvetti, Bartosz Sebastian Dziedzic, Christos Bakalis, Alexander Milov, Christoph Amelung, F. G. Oakham, Aoto Tanaka, Migle Stankaityte, Paolo Iengo, Marco Schioppa, Minoru Hirose, Yuta Sano, Zara Jane Grout, John Kenneth Anders, E. L. Barberio, Federico Celli, C. J. E. Suster, Steven Goldfarb, Z. G. Zhao, Makoto Tomoto, Clara Elisabeth Leitgeb, Katharina Bianca Jakobi, Naoki Kimura, Judita Mamuzic, Till Eifert, C. Rizzi, H. El Jarrari, Viktor Kramarenko, Ryszard Stroynowski, Bakar Chargeishvili, Ahmed Hasib, Frank Ellinghaus, Jiancong Zeng, D. M. Portillo Quintero, Cooper Wagner, Abhishek Sharma, Mykola Khandoga, Fabian Becherer, Andreas Honle, Claire Gwenlan, Marina Rotaru, Ishan Pokharel, Baida Achkar, Michael William O'Keefe, Ariel Schwartzman, Antonio Zoccoli, Kunlin Ran, Jason Peter Gombas, Athanasios Manousos, Alan Peyaud, B. X. Liu, Xin Wu, Abdenour Lounis, Yi Fan Hu, Rong Zhang, Jahred Adelman, Alain Bellerive, Takashi Mitani, Harry Cooke, Christian Nass, G. N. Taylor, Marco Bomben, C. L. Cheng, Nansi Andari, Lianyou Shan, Richard Nisius, Simone Sottocornola, Stergios Kazakos, Shuaiyan Kang, Melissa Ridel, Deshan Kavishka Abhayasinghe, Michael Dührssen, Henso Abreu, Arabinda Behera, Troels Petersen, Francesco Lanni, Nikolai Fomin, Benjamin Brau, Zihang Jia, Nazim Huseynov, Jaroslava Schovancova, Wenge Wang, E. Thomson, Matteo Negrini, L. Zhang, S. Rodriguez Bosca, Seppe Kuehn, R. E. Long, Christian Ohm, Nandish Arjan Gorasia, Q. Ouyang, Alice Polyxeni Morris, Xiaoxiong Wang, Ilya Korolkov, M. G. Alviggi, Peiliang Liu, Zhiqing Zhang, Balazs Konya, Xiaoguang Yue, Ben Bruers, Alicia Wongel, J. A. Valls Ferrer, Sascha Mehlhase, Marco Cristoforetti, L. Aperio Bella, Nikolaos Rompotis, Ruth Poettgen, Gregor Kramberger, Cigdem Issever, Peter Steinberg, Anatoli Romaniouk, Horst Severini, Cyril Becot, C. M. Gee, Trygve Buanes, Kevin Sedlaczek, S. Ozturk, Christopher Don Milke, J. Tanaka, Y. Hernández Jiménez, Wen-Xu Wang, Vladimir Smakhtin, J. O. Nielsen, Aviv Ruben Cukierman, Paolo Bagnaia, Apostolos Tsirigotis, Guang-Ming Zhang, D. Levin, Karsten Köneke, E. von Toerne, Rachid Mazini, Joyful Elma Mdhluli, R. J. Hawkings, J. Chen, D. Pohl, L. F. Gutierrez Zagazeta, Gabriel Alexandru Popeneciu, Marcel Vos, S. Gonzalez Fernandez, Gavin Pownall, M. C. N. Fiolhais, Chuanshun Wei, Georges Aad, Leonid Serkin, Hubert Kroha, Hong Ma, Lara Katharina Schildgen, Cheng Guang Zhu, Matt Zhang, Peter Tornambe, Jennifer Kathryn Roloff, P. J. Clark, M. Rezaei Estabragh, F. G. Diaz Capriles, J. Kroll, A. Pacheco Pages, Hidetoshi Otono, Alexandre Laurier, P. Johansson, William Trischuk, Alexandra Tudorache, Carmen Maidantchik, L. Manhaes de Andrade Filho, A. P. Pereira Peixoto, Eloisa Arena, Alexander Zaitsev, Martin Habedank, Antoine Laudrain, Hella Leonie Snoek, Jean-Francois Grivaz, Christopher Grud, Dmitriy Maximov, Trine Poulsen, P. de Jong, Christopher Samuel Pollard, Claudio Luci, Patrawan Pasuwan, Driss Benchekroun, A. Korn, Oliver Majersky, Robert Hankache, Michael William Phipps, Kunihiro Nagano, M. Sahinsoy, F. L. Castillo, I. Turk Cakir, John Rutherfoord, Florian Urs Bernlochner, Eunchong Kim, Dwayne Patrick Spiteri, Giacomo Artoni, Martin Murin, Jessica Metcalfe, Miroslav Hrabovsky, Kazunori Hanagaki, Benjamin Philip Nachman, I. Bloch, Iurii Naryshkin, Kanae Asai, Alessandro Caltabiano, A. Soloshenko, Thomas Dennis Powell, Reinhard Schwienhorst, Y. Chen, Adelina D'onofrio, Nils Gillwald, Helmut Wolters, Y-H. Chen, Ferdinand Krieter, Mateusz Dyndal, Ewelina Lobodzinska, Toshiaki Kaji, B. M. Waugh, Philipp Do Nascimento Gaspar, Ellis Fawn Kay, Claire Antel, Marcin Stolarski, David William Thomas, Nikola Makovec, Matthias Hamer, K. Bjørke, K. Zhang, Shaun Roe, S. Tzamarias, Farid Ould-Saada, Harry John Lyons, R. Iuppa, Evan Michael Carlson, Olga Rezanova, Samuel Calvet, Bryn Arthur Roberts, Charles Leggett, Fabian Huegging, N. Nishu, Alex Martyniuk, Wolfgang Wagner, Simonetta Gentile, Marie-Hélène Genest, Minghui Liu, Ivan Pogrebnyak, Matteo Franchini, Igor Aleksandrov, Ruth Magdalena Jacobs, Alessandro Lapertosa, Chen Peng, Rute Pedro, Miha Muskinja, J. B. Liu, Patrick Bauer, Benjamin John Rosser, Andrea Doria, Monica Dunford, Daniel Williams, Y. Wu, Atsuhiko Ochi, E. Fullana Torregrosa, M. E. Pozo Astigarraga, Armin Fehr, Laura Perini, Andreas Salzburger, Zachary Pollock, Martin Errenst, Stephen Haywood, S. Van Stroud, Walter Lampl, Shuangxi Wang, William Dale Heidorn, Lorenzo Rinaldi, F. Parodi, M. LeBlanc, Chris Malena Delitzsch, Thomas Paul Charman, Krzysztof Woźniak, Henri Bachacou, Daniel Fournier, David Miller, Eric Edward Corrigan, Nikiforos Nikiforou, Leonardo Carminati, Francesca Ungaro, Christopher Potter, Gabriel Stoicea, Philip Patrick Allport, Christoph Rembser, Gabriel Facini, Etienne Dreyer, Alexander Lincoln Read, Jessica Levêque, Brendon Bullard, Radu Hobincu, R. Gamboa Goni, S. Passaggio, Luiz Caloba, Henric George Wilkens, Sabina Czekierda, Michael A. Strauss, Joel Hengwei Foo, M. Kaneda, Maximiliano Sioli, Marco Delmastro, Fridolin Dittus, Yan Ke, Miao Liu, H. Arnold, G. H. A. Viehhauser, Tomas Davidek, M. Vranjes Milosavljevic, Melissa Yexley, Michael Düren, Danping Huang, Tobias Golling, Adam Bailey, Eleni Myrto Asimakopoulou, Vangelis Vladimirov, Xiaotong Chu, Peter Sherwood, Pavel Starovoitov, Bernhard Meirose, Cristiano David Sebastiani, Marianna Liberatore, Rahul Balasubramanian, M. A. B. do Vale, A. A. Affolder, Lukas Adamek, Antonio Sidoti, Ian Hinchliffe, Emily Ann Smith, Shikma Bressler, Mariya Shiyakova, Feng Lyu, and Danilo Giugni
Subjects: Quark, Physics, Particle physics, Muon, Large Hadron Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, ATLAS experiment, General Physics and Astronomy, Lambda, Coupling (probability), 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Invariant mass, 010306 general physics, Lepton
Abstract: A search for new phenomena is presented in final states with two leptons and one or no $b$-tagged jets. The event selection requires the two leptons to have opposite charge, the same flavor (electrons or muons), and a large invariant mass. The analysis is based on the full Run-2 proton-proton collision dataset recorded at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb$^{-1}$. No significant deviation from the expected background is observed in the data. A four-fermion contact interaction between two quarks ($b,s$) and two leptons ($ee$ or $\mu\mu$), inspired by the $B$-meson decay anomalies, is used as a benchmark signal model. This model is characterized by the energy scale and coupling, $\Lambda$ and $g_*$ respectively. Contact interactions with $\Lambda / g_*$ lower than 2.0 (2.4) TeV are excluded for electrons (muons) at the 95% confidence level, still far below the value which is favored by the $B$-meson decay anomalies. In addition, model-independent limits are set as a function of the selection on the dilepton invariant mass, which allows the results to be reinterpreted in other signal scenarios.
Published: 2021

14. Ultra-thin solenoid and cryostat development for novel detector magnets

Author: Marc Dhalle, Patricia Borges de Sousa, Tobias K. D. Kulenkampff, Herman H.J. ten Kate, Alexey Dudarev, Matthias Mentink, H. Silva, Veronica Ilardi, and Energy, Materials and Systems
Subjects: Cryostat, Ultra-thin, Materials science, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Shell (structure), Solenoid, Superconducting magnet, Radiation Transparent, 01 natural sciences, Radiation length, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Superconducting magnets, Detector Magnet, FCC, Welding, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Solenoids, 010306 general physics, Electrical conductor, business.industry, Superconducting Solenoid, Detectors, Cold Mass, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Calorimeter, Conductors, Metals, Magnet, Physics::Accelerator Physics, business, Aluminum
Abstract: In the scope of the Future Circular electron positron Collider study (FCC-ee), the IDEA detector is developed. It comprises a superconducting solenoid with free bore of 4 m, 6 m long and a central magnetic field of 2 T. The positioning of the magnet between the inner tracker and the electronic calorimeter heavily constrains the magnet design, as it is required to have the lowest possible radiation length, so minimum thickness and lowest density material. With respect to the classical solution of a solenoid enclosing the calorimeters, a cost reduction of about 50% is expected due to size reduction. An optimization of the different components of the magnet system has been carried out, resulting in the development of a new composite high-strength conductor that can be used to build a 30 mm thin solenoid. The quench analysis of the solenoid will be presented as it is of critical importance given the high energy density in the magnet of 21 kJ/kg. A cryostat made of concentric aluminium shells would account for about 50% of the radiation length of the magnet and most of this material is used in the outer vacuum shell of the cryostat to prevent buckling. In order to further reduce the radiation length, two fundamentally different approaches are being analysed. The first method focuses on reducing drastically the outer shell thickness. This leads to use honeycomb composites, reinforcing bars and corrugated shells for the outer shell of the cryostat. The second approach consists of supporting very thin cryostat shells directly on the solenoid cold mass using proper support. This can be achieved by replacing the thick walls and MLI insulation by a material that can sustain 1 atm while having low radiation length and low thermal conductivity. Cryogel Z has shown promising properties and its suitability for this project is being analysed. This novel approach has never been used so far for superconducting magnets.
Published: 2021

15. Test Results of the CERN HL-LHC Low- <tex-math notation='LaTeX'>$\beta$</tex-math> Quadrupole Short Models MQXFS3c and MQXFS4

Author: J. Fleiter, K. Pepitone, M. Yu, Alfred Nobrega, Michal Duda, Arnaud Devred, Giorgio Vallone, Jesse Schmalzle, Emmanuele Ravaioli, Ezio Todesco, Marta Bajko, Bernardo Bordini, A. Chiuchiolo, Lucio Fiscarelli, Susana Izquierdo Bermudez, Gerard Willering, Franco Mangiarotti, Vincent Desbiolles, Juan Carlos Perez, Hugues Bajas, Paolo Ferracin, Matthias Mentink, Nicolas Bourcey, J. Feuvrier, and Giorgio Ambrosio
Subjects: Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Nuclear physics, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, Beta (plasma physics), 0103 physical sciences, Quadrupole, Fermilab, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Quadrupole magnet, Compact Muon Solenoid
Abstract: Author(s): Mangiarotti, F; Bajas, H; Ambrosio, G; Bajko, M; Bordini, B; Bourcey, N; Duda, M; Desbiolles, V; Feuvrier, J; Fleiter, J; Bermudez, SI; Chiuchiolo, A; Devred, A; Ferracin, P; Fiscarelli, L; Mentink, M; Nobrega, A; Pepitone, K; Ravaioli, E; Schmalzle, J; Todesco, E; Perez, JC; Vallone, G; Willering, G; Yu, M | Abstract: For the high luminosity upgrade of the CERN large hadron collider, lower β∗ quadrupole magnets based on advanced Nb3Sn conductors will be installed on each side of the ATLAS and compact muon solenoid (CMS) experiment insertion zones. As part of the technological developments needed to achieve the required field gradient of 132.6 T/m within a 150-mm aperture, short length model magnets, named MQXFS, are tested both at the CERN SM18 and Fermilab test facilities. The model magnets rely on two types of Nb3Sn conductors (restack rod process (RRP) and powder-in-tube (PIT)) and on an innovative bladders and keys design to provide mechanical support against the Lorentz forces. In 2016 and 2017, the powering tests of the first two models MQXFS3 (RRP) and MQXFS5 (PIT) proved that nominal performance (16.5 kA) could be reached with excellent memory of the quench current after thermal cycle. However both magnets showed a slow training behavior with clear observations of voltage disturbances before the quench. Besides, only MQXFS5 could reach ultimate current (17.9 kA) whereas erratic behavior was observed on MQXFS3 due to conductor local degradation at the head of one of the coils. In 2018, this limiting coil was changed and the applied azimuthal prestress increased. While ultimate current could then be reached, no stable current could be maintained due to identified defect on the outer layer of the new coil. Finally the outcome of the test of the new model MQXFS4, featuring the final RRP conductors that will be used for the series production and variation on the inner layer quench heater designs are here reported in details.
Published: 2019

16. Test of Short Model and Prototype of the HL-LHC D2 Orbit Corrector Based on CCT Technology

Author: Dominic Coll, Jens Steckert, J. Mazet, Jeroen van Nugteren, Vincent Desbiolles, K. Pepitone, Marta Bajko, Gerard Willering, J. Robertson, Lucio Fiscarelli, J. Feuvrier, Ezio Todesco, Franco Mangiarotti, Gijs de Rijk, Matthias Mentink, Francois-Olivier Pincot, Michal Duda, and Glyn Kirby
Subjects: Physics, Large Hadron Collider, business.industry, Aperture, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Dipole, Optics, Upgrade, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Orbit (dynamics), Perpendicular, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract: In the frame of the high-luminosity upgrade project for the large hadron collider, new twin aperture beam orbit corrector magnets will be installed near the recombination dipole (D2). These magnets are 2.2 m long canted cosine theta NbTi dipoles, with two independently powered apertures oriented such that their field vectors are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of the beams. A 0.5 m model magnet in single and double aperture configuration and a full-length double aperture prototype were built and tested at CERN. In this paper, the performance of these magnets at 1.9 K in terms of training behavior, quench detection and protection, and other tests is discussed. In addition, the thermal response of the magnet to a hypothetical beam discharge is simulated and analyzed.
Published: 2019

17. Conceptual design of BabyIAXO, the intermediate stage towards the International Axion Observatory

Author: S. Arguedas Cuendis, C. Oriol, J. Castel, D. Voronin, A. Abeln, Olivier Limousin, A. Marin-Franch, Sergey Troitsky, S. Cebrián, D. Gascon, D. D. M. Ferreira, C. J. Hailey, L. Gastaldo, Stefano Basso, R. Iglesias-Marzoa, T. Dafni, K. Altenmüller, L. Segui, Ulrich Werthenbach, D. Hengstler, J. Golm, J. M. Carmona, F.J. Iguaz, Maurizio Giannotti, F. Rueda-Teruel, Leonid Kravchuk, V. S. Pantuev, S. Aune, S. Rueda-Teruel, K. Ludwig, D. Calvet, Joan Mauricio, Igor Tkachev, Klaus Kurt Desch, BayarJon Paul Lubsandorzhiev, E. Ferrer-Ribas, Fabrizio Tavecchio, A. Dudarev, J. P. Mols, Andreas Ringwald, A. A. Nozik, U. Schneekloth, X. F. Navick, Javier Redondo, M. M. Civitani, N. Bykovskiy, E. O. Saemann, Nikita Ushakov, B. Döbrich, O. Pérez, Thomas Papaevangelou, A. Lindner, S. N. Gninenko, B. Kanoute, Eric Armengaud, E. Unzhakov, C. Cogollos, C. Iñiguez, Matthias Mentink, P. Borges de Sousa, Susanne Mertens, Søren Schmidt, Federico Mescia, J. Ruz, Pierre Brun, L. Dumoulin, C. Malbrunot, J. Hahn, V. Chernov, A. Ortiz de Solórzano, K. Perez, Thierry Lasserre, I. Drachnev, S. Karstensen, L. Bergé, Y. Giomataris, L. Obis, E. Picatoste, F. Marutzky, S. Oster, I. Lomskaya, Jordi Salvado, B. Biasuzzi, I. G. Irastorza, Lars Hagge, H. P. Pais Da Silva, Y. Menesguen, J. Kaminski, Walter Wuensch, G. López-Alegre, Alessio Notari, S. Marnieros, Michael J. Pivovaroff, Ivor Fleck, A. V. Derbin, P. Laurent, Finn Erland Christensen, T. Schiffer, N. Golubev, David Attié, P. L. Henriksen, C. Nones, D. Unger, M. Dinter, D.V. Poda, A. Giuliani, C. Margalejo, E. Ruiz-Choliz, Julia Vogel, G. Luzón, Amanda Weltman, T. Houdy, Krešimir Jakovčić, G. Pareschi, D. Díez, A. Yanes-Díaz, Matias Rodrigues, F. Orsini, Matthias Schott, J. Galán, V. N. Muratova, Martin Loidl, Biljana Lakić, H. Mirallas, H. H. J. ten Kate, Jordi Miralda-Escudé, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), IAXO, Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), ANR-19-CE31-0024,DALPS,Déteteurs pour la recherche des particules 'axion-like'(2019), Irastorza, I. G., and IAXO Collaboration
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, QC770-798, Other experiments, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, design [detector], High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Observatory, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Other experiment, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, physics.ins-det, Physics, solar [axion], Detector, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), CP violation, Beyond Standard Model, Dark matter, axion-like particles, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Particle Physics - Experiment, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Astrophysics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, dark matter, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:530, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Sensitivity (control systems), 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Axion, detector: design, Helioscope, axion: dark matter, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, hep-ex, DESY, IAXO, sensitivity, optics, Beyond standard model, axion: solar, dark matter [axion], astro-ph.IM
Abstract: This article describes BabyIAXO, an intermediate experimental stage of the International Axion Observatory (IAXO), proposed to be sited at DESY. IAXO is a large-scale axion helioscope that will look for axions and axion-like particles (ALPs), produced in the Sun, with unprecedented sensitivity. BabyIAXO is conceived to test all IAXO subsystems (magnet, optics and detectors) at a relevant scale for the final system and thus serve as prototype for IAXO, but at the same time as a fully-fledged helioscope with relevant physics reach itself, and with potential for discovery. The BabyIAXO magnet will feature two 10 m long, 70 cm diameter bores, and will host two detection lines (optics and detector) of dimensions similar to the final ones foreseen for IAXO. BabyIAXO will detect or reject solar axions or ALPs with axion-photon couplings down to $g_{a\gamma} \sim 1.5 \times 10^{-11}$ GeV$^{-1}$, and masses up to $m_a\sim 0.25$ eV. BabyIAXO will offer additional opportunities for axion research in view of IAXO, like the development of precision x-ray detectors to identify particular spectral features in the solar axion spectrum, and the implementation of radiofrequency-cavity-based axion dark matter setups., Comment: 77 pages, 49 figures. Prepared for submission to JHEP. Third version after referees comments
Published: 2021
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18. High-temperature superconducting screens for magnetic field-error cancellation in accelerator magnets

Author: Jeroen van Nugteren, Mariano Pentella, Torsten Koettig, Lorenzo Bortot, Gijs de Rijk, Matthias Mentink, Carlo Petrone, Arjan Verweij, Sebastian Schöps, Juan Carlos Perez, Francois-Olivier Pincot, Stephan Russenschuck, Guy Deferne, and Glyn Kirby
Subjects: High-temperature superconductivity, Materials science, screening currents, law.invention, Error cancellation, law, High-temperature superconductors, Materials Chemistry, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, physics.acc-ph, Condensed matter physics, superconducting coils, Metals and Alloys, High temperature superconducting, Condensed Matter Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Finite element method, Magnetic field, magnetic field quality, High-temperature superconductors, magnetic field quality, screening currents, persistent magnetization, superconducting magnetic screens, finite-element analysis, superconducting coils, accelerator magnets, Magnet, Ceramics and Composites, finite-element analysis, persistent magnetization, Superconducting Coils, superconducting magnetic screens, accelerator magnets
Abstract: Accelerators magnets must have minimal magnetic field imperfections to reduce particle-beam instabilities. In the case of coils made of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) tapes, the magnetization due to persistent currents adds an undesired field contribution, potentially degrading the magnetic field quality. In this paper we study the use of superconducting screens based on HTS tapes for reducing the magnetic field imperfections in accelerator magnets. The screens exploit the magnetization by persistent currents to cancel out the magnetic field error. The screens are aligned with the main field component, such that only the undesired field components are compensated. The screens are self-regulating, and do not require any externally applied source of energy. Measurements in liquid nitrogen at 77 K show for dipole-field configurations a significant reduction of the magnetic field error up to a factor of four. The residual error is explained via numerical simulations accounting for the geometric defects in the HTS screens, achieving satisfactory agreement with experimental results. Simulations show that if screens are increased in width and thickness, and operated at 4.5 K , field errors may be eliminated almost entirely for the typical excitation cycles of accelerator magnets.
Published: 2021

19. A Simplified Approach to Simulate Quench Development in a Superconducting Magnet

Author: Matthias Mentink, Emmanuele Ravaioli, Marvin Janitschke, Arjan Verweij, Dimitri Pracht, and Federica Murgia
Subjects: Materials science, Mechanics, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Finite element method, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Conductor, Electrical resistance and conductance, Electromagnetic coil, Dipole magnet, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Electrical conductor
Abstract: Cross-sectional 2D models often represent a computationally efficient alternative to full 3D models, when simulating complex multi-physical magnet systems. However, especially for the case of self-protected, superconducting magnets, where the stored energy has to be dissipated within the magnet coils, the thermal diffusion and the quench development in all three dimensions become key aspects. In order to further improve the simulation of transients in 2D models, a new modelling method for simplified quench development along the direction of the transport current is introduced. The original 2D model is hereby utilized for modelling the thermal domain, and the electrical resistance of each turn is scaled by the estimated time-dependent fraction of quenched conductor. Furthermore, the turn to turn quench propagation following the electrical connections is implemented. The proposed approach allows a very computationally efficient and easy-to-implement calculation since the model is effectively two-dimensional while providing a good approximation of the coil resistance development with sufficient accuracy. In order to illustrate the proposed quench-propagation modelling approach, simulations are compared to experimental results for the case of a self-protected, superconducting Nb-Ti dipole magnet. In general, a very good agreement between measurements and simulations was achieved.
Published: 2021

20. Quench Protection Studies for the High Luminosity LHC Nb$_3$Sn Quadrupole Magnets

Author: Matthias Mentink, Jose Ferradas Troitino, Emmanuele Ravaioli, Franco Mangiarotti, Giorgio Ambrosio, F. Rodriguez-Mateos, Paolo Ferracin, Michal Duda, Daniel Wollmann, Ezio Todesco, Susana Izquierdo Bermudez, Vittorio Marinozzi, Hugues Bajas, and Arjan Verweij
Subjects: Large Hadron Collider, Materials science, Nuclear engineering, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Magnetic circuit, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Quadrupole magnet, Electrical conductor, Electronic circuit
Abstract: Achieving the targets of the High Luminosity LHC project requires the installation of new inner triplet magnet circuits for the final focusing of the particle beams on each side of the two main interaction points. Each of the four circuits will include six 150 mm aperture, 132.2 T/m gradient, Nb $_3$ Sn quadrupole magnets to be installed in the LHC tunnel. The recently updated circuit topology is such that the protection of each magnet can be studied from a single magnet point-of-view. To limit the hot-spot temperature and the peak voltage-to-ground, a protection system was designed that quickly and reliably transfers voluminous parts of the coil to the normal-conducting state, hence distributing more homogeneously the magnets stored energy in the windings. This system is based on two elements: quench heaters attached to the outer layers of the magnet coils and CLIQ (Coupling-Loss Induced Quench). The performance of the protection system is investigated by simulating the electro-magnetic and thermal transients occurring after a quench with the program STEAM-LEDET, and by conducting dedicated experiments at the CERN and FNAL magnet test facilities. The effectiveness of the quench protection system is assessed at all representative operating current levels. Furthermore, the coils hot-spot temperature and peak voltage to ground are analyzed for various failure cases, conductor parameters, and parameter distribution among the four coils. It is concluded that the proposed design assures an effective, reliable, and fully redundant quench protection system.
Published: 2021

21. The High Luminosity LHC interaction region magnets towards series production

Author: Giorgio Apollinari, A. Musso, Vittorio Marinozzi, Marta Bajko, F. Toral, Stoyan Stoynev, Q. Peng, Franco Mangiarotti, Guram Chlachidze, N. Kimura, Lucio Fiscarelli, Hugues Bajas, Paolo Ferracin, Marco Statera, A. Milanese, Soren Prestemon, Jesse Schmalzle, S. Wei, J. Fleiter, Massimo Sorbi, L. Bottura, M. Prioli, Joseph Muratore, Glyn Kirby, P. Joshi, Q. Xu, Arnaud Devred, Thomas Strauss, R. Carcagno, Kathleen Amm, A. Foussat, P. Fabbricatore, M. Duda, Tatsushi Nakamoto, Giorgio Ambrosio, A. Pampaloni, Gerard Willering, D. Chen, J. Wang, Bernardo Bordini, H. Felice, A. Bersani, Lance D. Cooley, S. Enomoto, V. Lombardo, Ezio Todesco, Michinaka Sugano, G. de Rijk, Sandor Feher, Amalia Ballarino, Matthias Mentink, V. Parma, S. Farinon, Samuele Mariotto, P. Wanderer, S. Izquierdo Bermudez, F. Nobrega, M. Yu, I. Pong, Maria Baldini, Michael Anerella, J. Garcia Matos, B. Caiffi, Leonardo Paolo Rossi, Jac Perez, P. Fessia, D. Duarte Ramos, K. Suzuki, G.L. Sabbi, S. Russenschuck, H. Prin, Stephen A. Gourlay, Toru Ogitsu, L. Gong, and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
Subjects: magnet: design, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, fabrication, Series production, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Nuclear physics, 0103 physical sciences, CERN LHC Coll: upgrade, Materials Chemistry, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, niobium: titanium, 010306 general physics, activity report, 010302 applied physics, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Luminosity (scattering theory), Metals and Alloys, magnet: superconductivity, Condensed Matter Physics, magnet: technology, quadrupole lens, Magnet, Ceramics and Composites, Physics::Accelerator Physics, niobium: tin
Abstract: The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) is the new flagship project of CERN. First endorsed in 2013 and approved in 2016, HL-LHC is an upgrade of the accelerator aiming to increase by a factor of ten the statistics of the LHC collisions at the horizon of 2035–2040. HL-LHC relies on cutting edge technologies: among them, large aperture superconducting magnets will replace the present hardware to allow a smaller beam size in two interaction points (IPs). The project involves the construction of about 150 magnets of six different types: the quadrupole triplet, two main dipoles and three orbit correctors. The triplet, manufactured at CERN and in the USA, will consist of 30 magnets based on Nb3Sn technology, with an operational peak field of 11.4 T. These will be the first quadrupole Nb3Sn magnets installed in a particle accelerator. The other five types of magnets, all relying on Nb–Ti technology, present non-trivial challenges in the design and construction; they will be manufactured as part of in-kind contribution under the responsibility of institutes in Japan, China, Spain, and Italy. The project is now in the phase of transition between qualification through short models and prototypes and the beginning of the series construction. In this paper we review the magnet requirements, the reasons for selecting the design, the technological challenges with respect to previous projects, and we summarize the steps that have been taken to validate the baseline.
Published: 2021

22. Mathematical Modeling, Simulation and Optimization for CERN‘s Quench Protection System

Author: Idoia Cortes Garcia, Sebastian Schöps, Lorenzo Bortot, and Matthias Mentink
Published: 2021

23. Search for R-parity-violating supersymmetry in a final state containing leptons and many jets with the ATLAS experiment using √s = 13 TeV proton-proton collision data

Author: Irakli Minashvili, Miaoran Lu, Rafal Staszewski, R. Bartoldus, Chen Zhou, Vadim Gratchev, Tatiana Lyubushkina, George Redlinger, Xuai Zhuang, Samira Hassani, C. Da Via, Maximilian Paul Rinnagel, Sally Seidel, T. Ingebretsen Carlson, P. D. Thompson, Herjuno Rah Nindhito, Jonathan Long, Andrew Pilkington, Vitaliano Chiarella, Bobby Samir Acharya, Matthew Joseph Basso, Carlo Schiavi, Simone Francescato, M. Della Pietra, Xiaohu Sun, R. Teixeira De Lima, Jemal Khubua, Y. El Ghazali, Gianluca Introzzi, Y. S. Ng, Jafar Shojaii, Sarah Whitney Ferguson, Giulia Gonella, Leonardo Paolo Rossi, Joseph Patton, Jakob Novak, Ole Røhne, Frank Siegert, Wenkai Zou, Judith Katzy, Kla Karava, Yaquan Fang, Patrick Rieck, Kirill Prokofiev, Djamel Eddine Boumediene, Noam Hod, Louis Portales, Katsuo Tokushuku, Nicole Michelle Hartman, Yi Fei Han, Pavel Tsiareshka, Julia Isabell Djuvsland, A. Salvador Salas, Eirik Gramstad, Santosh Parajuli, Nils Krumnack, Maria Mironova, C. Dallapiccola, James Cameron Grundy, Z. Liang, Edoardo Maria Farina, Paul Gessinger-Befurt, Fernando Barreiro, M. A. Principe Martin, O. E. Vickey Boeriu, Lorenzo Massa, Adam Trzupek, Heather Russell, Atanu Pathak, Timothy Michael Knight, Ava Chloe Audrey Lee, Anamika Aggarwal, Ivan Sykora, Guillaume Unal, Daniela Bortoletto, Galen Rhodes Gledhill, Lars Rickard Strom, Robert Adam Vallance, Evgeny Starchenko, Emilio Higón-Rodriguez, C. Padilla Aranda, David Berge, Emily McDonald, Ph. Schwemling, Pavol Strizenec, J. Salt, K. Graham, Siegfried Wenig, Y. Delabat Diaz, Anne Marie Sickles, Santu Mondal, Mohamed Zaazoua, Tae Hyoun Park, Teresa Barillari, M. Valente, Alexey Zhemchugov, Jianhuan Xiang, Christina Nelson, Dms Sultan, A. Vallier, Katja Hannele Mankinen, Philipp Horn, Igor Mandić, Ning Zhou, S. Sinha, C. H. Chen, Andrey Sapronov, Nicolas Berger, Silke Mobius, Anil Sonay, Hui Li, Fernando Monticelli, Wenhao Xu, Peter Krieger, Antonio Giannini, Audrey Katherine Kvam, B. J. Liu, Lluisa-Maria Mir, Mazuza Ghneimat, Mika Huhtinen, Julien Maurer, Bernardo Sotto-Maior Peralva, F. Fischer, Manuella Vincter, Anna Lipniacka, Christina Agapopoulou, Leigh Schaefer, Thilo Pauly, Michaela Queitsch-maitland, Marc Weber, J. M. Iturbe Ponce, Grigore Tarna, B. Chen, Konstantin Lehmann, I. Sayago Galvan, Soumya Mohapatra, Gerhard Brandt, Zainab Soumaimi, P. J. Clark, Abraham Seiden, James David Shinner, Heiko Lacker, Brian Le, Silvia Auricchio, Loan Truong, Marine Kuna, Rena Wakasa, Thu Pham, Egor Antipov, Arthur Rene Chomont, Jianming Qian, Marcel Vreeswijk, Frederic Derue, T. Moa, Jason Tyler Colt Barkeloo, Vlasios Petousis, Lidija Živković, Andrew Buckley, Marumi Kado, J. Del Peso, Malik Aliev, M. Pedersen, Z. Li, D. K. Panchal, N. De Groot, J. A. Kremer, L. Pascual Dominguez, Andreas Lokken Heggelund, Giovanni Bartolini, Andrei Salnikov, Frederic Deliot, I. M. Gregor, Tetsuro Mashimo, Hassane Hamdaoui, Peter Charles Mcnamara, Peter Johannes Falke, Victor Kukhtin, Stefan Richter, Reiyo Oishi, Shyam Balaji, S. Ketabchi Haghighat, E. V. Bouhova-Thacker, K. K. Gan, Maria Giovanna Foti, Brian Petersen, R. Les, Meghranjana Chatterjee, Yuji Yamazaki, Veronika Magerl, M. Didenko, Guglielmo Frattari, Stylianos Angelidakis, Janusz Chwastowski, Christian Grefe, Cristiano Alpigiani, Hans Krüger, Fares Djama, Stanley Lai, Duc Ta, William Brooks, M. Rezaei Estabragh, Alexandra Tudorache, L. Di Ciaccio, Mohammad Jawad Kareem, Dylan Pizzi, Nathan Lalloue, Catrin Bernius, Thomas Malte Spieker, Jan Thomas Kuechler, Jesse Heilman, Namig Javadov, Tamar Djobava, Sinan Kuday, Masahiro Morinaga, R. Camacho Toro, T. P. A. Åkesson, Ioannis Michail Maniatis, Davide Costanzo, J-P. Meyer, Lucio Cerrito, Anastasia Kotsokechagia, Ahmet Bingul, Elzbieta Richter-Was, Russell James Turner, Bing Zhang, Pengqi Yin, C. Diez Pardos, Alberto Annovi, Dennis Pudzha, E. Perez Codina, R. K. Keeler, Chris Sander, Louis Vaslin, Tancredi Carli, Roberto Cardarelli, Jaroslav Guenther, Krzysztof Janas, A. De Maria, J. Boudreau, Alexander Undrus, Calum Michael Macdonald, Martin Spangenberg, Zakaria Chadi, M. E. Nelson, Christoph Thomas Klein, Garrett William Merz, Simon Henry Connell, Moe Wakida, Michal Marcisovsky, Adam James Bozson, Mark Stockton, Yoichi Ikegami, A. N. Tuna, G. Di Gregorio, Daniel Andreas Britzger, Marco Battaglia, Binish Batool, Else Lytken, Anthony Keith Morley, Peter Wagner, Wasikul Islam, L. F. Oleiro Seabra, Adrian Chitan, Benjamin Wynne, A. De Salvo, Radek Novotny, Koji Terashi, Shahzad Ali, Tatsuya Masubuchi, Oliver Keith Baker, Jiri Kvita, Lucas Macrorie Flores, Rupert Tombs, Mauro Citterio, Alexander Zaitsev, Emmerich Kneringer, Takafumi Kodama, Francesco Crescioli, Victoria Jane Martin, Q. Hu, H. Cai, U. Mallik, Martin Aleksa, Marta Lidia Rimoldi, Todd Seiss, Tamar Zakareishvili, Katherine Pachal, C. A. Lee, Dj. Sijacki, Max Maerker, Yuta Okazaki, Yann Coadou, Faig Ahmadov, Blake Burghgrave, Giuseppe Avolio, J. Smiesko, Masahiro Yamatani, S. Stärz, M. Alvarez Estevez, Evelin Meoni, Lorenzo Rossini, M. Kuze, Laura Fabbri, Binbin Dong, Marco Aparo, Tigran Mkrtchyan, Isabelle Wingerter-Seez, A. Bandyopadhyay, Alessandro Tricoli, James Geddy Heinlein, Sebastian Andreas Merkt, Jared David Little, Jihad Assahsah, Jozsef Toth, Elena Korolkova, Martin Habedank, Oleg Bulekov, Konstantin Zhukov, Bartosz Sebastian Dziedzic, Christoph Amelung, F. G. Oakham, Aoto Tanaka, W. Y. Chan, Jörgen Sjölin, Hella Leonie Snoek, Nicolas Scharmberg, Jun Gao, Migle Stankaityte, Craig Buttar, M-S. Barisits, Andre Sopczak, Paolo Iengo, Stefan Stonjek, Kaito Sugizaki, A. S. Tee, A. Ouraou, Petronel Postolache, Mark Hodgkinson, Gian Luigi Alberghi, Yosuke Takubo, E. L. Barberio, D. De Pedis, Alberto Stabile, J. A. Aguilar-Saavedra, Iwona Grabowska-Bold, Katharina Bianca Jakobi, T. Lari, Johannes Frederic Damp, B. Safarzadeh Samani, Naoki Kimura, A. Di Luca, Judita Mamuzic, Till Eifert, C. Rizzi, Michael Donald Hank, Stefan Guindon, Simone Michele Mazza, Gideon Bella, J. K. K. Liu, Jan-Ulf Mjörnmark, Sara Valentinetti, Robert James Ward, Carla Sbarra, Kevin Michael Nelson, Victor Sorin Martoiu, Bmm Allbrooke, Takanori Kono, Frank Winklmeier, L. R. Flores Castillo, A. Abed Abud, Pablo Rivadeneira, Felix Fidelio Klitzner, Tova Ray Holmes, Miroslav Myska, Ava Anne Myers, P. Morettini, Sofia Adorni, I. Lopez Paz, Ben Carlson, C. Zeitnitz, Paolo Sabatini, Michele Livan, Speranza Falciano, D. Fassouliotis, B. Stanislaus, Annick Lleres, D. Paredes Hernandez, Markus Wobisch, E. Alunno Camelia, J. J. Lozano Bahilo, Christopher Lester, Jing Guo, Fabian Klimpel, Patrick Scholer, Laurent Schoeffel, Christine Kourkoumelis, D. Gillberg, Rupert Leitner, Francesco Costanza, Gvantsa Mchedlidze, H. J. Cheng, Giuliano Gustavino, Friedemann Neuhaus, A. J. Beddall, M. J. Kobel, Trine Poulsen, P. de Jong, Arnaud Duperrin, Heather Gray, Hao Zhou, A. Di Girolamo, Steven Williams, Z. Tao, Michael Hance, A. J. Barr, Vakhtang Tsulaia, Joseph M Muse, Andrew White, Guillermo Nicolas Hamity, Gunnar Jakel, M. J. Da Cunha Sargedas De Sousa, Peter Berta, Jacqueline Batley, O. A. Ducu, Jindong Li, Christopher Samuel Pollard, Alexander Lory, Claudio Luci, J. Von Ahnen, Patrawan Pasuwan, Driss Benchekroun, Kunihiro Nagano, Giancarlo Spigo, Kathleen Whalen, M. Sahinsoy, Arnulf Quadt, Shi-Wen Li, D. M. Portillo Quintero, Jiangyong Jia, Stefano Terzo, Alan Peyaud, B. X. Liu, Marko Stamenkovic, Davide Pietro Mungo, Tamas Novak, Kevin Kroeninger, Helen Hayward, Elemer Nagy, J. P. Mc Gowan, Shoji Asai, Claire Malone, Thomas Lohse, Michele Michetti, Juan Pedro Ochoa-Ricoux, Andrea Dell'Acqua, M. Mikuž, Peter Jenni, V. S. Bobrovnikov, Ulrike Blumenschein, Mauro Iodice, Ruggero Turra, Maxence Vandenbroucke, Maia Mosidze, Pavel Podberezko, Babar Ali, D. J. Lewis, Ann-Kathrin Perrevoort, Timothy Barklow, Daria Zieminska, Halina Abramowicz, Andrey Karyukhin, Benjamin Paul Honan, Ariella Cattai, Waleed Syed Ahmed, N. E. Pettersson, Alexey Myagkov, Luc Poggioli, Guido Gagliardi, Mikhail Mineev, Nisha Nareshbhai Lad, Ferdinand Schenck, Jad Mathieu Sardain, Abdualazem Fadol Mohammed, Kerstin Tackmann, Olga Novgorodova, Siegfried Bethke, Caterina Doglioni, Stanislav Tokár, J. Ocariz, Helena Lefebvre, Brian Cole, Davide Caforio, F. M. Garay Walls, Edward Diehl, Konstantinos Nikolopoulos, Devin James Mahon, Puja Saha, Manabu Togawa, M. J. Costa, P. Gauzzi, David Hohn, M. Ghasemi Bostanabad, Fabienne Ledroit-Guillon, Hong Cheng, John Rutherfoord, Florian Urs Bernlochner, Eunchong Kim, Alexander Held, Riccardo Vari, Maria Pilar Casado, Dennis Perepelitsa, Emma Tolley, Benjamin Gilbert, J. Fuster, Federico Scutti, Elodie Deborah Resseguie, E. J. W. Moyse, Stewart Martin-Haugh, H. Bahrasemani, Tadashi Maeno, Athina Kourkoumeli-Charalampidi, Simone Sottocornola, Stergios Kazakos, Henso Abreu, D. Su, Gregory Barbour, Dwayne Patrick Spiteri, Tim Jones, A. El Moussaouy, Kanae Asai, Andrei Snesarev, Elena Murielle Freundlich, Akanksha Vishwakarma, Hajar Imam, Amartya Rej, Alessandro Caltabiano, Nils Gillwald, Catalin Agheorghiesei, R. E. Long, Nandish Arjan Gorasia, Q. Ouyang, Yasuyuki Horii, Stefio Yosse Andrean, Tristan Beau, Omer Ogul Oncel, Daniel Fournier, R. F. Y. Peters, Attilio Picazio, Joao Saraiva, S. L. Lloyd, Elham E Khoda, Daniel Whiteson, Angela Maria Burger, Y. L. Liu, Lerothodi Leonard Leeuw, Maria Teresa Camerlingo, Anthony Badea, Diego Casadei, Vincent Hedberg, K. H. Hiller, Alessandro Ambler, Heberth Torres, Izaac Sanderswood, Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny, Stephen Gibson, Phillip Urquijo, Kentaro Kawade, Bryan Kortman, Thorsten Wengler, Konstantinos Ntekas, Marcel Michael Stanitzki, Evelin Bakos, Junji Tojo, Julian Blumenthal, Y. C. Zhu, Dale Charles Abbott, Howard Gordon, Marcel Weirich, P. Francavilla, Matthias Klein, A. Lopez Solis, Adam James Ruby, Karola Dette, Wen Yi Song, Michal Svatos, Mohamed Gouighri, Givi Sekhniaidze, Ayoib Che Ahmad, T. Nguyen Manh, R. C. W. Henderson, R. Gupta, Sayaka Wada, J. A. García Pascual, Erez Etzion, D. J. A. Antrim, Stéphane Jézéquel, S. E. von Buddenbrock, Helmut Wolters, Y-H. Chen, David William Thomas, Paolo Camarri, Stefan Tapprogge, Massimo Corradi, Yang Yang, Stefano Zambito, E. Valdes Santurio, Alexey Dudarev, Philippe Grenier, Javier Sánchez, Yuya Mino, Giulia Rovelli, Govindraj Singh Virdee, J. E. García Navarro, Yu. A. Tikhonov, Sascha Mehlhase, Marco Cristoforetti, Cyril Becot, Emmanuel Sauvan, Karel Smolek, Werner Wiedenmann, Nedaa Asbah, O. Bessidskaia Bylund, Vincent Alexander Croft, M. J. Alconada Verzini, Shunichi Akatsuka, Attila Krasznahorkay, Danijela Bogavac, J. S. Lange, Giancarlo Panizzo, Zhi Zheng, N. Aranzabal, M. Verissimo De Araujo, Lukas Ehrke, Xiaoxiong Wang, M. J. Shochet, Alexandre Rozanov, Farid Ould-Saada, Harry John Lyons, Francois Corriveau, Laura Jean Bergsten, C. M. Gee, Stefanie Todt, Kristin Lohwasser, Chi Wing Ng, Aviv Ruben Cukierman, Benjamin Haslum Hodkinson, Dirk Sammel, Wainer Vandelli, T. Geralis, Kenneth Wraight, Alexander Milov, Alexey Talyshev, Vladimir Cindro, Pierre-Hugues Beauchemin, Dominique Anderson Trischuk, Aaron James Armbruster, A. L. Moreira De Carvalho, Hyungsuk Son, Ilija Vukotic, B. Parida, Tobias Flick, Gabriele D'amen, Alberto Cervelli, Balazs Konya, L. Aperio Bella, Trygve Buanes, J. V. Da Fonseca Pinto, J. B. De Vivie De Regie, Ankita Mehta, Steven Schramm, Michela Biglietti, Giuseppe Iacobucci, Theodoros Georgio Zorbas, Thomas Koffas, Mesut Unal, Frank Sauerburger, P. Klimek, Mario Lassnig, A. Maio, A. Rodriguez Rodriguez, Francesco Ragusa, Archana Sharma, Benjamin Trocmé, L. K. Gladilin, Vit Vorobel, Cheng Chen, H. F-W. Sadrozinski, Tomoya Iizawa, David Robinson, Kunlin Han, Miroslav Havranek, S. Díez Cornell, S. Yu. Smirnov, Yiming Abulaiti, Huirun Chen, J. Proudfoot, Kenta Uno, Stefan Kluth, A. L. Lionti, James Andrew Kendrick, Christian Scharf, Brad Abbott, C. J. E. Suster, Maarten Boonekamp, R. Iuppa, Yusong Tian, Eric Drechsler, A. Di Ciaccio, Daniel Stefaniak Nielsen, Alex Martyniuk, Wolfgang Wagner, Y. S. Gao, Pierre Petroff, Claudio Santoni, Stephen Jiggins, P. F. Giraud, Pavel Shatalov, Jochen Dingfelder, Petter Nilsson, R. J. Hawkings, R. S. Orr, Matthieu Robin, Kevin Sedlaczek, Gabija Zemaityte, Benedetto Giacobbe, Marie-Hélène Genest, Ivan Pogrebnyak, Raphael Vuillermet, Claudia Glasman, Matteo Franchini, Ruth Magdalena Jacobs, Alessandro Lapertosa, Bengt Lund-Jensen, Susumu Oda, J. S. Keller, Paul Moder, Val O'Shea, T. Vazquez Schroeder, Matt Zhang, P. Johansson, John Hobbs, S. 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Munoz Sanchez, Emma Sian Kuwertz, Abdellah Tnourji, Raimund Ströhmer, Michele Pinamonti, Sabine Lammers, Volker Büscher, Luca Ambroz, A. T. Goshaw, E. Rossi, Smita Darmora, Hernan Wahlberg, L. D. Corpe, Falk Bartels, Andrey Kamenshchikov, S. Prell, Buddhadeb Mondal, Jie Zhang, James H Cochran, Marcela Mikestikova, Matthew Feickert, Emily Anne Thompson, Adam Kaluza, Veronique Boisvert, Janna Katharina Behr, Yury Smirnov, Alexander Cheplakov, Robin Hayes, S. R. Hou, Kazuki Todome, Mossadek Talby, James Baker Beacham, W. J. Murray, S. Sharma, Nico Madysa, Damiano Vannicola, John Andrew Raine, Philipp Fleischmann, Tatyana Kharlamova, N. M. Köhler, T. Jakoubek, Sabine Crépé-Renaudin, Fabio Cerutti, Sicong Lu, Julien Donini, D. Pietreanu, Sandra Kortner, M. I. Martínez, Jana Faltova, Alexey Kharlamov, Vadim Kostyukhin, Shixiang Su, M. Moreno Llácer, Bastian Schlag, Hiroaki Hibi, Guennadi Borissov, Aliaksei Hrynevich, Francesco Lacava, Thomas Beermann, Ivan Yeletskikh, J. T. P. 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Holzbock, S. J. Chen, C. Wanotayaroj, A. L. Steinhebel, Jonathan Jamieson, Andrei Alexandru Geanta, Albert Francis Casha, J. Huston, Federica Pasquali, Souad Batlamous, Vanja Morisbak, Frank Fiedler, Giovanni Maccarrone, T. R. Van Daalen, Chrysostomos Valderanis, Songi Han, Yohei Yamaguchi, Tim Herrmann, P. J. Bussey, William Axel Leight, Vincent Goumarre, Wladyslaw Dabrowski, Zekeriya Uysal, Andrej Filipcic, Daniil Ponomarenko, Krzysztof Ciesla, U. Soldevila, Lydia Roos, Kazuya Mochizuki, Minori Fujimoto, Zoya Karpova, Ki Lie, Peter Love, Maximilian Georg Herrmann, David Dodsworth, Joseph Earl Lambert, Albert Gyorgy Borbely, Fumihiko Ukegawa, Christopher J. Hayes, Andrea Formica, Venetios Polychronakos, Maria Myrto Prapa, V. Kartvelishvili, Benoit Lefebvre, S. Marti-Garcia, V. Vrba, Alix Fell, Tetiana Moskalets, Loic Valery, Kayla Dawn McLean, M. A. L. Leite, Kenji Hamano, P. M. Freeman, Evangelos Gazis, Karel Cerny, Alessandro Gabrielli, John Baines, Sergei Chekanov, Ourania Sidiropoulou, S. Oerdek, Gustaaf Brooijmans, Y. Jiang, Shih-Chang Lee, E. Torró Pastor, Benjamin Rottler, Claude Guyot, Sinead Farrington, Daniel Christopher Kelsey, Can Wang, L. Bellagamba, Sebastian Dittmeier, Christopher Deutsch, Rosa Simoniello, T. Ženiš, Jyoti Prakash Biswal, Henrik Oppen, Juraj Bracinik, R. E. Owen, Emily Nurse, Elizabeth Gallas, Mohammed Faraj, Robert J. Bielski, Sascha Dungs, C. Adam Bourdarios, C. P. A. Roland, Mario Spina, Yuji Minegishi, Florian Beisiegel, Melike Akbiyik, Volker Andreas Austrup, Johannes Elmsheuser, Yuqing Fan, Fabrizio Scuri, Sergey Peleganchuk, Filipp Dubinin, Yoji Hasegawa, H. Xu, Markus Cristinziani, Giuseppe Carratta, Klaudia Maj, Dominik Duda, Claire David, Bhaskar Dutta, Nicolin Govender, Rustem Ospanov, Todd Brian Huffman, Arthur Linss, Shayma Wahdan, Ketevi Assamagan, R. J. Langenberg, Ji Zhu, Stuart Derek Walker, Gabriella Sciolla, Emma Grace Castiglia, Thorwald Klapdor-kleingrothaus, Christos Paraskevopoulos, Savanna Marie Shaw, M. De Santis, Zhibo Wu, C. A. Solans Sanchez, S. Malyukov, J. C. Rivera Vergara, Thomas Michael Carter, Omer Tsur, Jean-Francois Laporte, Alessandro Cerri, Philip Bechtle, Andrew Blue, Lidia Dell'Asta, Fabrice Hubaut, H. Atmani, Dirk Zerwas, Eleanor Jones, Bruno Mansoulie, Paul Newman, Chuan-Feng Li, D. Xu, Alexei Klimentov, Anton Wolf, P. Puzo, Iain Alexander Bertram, J.C. Wang, Tobias Klingl, Michael Rijssenbeek, Andre Rummler, Greg Myers, Juan Terron, Frederic Schroeder, Xiaocong Ai, Fang-ying Tsai, C. Pitman Donaldson, M. Miralles Lopez, Olaf Nackenhorst, S. González de la Hoz, G. Khoriauli, Bernard Brickwedde, Jean-Francois Grivaz, M. Beretta, Hong-Liang Cui, Thomas Naumann, Rabia Shaheen, Riccardo-Maria Bianchi, Joseph Izen, Ruslan Mashinistov, Alessandra Ciocio, K. Sliwa, Kurt Keys Hill, Stephanie Zimmermann, Wendy Taylor, Ralf Hertenberger, Veysi Erkcan Ozcan, C. Lampoudis, Petr Andreevich Gorbounov, J. W. S. Carter, ATLAS (IHEF, IoP, FNWI), Other Research IHEF (IoP, FNWI), Współautorami artykułu są członkowie ATLAS Collaboration w liczbie 2872, The ATLAS collaboration, UAM. Departamento de Física Teórica, Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont (LPC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre de Calcul de l'IN2P3 (CC-IN2P3), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ATLAS, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), De Castro , S., Fabbri , L., Gabrielli , A., Rinaldi , L., Semprini Cesari , N., Sioli , M., Villa , M., Zoccoli , A., Bellagamba , L., Boscherini , D., Bruni , A., Bruni , G., Giacobbe , B., Polini , A., Sbarra , C., Sidoti , A., Franchini , M., Romano , M., Valentinetti , S., Alberghi , G. L., Lasagni Manghi , F, Massa , L., Vittori , C., Alfonsi , F, Cabras , G., Cervelli , A., Negrini , M., Todome , K., Carratta , G., Cavalli , N., Clissa , L., ATLAS collaboration, Aad, G, Bachas, K, Chiodini, G, Gorini, E, Gravili, F, Longo, L, Primavera, M, Reale, M, Schioppa, E, Spagnolo, S, Ventura, A, ATLAS Collaboration, And, Aloisio, Alberto, Alviggi, Mariagrazia, Canale, Vincenzo, Della Pietra, Massimo, Merola, Leonardo, Massarotti, Paolo, Conventi, Francesco, Rossi, Elvira, Carlino, Giampaolo, de Asmundis, Riccardo, Di Donato, Camilla, Doria, Alessandra, Iengo, Paolo, Izzo, Vincenzo, Perrella, Sabrina, Sekhniaidze, Givi, Cirotto, Francesco, Lavorgna, Marco, Giannini, Antonio, Atlas, Collaboration, Aad, G., Abbott, B., Abbott, D. C., Abed Abud, A., Abeling, K., Abhayasinghe, D. K., Abidi, S. H., Abramowicz, H., Abreu, H., Abulaiti, Y., Abusleme Hoffman, A. C., Acharya, B. 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V., Tsirigotis, A., Tsiskaridze, V., Tskhadadze, E. G., Tsopoulou, M., Tsukerman, I. I., Tsulaia, V., Tsuno, S., Tsur, O., Tsybychev, D., Tu, Y., Tudorache, A., Tudorache, V., Tuna, A. N., Turchikhin, S., Turgeman, D., Turk Cakir, I., Turner, R. J., Turra, R., Tuts, P. M., Tzamarias, S., Tzanis, P., Tzovara, E., Uchida, K., Ukegawa, F., Unal, G., Unal, M., Undrus, A., Unel, G., Ungaro, F. C., Uno, K., Urban, J., Urquijo, P., Usai, G., Ushioda, R., Usman, M., Uysal, Z., Vacek, V., Vachon, B., Vadla, K. O. H., Vafeiadis, T., Valderanis, C., Valdes Santurio, E., Valente, M., Valentinetti, S., Valero, A., Valéry, L., Vallance, R. A., Vallier, A., Valls Ferrer, J. A., Van Daalen, T. R., Van Gemmeren, P., Van Stroud, S., Van Vulpen, I., Vanadia, M., Vandelli, W., Vandenbroucke, M., Vandewall, E. R., Vannicola, D., Vannoli, L., Vari, R., Varnes, E. W., Varni, C., Varol, T., Varouchas, D., Varvell, K. E., Vasile, M. E., Vaslin, L., Vasquez, G. A., Vazeille, F., Vazquez Furelos, D., Vazquez Schroeder, T., Veatch, J., Vecchio, V., Veen, M. J., Veliscek, I., Veloce, L. M., Veloso, F., Veneziano, S., Ventura, A., Verbytskyi, A., Verducci, M., Vergis, C., Verissimo De Araujo, M., Verkerke, W., Vermeulen, A. T., Vermeulen, J. C., Vernieri, C., Verschuuren, P. J., Vesterbacka, M. L., Vetterli, M. C., Viaux Maira, N., Vickey, T., Vickey Boeriu, O. E., Viehhauser, G. H. A., Vigani, L., Villa, M., Villaplana Perez, M., Villhauer, E. M., Vilucchi, E., Vincter, M. G., Virdee, G. S., Vishwakarma, A., Vittori, C., Vivarelli, I., Vladimirov, V., Voevodina, E., Vogel, M., Vokac, P., Von Ahnen, J., von Buddenbrock, S. E., Von Toerne, E., Vorobel, V., Vorobev, K., Vos, M., Vossebeld, J. H., Vozak, M., Vranjes, N., Vranjes Milosavljevic, M., Vrba, V., Vreeswijk, M., Vu, N. K., Vuillermet, R., Vukotic, I., Wada, S., Wagner, C., Wagner, P., Wagner, W., Wahdan, S., Wahlberg, H., Wakasa, R., Wakida, M., Walbrecht, V. M., Walder, J., Walker, R., Walker, S. D., Walkowiak, W., Wang, A. M., Wang, A. Z., Wang, C., Wang, H., Wang, J., Wang, P., Wang, R. -J., Wang, R., Wang, S. M., Wang, S., Wang, T., Wang, W. T., Wang, W. X., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Wanotayaroj, C., Warburton, A., Ward, C. P., Ward, R. J., Warrack, N., Watson, A. T., Watson, M. F., Watts, G., Waugh, B. M., Webb, A. F., Weber, C., Weber, M. S., Weber, S. A., Weber, S. M., Wei, C., Wei, Y., Weidberg, A. R., Weingarten, J., Weirich, M., Weiser, C., Wenaus, T., Wendland, B., Wengler, T., Wenig, S., Wermes, N., Wessels, M., Whalen, K., Wharton, A. M., White, A. S., White, A., White, M. J., Whiteson, D., Wiedenmann, W., Wiel, C., Wielers, M., Wieseotte, N., Wiglesworth, C., Wiik-Fuchs, L. A. M., Wilbern, D. J., Wilkens, H. G., Wilkins, L. J., Williams, D. M., Williams, H. H., Williams, S., Willocq, S., Windischhofer, P. J., Wingerter-Seez, I., Winklmeier, F., Winter, B. T., Wittgen, M., Wobisch, M., Wolf, A., Wölker, R., Wollrath, J., Wolter, M. W., Wolters, H., Wong, V. W. S., Wongel, A. F., Worm, S. D., Wosiek, B. K., Woźniak, K. W., Wraight, K., Wu, J., Wu, S. L., Wu, X., Wu, Y., Wu, Z., Wuerzinger, J., Wyatt, T. R., Wynne, B. M., Xella, S., Xiang, J., Xiao, X., Xie, X., Xiotidis, I., Xu, D., Xu, H., Xu, L., Xu, R., Xu, W., Xu, Y., Xu, Z., Yabsley, B., Yacoob, S., Yamaguchi, N., Yamaguchi, Y., Yamatani, M., Yamauchi, H., Yamazaki, T., Yamazaki, Y., Yan, J., Yan, Z., Yang, H. J., Yang, H. T., Yang, S., Yang, T., Yang, X., Yang, Y., Yang, Z., Yao, W-M., Yap, Y. C., Ye, H., Ye, J., Ye, S., Yeletskikh, I., Yexley, M. R., Yin, P., Yorita, K., Yoshihara, K., Young, C. J. S., Young, C., Yuan, R., Yue, X., Zaazoua, M., Zabinski, B., Zacharis, G., Zaffaroni, E., Zaitsev, A. M., Zakareishvili, T., Zakharchuk, N., Zambito, S., Zanzi, D., Zeißner, S. V., Zeitnitz, C., Zemaityte, G., Zeng, J. C., Zenin, O., Ženiš, T., Zenz, S., Zerradi, S., Zerwas, D., Zgubič, M., Zhang, B., Zhang, D. F., Zhang, G., Zhang, J., Zhang, K., Zhang, L., Zhang, M., Zhang, R., Zhang, S., Zhang, X., Zhang, Z., Zhao, P., Zhao, Y., Zhao, Z., Zhemchugov, A., Zheng, Z., Zhong, D., Zhou, B., Zhou, C., Zhou, H., Zhou, N., Zhou, Y., Zhu, C. G., Zhu, C., Zhu, H. L., Zhu, H., Zhu, J., Zhu, Y., Zhuang, X., Zhukov, K., Zhulanov, V., Zieminska, D., Zimine, N. I., Zimmermann, S., Ziolkowski, M., Živković, L., Zoccoli, A., Zoch, K., Zorbas, T. G., Zormpa, O., Zou, W., and Zwalinski, L.
Subjects: R parity, gluino, jet, multiplicity, high, Kjerne- og elementærpartikkelfysikk: 431 [VDP], lepton, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), gluino, production, GeV, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Subatomär fysik, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), jet, Subatomic Physics, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], multiplicity, Boson, LHC ATLAS, QC, Partons, Settore FIS/01, Physics, Gluino, gluino, mass, Large Hadron Collider, R-parity, 4. Education, high, Higgs Bosons, Supersymmetry, ATLAS, supersymmetry, proton proton collisions, lhc, CERN LHC Coll, p p, Nuclear and elementary particle physics: 431 [VDP], R parity, violation, Production (computer science), violation, LHC, Particle Physics - Experiment, Particle physics, 530 Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, p p, scattering, FOS: Physical sciences, LHC, ATLAS, High Energy Physics, Standard Model, 0103 physical sciences, jet, multiplicity, TeV, ddc:530, Higgsino, High Energy Physics, Particle Physics, 010306 general physics, Engineering (miscellaneous), background, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, scattering, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Física, sensitivity, Particle Physics, LHC, ATLAS, R-parity, mass, High Energy Physics::Experiment, production, Hadron-hadron collisions, Lepton
Abstract: We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; ANID, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; Minciencias, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPOCR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS and CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGFandMPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGCand HongKong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; JINR; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS andMIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support fromBCKDF, CANARIE, ComputeCanada, CRCand IVADO, Canada; Beijing Municipal Science& Technology Commission, China; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sk1 ~odowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex, Investissements d'Avenir Idex and ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and GIF, Israel; La Caixa Banking Foundation, CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya and PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; Goran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in Ref. [143]., A search for R-parity-violating supersymmetry in final states characterized by high jet multiplicity, at least one isolated light lepton and either zero or at least three btagged jets is presented. The search uses 139 fb−1 of √ s = 13 TeVproton–proton collision data collected by theATLAS experiment during Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider. The results are interpreted in the context of R-parity-violating supersymmetry models that feature gluino production, topsquark production, or electroweakino production. The dominant sources of background are estimated using a data-driven model, based on observables at medium jet multiplicity, to predict the b-tagged jet multiplicity distribution at the higher jet multiplicities used in the search. Machine-learning techniques are used to reach sensitivity to electroweakino production, extending the data-driven background estimation to the shape of the machine-learning discriminant. No significant excess over the Standard Model expectation is observed and exclusion limits at the 95% confidence level are extracted, reaching as high as 2.4 TeV in gluino mass, 1.35 TeV in topsquark mass, and 320 (365) GeV in higgsino (wino) mass., ANPCyT, YerPhI, Armenia, Australian Research Council, BMWFW, Austria, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS), SSTC, Belarus, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ) Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Canada Foundation for Innovation NRC, Canada, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), CERN, ANID, Chile, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ministry of Science and Technology, China National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), Minciencias, Colombia, Ministry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic Czech Republic Government, DNRF, Denmark Danish Natural Science Research Council, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) CEA-DRF/IRFU, France, SRNSFG, Georgia, Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF), HGF, Germany Max Planck Society, Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT, RGC, China HongKong SAR, China, Israel Science Foundation Benoziyo Center, Israel, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, CNRST, Morocco, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government, RCN, Norway, Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland NCN, Poland, Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology European Commission, MNE/IFA, Romania, JINR, Russian Federation NRC KI, Russian Federation, Ministry of Education, Science & Technological Development, Serbia, MSSR, Slovakia, Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia MIZS, Slovenia, DST/NRF, South Africa, Spanish Government, SRC, Sweden Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden, SERI, Switzerland Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) Canton of Bern, Switzerland Canton of Geneva, Switzerland, Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey, UK Research & Innovation (UKRI), Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United States Department of Energy (DOE), National Science Foundation (NSF), BCKDF, Canada CANARIE, Canada ComputeCanada, Canada CRC, Canada IVADO, Canada, Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, COST, European Union European Research Council (ERC) Horizon 2020, European Union Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union ERDF, European Union French National Research Agency (ANR), German Research Foundation (DFG) Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, EU-ESF, Greece Greek NSRF, Greece, BSF-NSF, Israel German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development, La Caixa Banking Foundation, Spain CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain GenT Programme Generalitat Valenciana, Spain, Goran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden, Royal Society of London, Leverhulme Trust, Herakleitos programme Thales Group Aristeia programme, PROMETEO Programme Generalitat Valenciana, Spain
Published: 2021

24. Axion search with BabyIAXO in view of IAXO

Author: Pierre Brun, A. Marin-Franch, S. Aune, C. Iñiguez, G. Luzón, D. Díez, Y. Giomataris, L. Obis, Nikolai Golubev, Igor Tkachev, G. Pareschi, S. Rueda-Teruel, B. Biasuzzi, D. Unger, Marta Civitani, O. Limousin, L. Kravchuk, A. Abeln, K. Altenmüller, Walter Wuensch, Ulrich Werthenbach, Sergey Troitsky, N. Bykovskiy, J.P. Mols, Sergei Gninenko, J. Golm, L. Dumoulin, Amanda Weltman, Matthias Mentink, C. Nones, Krešimir Jakovčić, I. Lomskaya, Javier Redondo, J. Vogel, J. Ruz, I. Drachnev, M. J. Pivovaroff, D.V. Poda, Jordi Miralda-Escudé, Javier Galan, Loredana Gastaldo, T. Lasserre, C. Malbrunot, I. G. Irastorza, Lars Hagge, Nikita Ushakov, P. L. Henriksen, Joan Mauricio, D. Calvet, E. Ruiz-Choliz, V. Chernov, A. Ortiz de Solórzano, T. Papaevangelou, K. Perez, BayarJon Paul Lubsandorzhiev, S. Marnieros, R. Iglesias-Marzoa, J. F. Castel, H. P. Pais Da Silva, S. Schmidt, H. Ten Kate, S. Cebrián, Fabrizio Tavecchio, A. A. Nozik, F. J. Iguaz-Gutierrez, Finn Erland Christensen, Y. Menesguen, David Gascon, T. Schiffer, P. Laurent, V. S. Pantuev, M. R.D. Rodrigues, D. Hengstler, David Attié, C. Margalejo, J. M. Carmona, Jordi Salvado, B. Kanoute, F. Marutzky, Stefano Basso, T. Dafni, S. Arguedas Cuendis, Alexey Dudarev, C. Oriol, S. Oster, Luc Bergé, G. López-Alegre, J. Hahn, Biljana Lakić, U. Schneekloth, H. Mirallas, Maurizio Giannotti, E. Ferrer-Ribas, Charles J. Hailey, X-F. Navick, F. Rueda-Teruel, A. V. Derbin, E. O. Saemann, E. Armengaud, E. Picatoste, Federico Mescia, V. Muratova, Martin Loidl, O. Pérez, D. Voronin, P. Borges de Sousa, K. Ludwig, Klaus Kurt Desch, Babette Döbrich, S. Karstensen, D. D. M. Ferreira, L. Segui, Andreas Ringwald, C. Cogollos, A. Yanes-Díaz, Ivor Fleck, F. Orsini, A. Giuliani, Matthias Schott, Jochen Kaminski, Alessio Notari, M. Dinter, E. Unzhakov, A. Lindner, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Heidelberg University, University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza], European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera (OAB), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology [Moscow] (MIPT), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), National Research Center 'Kurchatov Institute' (NRC KI), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron [Hamburg] (DESY), National Space Institute [Lyngby] (DTU Space), University of Siegen, Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, University of Heidelberg, Dept Phys Sci - Barry University, Barry University, Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences (INR), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], Universität Siegen [Siegen], Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón, Rudjer Boskovic Institute [Zagreb], Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNHB), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département d'instrumentation Numérique (DIN (CEA-LIST)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Stanford University, Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz = Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), University of Cape Town, IAXO collaboration, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), and Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz (JGU)
Subjects: Particle physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, solar axion, [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], experimental methods, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, 7. Clean energy, String (physics), Standard Model, axion helioscope, design [detector], International Axion Observatory (IAXO), Observatory, Peccei-Quinn mechanism, Dark Matter, detector design, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Axion, sun-tracking systems, physics.ins-det, activity report, detector: design, Physics, instrumentation, Helioscope, Large Hadron Collider, detector, solar [axion], DESY, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), [PHYS.ASTR.SR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], IAXO, magnet, optics, axion: solar
Abstract: Axions are a natural consequence of the Peccei-Quinn mechanism, the most compelling solution to the strong-CP problem. Similar axion-like particles (ALPs) also appear in a number of possible extensions of the Standard Model, notably in string theories. Both axions and ALPs are very well motivated candidates for Dark Matter, and in addition, they would be copiously produced at the sun's core. A relevant effort during the last decade has been the CAST experiment at CERN, the most sensitive axion helioscope to-date. The International Axion Observatory (IAXO) is a large-scale 4th generation helioscope. As its primary physics goal, IAXO will look for solar axions or ALPs with a signal to background ratio of about 5 orders of magnitude higher than CAST. Recently the IAXO collaboration has proposed and intermediate experimental stage, BabyIAXO, conceived to test all IAXO subsystems (magnet, optics, detectors and sun-tracking systems) at a relevant scale for the final system and thus serve as pathfinder for IAXO but at the same time as a fully-fledged helioscope with record and relevant physics reach in itself with potential for discovery. BabyIAXO was endorsed by the Physics Review committee of DESY last May 2019. Here we will review the status and prospects of BabyIAXO and its potential to probe the most physics motivated regions of the axion & ALPs parameter space., 6 pages, ICHEP 2020 Virtual conference
Published: 2020
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25. Fast Failures in the LHC and the future High Luminosity LHC*

Author: Reiner Denz, Lorenzo Bortot, Bjorn Lindstrom, Christoph Wiesner, Markus Zerlauth, Ruediger Schmidt, Emmanuele Ravaioli, F. Rodriguez Mateos, Matthias Mentink, Matthieu Valette, Philippe Belanger, Arjan Verweij, Jan Uythoven, and Daniel Wollmann
Subjects: Physics, Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Luminosity (scattering theory), Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Proton, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, FOS: Physical sciences, Acceleratorfysik och instrumentering, Surfaces and Interfaces, Accelerator Physics and Instrumentation, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Nuclear physics, lcsh:QC770-798, Physics::Accelerator Physics, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, Physics - Accelerator Physics, Beam (structure), physics.acc-ph
Abstract: An energy of $362\:\text{MJ}$ is stored in each of the two LHC proton beams for nominal beam parameters. This will be further increased to about $700\:\text{MJ}$ in the future High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) and uncontrolled beam losses represent a significant hazard for the integrity and safe operation of the machine. In this paper, a number of failure mechanisms that can lead to a fast increase of beam losses are analyzed. Most critical are failures in the magnet protection system, namely the quench heaters and a novel protection system called Coupling-Loss Induced Quench (CLIQ). An important outcome is that magnet protection has to be evaluated for its impact on the beam and designed accordingly. In particular, CLIQ, which is to protect the new HL-LHC triplet magnets, constitutes the fastest known failure in the LHC if triggered spuriously. A schematic change of CLIQ to mitigate the hazard is presented. A loss of the Beam-Beam Kick due to the extraction of one beam is another source of beam losses with a fast onset. A significantly stronger impact is expected in the upcoming LHC Run III and HL-LHC as compared to the current LHC, mainly due to the increased bunch intensity. Its criticality and mitigation methods are discussed. It is shown that symmetric quenches in the superconducting magnets for the final focusing triplet can have a significant impact on the beam on short timescales. The impact on the beam due to failures of the Beam-Beam Compensating Wires as well as coherent excitations by the transverse beam damper are also discussed., Comment: 28 pages, 23 figures. To be published in Physical Review Accelerators and Beams
Published: 2020
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26. Simulation of a Quench Event in the Upgraded High-Luminosity LHC Main Dipole Circuit Including the 11 T Nb3Sn Dipole Magnets

Author: Marco Prioli, Matthias Mentink, Michal Maciejewski, Susana Izquierdo Bermudez, Arjan Verweij, Bernhard Auchmann, Alejandro Manuel Fernandez Navarro, Samer Yammine, E. Ravaioli, and Lorenzo Bortot
Subjects: Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Niobium-titanium, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Computational physics, Computer Science::Hardware Architecture, chemistry.chemical_compound, Dipole, chemistry, Dipole magnet, Magnet, Electronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Niobium-tin, Electronic circuit
Abstract: To achieve the goal of increased luminosity, two out of eight main dipole circuits of the accelerator will be reconfigured in the coming LHC upgrade by replacing one standard 14.3-m long, Nb-Ti-based, 8.3 T dipole magnet by two 5.3-m long, Nb 3 Sn-based, 11.2 T magnets (MBH). The modified dipole circuits will contain 153 Nb-Ti magnets and two MBH magnets. The latter will be connected to an additional trim power converter to compensate for the differences in the magnetic transfer functions. These modifications imply a number of challenges from the point of view of the circuit integrity, operation, and quench protection. In order to assess the circuit performance under different scenarios and to validate the circuit quench protection strategy, reliable and accurate numerical transient simulations have to be performed. We present the field/circuit coupling simulation of the reconfigured main dipole magnet chain following the introduction of the MBH magnets. 2-D distributed LEDET models of the MBH's have been created to simulate the electrothermal transient occurring during a quench event, whereas the full electrical circuit of the main dipole chain, containing the 11 T magnets and their trim circuit, is simulated in PSpice. These two models are coupled through the STEAM cosimulation framework, calculating the electromagnetic and thermal transients in the magnets and circuit. The field/circuit coupling simulations performed with STEAM evaluate how the complex circuit affects the quenching magnet and vice versa. The results show a safe fast power abort of the system in the event of a quench in one of the MBH magnets, and support the validation of the correct functioning of the reconfigured main dipole circuit.
Published: 2018

27. First Experimental Results on Damage Limits of Superconducting Accelerator Magnet Components Due to Instantaneous Beam Impact

Author: Marco Bonura, R. Schmidt, Matthias Mentink, Karolina Kulesz, Arjan Verweij, Daniel Wollmann, David Kleiven, Andrzej Siemko, Carmine Senatore, Andreas Will, and V. Raginel
Subjects: Superconductivity, Large Hadron Collider, Materials science, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Nuclear engineering, ddc:500.2, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Temperature measurement, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Breakdown voltage, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Niobium-tin, 010306 general physics, Beam (structure)
Abstract: The energy stored in the particle beams of an accelerator such as CERNs LHC is substantial and requires a complex machine protection system to protect the equipment from damage. Despite efficient beam absorbers, several failure modes can lead to beam impact on superconducting magnets. The energy deposition from these beam losses can cause significant temperature rise and mechanical stress in the magnet coils, which can lead to a degradation of the insulation strength and critical current of the superconducting cables. An improved understanding of the damage mechanisms is important for the LHC when considering its planned increase in beam brightness, as well as for other accelerators using superconducting magnets. The degradation mechanisms of Nb-Ti and Nb $_3$ Sn strands and the cable stacks insulation have been assessed based on magnetization and breakdown voltage measurements in three experiments at room temperature. The degradation of the insulation when exposed to high temperatures for several hours was measured. The second experiment assessed the effect of a millisecond temperature rise on superconducting strands using a fast capacitor discharge. In the third experiment, cable stacks and single strands have been exposed to a 440 GeV proton beam. In this paper, the experimental results of these tests are presented and discussed.
Published: 2018

28. Quench Behavior of the HL-LHC Twin Aperture Orbit Correctors

Author: Matthias Mentink, Michal Duda, Glyn Kirby, Jeroen van Nugteren, and Franco Mangiarotti
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Large Hadron Collider, Materials science, Aperture, Thermal contact, Superconducting magnet, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Electromagnetic coil, law, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Eddy current, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Magnetic dipole
Abstract: A study was performed to understand the quench behavior and ensure adequate quench protection of the canted cosine theta (CCT) twin aperture orbit corrector magnet, a superconducting magnet under development as part of the high-luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). The cosine theta geometry features canted superconducting coils, which together produce a magnetic dipole field. The NbTi/Cu strands are placed in slots inside formers that maintain the shape of the coils. The presence of these formers affects the quench behavior of the magnet by preventing direct thermal contact between adjacent groups of strands. At the same time, a discharge of the stored energy over an external resistor results in significant eddy current heating inside the formers, which quickly brings the entire superconducting magnet to a normal state. A calculation model was developed that describes the electrical and thermal behavior of this type of magnet, and the results of this model are compared to experimental observations on a 0.5 m CCT model coil. It is found that the calculation results and experimental observations are generally consistent, although the simplified manner in which the eddy current heating is described in the model leads to a modest overestimation of the hotspot temperature. The calculation results indicate that a proposed quench protection configuration, featuring a discharge over a 0.7 $\Omega$ energy extractor and a 0.05 $\Omega$ crowbar, is sufficient to protect both the 0.5 m CCT model magnet and the 2.2 m CCT prototype magnet, resulting in hotspot temperatures of 63 and 193 K, and peak voltages to ground of 300 and 310 V, respectively.
Published: 2018

29. A Statistical Analysis of Electrical Faults in the LHC Superconducting Magnets and Circuits

Author: F. Rodriguez-Mateos, M. Bednarek, Christian Scheuerlein, Mirko Pojer, Iván Romera, Bernard Auchmann, Matthias Mentink, Ezio Todesco, A. Perin, Z. Charifoulline, Attilio Milanese, V. Montabonnet, Andrzej Siemko, Sandrine Le Naour, Daniel Wollmann, Jens Steckert, Arjan Verweij, Gerard Willering, Per Espen Hagen, Daniel Calcoen, G. J. Coelingh, Markus Zerlauth, Luca Bottura, Michele Modena, Matteo Solfaroli, R. Schmidt, G. D'Angelo, and J. P. Tock
Subjects: Superconductivity, Large Hadron Collider, Computer science, business.industry, Electrical engineering, Integrated circuit, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Magnetic circuit, law, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Instrumentation (computer programming), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, business, Electronic circuit
Abstract: The large hadron collider (LHC) at CERN has been operating and generating physics experimental data since September 2008, and following its first long shut down, it has entered a second, 4-year-long physics run. It is to date the largest superconducting installation ever built, counting over 9000 magnets along its 27-km long circumference. A significant operational experience has been accumulated, including the occurrence and consequences of electrical faults at the level of the superconducting magnets, as well as their protection and instrumentation circuits. The purpose of this paper is to provide a first overview of the most common electrical faults and their frequency of occurrence in the first years of operation, and to perform a statistical analysis that can provide reference values for future productions of similar dimensions and nature.
Published: 2018

30. Hi-Lumi LHC Twin Aperture Orbit Correctors 0.5-m Model Magnet Development and Cold Test

Author: J. Rysti, Per Espen Hagen, Matthias Mentink, Francois Olivier Pincot, Ezio Todesco, Nicolas Bourcey, Gijs de Rijk, J. Mazet, Jeroen van Nugteren, Glyn Kirby, Jaakko Samuel Murtomaki, Luca Gentini, Juan Carlos Perez, and Franco Mangiarotti
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Aperture, business.industry, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Optics, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Orbit (dynamics), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, business, Yoke, Beam (structure)
Abstract: The large hadron collider (LHC) upgrade, called high-luminosity LHC is planned for the next decade. A wide range of magnets and new technologies are currently under development. One of these systems will be a set of twin aperture beam orbit correctors positioned on the approaches to the ATLAS and CMS experiments. This twin aperture magnet system comprising 16 magnets, approximately 2 m long, with large 105-mm clear aperture coils. Each aperture will independently deliver 5-T⋅m integral field, between apertures the field vectors are rotated by 90° from each other, and individually powered. This paper presents the sequence of component developments to produce a cost-effective canted cosine theta model magnet. We describe the challenges encountered during the manufacture of the coil formers with their helical canted coil winding process which places a number of insulated wires into the 2-mm-wide 5-mm-deep slot. We describe the: pressurized impregnation process, multiple jointing to connect inner and outer sets of wires within the confines of the coil assembly, and magnet assembly into support structure and yoke. Finally, we present the quench performance and initial test results of this novel coil configuration.
Published: 2018

31. New Bridge Temperature Sensor for Superconducting Magnets and Other Cryogenic Applications

Author: Herman H.J. ten Kate, J. Bremer, Alexey Dudarev, Jeroen ter Harmsel, Tim Mulder, Matthias Mentink, and Energy, Materials and Systems
Subjects: Wheatstone bridge, Materials science, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Liquid helium, Temperature sensor, Superconducting magnet, Cryogenics, platinum sensor, Atmospheric temperature range, Condensed Matter Physics, Temperature measurement, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, law, Optoelectronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Resistor, Negative temperature, business, carbon resistor
Abstract: A few hundred temperature sensors are used to monitor the temperature behavior of the gigantic ATLAS toroid superconducting magnet system during cool down and normal operation. In order to guarantee good sensitivity of temperature measurements in the range from liquid helium to room temperature, two types of sensors are positioned at the same location: platinum resistance thermometers for the range 30–300 K and carbon composition resistors (Allen-Bradley) for the 4–30 K range. Both types are very well known for use in cryogenics and they have performed satisfactorily during 10 year of ATLAS operation. The sensors themselves are easily available and inexpensive and the main cost is for the many kilometers of cold and warm instrumentation cables, connectors, conditioners, and installation work. A reduction of the amount of measurement channels is an important issue and this motivated us to develop a new compact and robust sensor module covering the entire temperature range that would combine advantages of both platinum and carbon resistors. The solution is trivial, elegant, and simple. Two resistors with positive temperature derivative and two resistors with negative temperature derivative are connected in a full-bridge connection. We used two platinum and two carbon resistors. The output signal is a result of the subtraction of voltages across positive and negative temperature derivative resistors that makes this temperature bridge sensor very sensitive for the entire temperature range. Variable temperature characterization tests were performed in the helium gas environment in the CERN Cryogenic Laboratory. Our measurements have demonstrated that the bridge sensors have a full range sensitivity better than 0.1 mV/K at a supply current of 100 μ A. In the meantime, a few other superconducting detector magnets in experiments operating at CERN are equipped with these new, simple, and robust temperature sensors.
Published: 2018

32. Evolution of the Conceptual FCC-hh Baseline Detector Magnet Design

Author: Vyacheslav Klyukhin, Matthias Mentink, Andrea Gaddi, U. Wagner, Alexey Dudarev, H. Gerwig, H. Ten Kate, C. Berriaud, Helder Pais Da Silva, E. Bielert, and B. Curé
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Physics, Magnetic energy, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Detector, Mechanical engineering, Solenoid, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Future Circular Collider, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Magnetic field, Conceptual design, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Electromagnetic shielding, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics
Abstract: As a part of the future circular collider conceptual design study for hadron-hadron physics (FCC-hh), conceptual designs of detector magnets are being developed to facilitate the measurement of particle products resulting from the 100-TeV collisions. This paper discusses the design evolution leading from a 65-GJ twin solenoid with forward dipoles design to the present baseline design that features three superconducting solenoids. The central magnet produces 4 T over a free bore of 10 m and a length of 20 m. The forward solenoids provide additional bending power to facilitate tracking of high-pseudo-rapidity particles. The combined stored energy of this system is 13.8 GJ. This design is discussed in terms of powering and quench protection, conductor composition, mechanical properties of the cold masses and vacuum vessels, stray fields, and heat loads. In addition, alternative designs are discussed, including an ultrathin superconducting solenoid concept with comparatively low stored magnet energy. Like the ATLAS central solenoid, this solenoid provides a magnetic field to the tracker, and particles have to tunnel through the solenoid before reaching the calorimeters. An iron yoke returns the flux, thus providing bending power for muon tagging and giving complete magnetic shielding.
Published: 2018

33. Design of 4 Tm Forward Dipoles for the FCC-hh Detector Magnet System

Author: Helder Pais Da Silva, Alexey Dudarev, Herman H.J. ten Kate, B. Curé, Matthias Mentink, Andrea Gaddi, Vyacheslav Klyukhin, H. Gerwig, G. Rolando, and U. Wagner
Subjects: Physics, Demagnetizing field, Solenoid, Superconducting magnet, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Magnetic field, Dipole, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Torque, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics
Abstract: The 4 T, 10 m free bore twin Solenoid with 4 Tm forward dipoles is discussed with an emphasis on the forward dipoles. This assembly, a possible detector magnet layout for the future circular collider for hadron–hadron physics, combines a 4 T axial magnetic field at the interaction point in the center of the twin Solenoid with off-axis magnetic fields generated by the two forward dipoles for the purpose of providing bending power to all particles emanating from the interaction point. The twin Solenoid provides 4 T over a free bore diameter of 10 m, resulting in a stored energy of 15.4 GJ, a cold mass of 1.25 kt, and a vacuum vessel mass of 1.4 kt. This configuration leads to acceptable quench protection and mechanical properties. The forward dipoles are located in the stray field of the twin Solenoid, resulting in large forces and torques on the coils. Two forward dipole options are presented. In the first option, the main dipole coils are combined with lateral coils for the purpose of bringing the net force and torque on the cold mass to zero. In the second option, the lateral coils are omitted and the net force and torque is handled through the vacuum vessel. The first option results in a stored energy of 240 MJ, a cold mass of 250 tons, and a vacuum vessel of 150 tons, whereas the second options gives 130 MJ, 100 tons, and 180 tons, respectively. The forward dipole conductor comprises copper and NbTi and is force-flow cooled with helium. The superconducting coils are placed in a stainless steel coil casing and precompressed. The coil casings are then fixed to the main body support structure, thus allowing transf a er of forces and torques between the coils. The analyses indicate that this leads to good quench protection and mechanical behavior.
Published: 2017

34. Conceptual Development of a Novel Ultra-Thin and Transparent 2 T Superconducting Detector Solenoid for the Future Circular Collider

Author: Veronica Ilardi, Alexey Dudarev, H. Silva, Matthias Mentink, Herman H.J. ten Kate, E.R. Bielert, Tobias K. D. Kulenkampff, and Energy, Materials and Systems
Subjects: Materials science, Detector solenoid, Nuclear engineering, Future Circular Collider (FCC), Detector, Solenoid, Welding, Condensed Matter Physics, Thermal conduction, Future Circular Collider, n/a OA procedure, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Conductor, law.invention, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, law, Transparent, Friction stir welding, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Thin, Electrical conductor
Abstract: In the frame of the ongoing Future Circular Collider (FCC) Study, a novel ultra-thin and maximum radiation transparent solenoid for next generation particle detectors is under development. Actually, two versions providing 2 T and 3 T for the FCC-ee and FCC-hh detectors, respectively, are engineered, but here we report on the 2 T version only. Essential aspects of the design are presented. The mechanical and thermal stability of the cold mass is investigated. New, very high-yield stress Al-stabilized NbTi/Cu conductors are required to allow a 0.4 * X 0 radiation thickness. For conductor production, welding of dissimilar aluminum alloys will be necessary. Electron beam and friction stir welding techniques were tested to connect the Ni-doped pure Aluminum stabilizer to the very high-yield strength Al-7068 alloy. The welding results and their applicability are presented and discussed. The proposed conduction-based cold mass cooling scheme using heat drains, and quench protection were analyzed and results are presented.
Published: 2019

35. Superconducting Detector Magnets Baseline Designs for Particle Physics Experiments at the Future Circular Collider

Author: U. Wagner, Andrea Gaddi, Alexey Dudarev, H. Silva, Herman H.J. ten Kate, Veronica Ilardi, H. Gerwig, Tobias K. D. Kulenkampff, B. Curé, Christophe Berriaud, E.R. Bielert, Matthias Mentink, Vyacheslav Klyukhin, Energy, Materials and Systems, and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
Subjects: solenoid, electron beam, magnet: design, Energy storage, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, years baseline designs, Solenoid, FCC-hh, FCC-eh detector, inner tracker, particle calorimetry, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, stored energy magnet system, electron-hadron collisions, law, magnetic field: field strength, Superconducting magnets, forward magnets, FCC, energy 170.0 MJ, Magnetic tunneling, ultrathin radiation transparent 2 T solenoid, Physics, energy 600.0 MJ, Large Hadron Collider, Detector, Detectors, Condensed Matter Physics, particle detectors, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Rutherford type cables, Future Circular Collider, baseline magnets, energy 230.0 MJ, size 20.0 m, electron-positron collisions, Particle physics experiments, superconducting cables, detector solenoid, size 100.0 km, main solenoid, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], Superconducting magnet, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, collider magnets, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, niobium: titanium, Solenoids, 010306 general physics, Collider, general-purpose particle detectors, Detector magnet, activity report, business.industry, FCC-ee, magnet: superconductivity, classical 2 T solenoid, Forward dipole magnets, energy 14.0 GJ, hadron-hadron collisions, n/a OA procedure, Forward solenoids, particle physics experiments, Conductors, Magnet, copper, backward dipole magnets, Magnetic fields, Physics::Accelerator Physics, three series connected solenoids, High Energy Physics::Experiment, magnets baseline designs, business, accelerator magnets
Abstract: International audience; In early 2014 a design study started at CERN for a Future Circular Collider. A new tunnel with a circumference of about 100 km for the collider magnets is foreseen as well as new general-purpose particle detectors to probe electron-positron (e$^-$e$^+$), electron-hadron (eh), and hadron-hadron (hh) collisions, housed in large underground caverns. In the last four years baseline designs for the various detector magnets were developed. For the FCC-ee detector two magnet variants were defined: a 7.6-m bore and 7.9-m-long classical 2 T solenoid with 600 MJ stored energy, surrounding the calorimeters, and also a very challenging 4-m bore, 6-m-long, some 100-mm-thick ultrathin and radiation transparent 2 T solenoid with a stored energy of some 170 MJ, that surrounds only the inner tracker of the detectors. For the FCC-eh detector, the detector solenoid is combined with forward and backward dipole magnets required to guide the electron beam in and out of the collision point. This detector requires a 3.5 T solenoid, 2.6-m free bore and 9.2-m length with about 230 MJ of stored energy. Most demanding is the FCC-hh detector with a 14 GJ stored energy magnet system comprising three series connected solenoids, requiring 4 T in the main solenoid with 10-m free bore and a length of 20 m, in line with two 3.2 T forward solenoids with 5.1-m free bore and 4-m length. A quite challenging series of detector magnets is proposed, that needs to be further engineered in the coming years. The superconductor technology though is essentially the same in all the solenoids proposed: conductors comprising Rutherford type cables made of NbTi/Cu strands, stabilized by nickel doped pure aluminum and structurally reinforced with a high yield strength aluminum alloy. The cold masses are conduction cooled through helium cooling pipes welded to their outer support cylinder. The designs of the various baseline magnets as well as their engineering are presented.
Published: 2019

36. Test Results of the CERN HL-LHC low-β Quadrupole Short Models MQXFS3c and MQXFS4

Author: Franco Mangiarotti, Hugues Bajas, Giorgio Ambrosio, Marta Bajko, Bernardo Bordini, Nicolas Bourcey, Michal Duda, Vincent Desbiolles, Jerome Feuvrier, J. Fleiter, S. Izquierdo Bermudez, Antonella Chiuchiolo, Arnaud Devred, Paolo Ferracin, Lucio Fiscarelli, Matthias Mentink, Alfred Nobrega, Kevin Pepitone, Emmanuele Ravaioli, Jesse Schmalzle, Ezio Todesco, Juan Carlos Perez, Giorgio Vallone, and Gerard
Published: 2019
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37. Superconducting Magnet with a Minimal Steel Yoke for the Future Circular Collider Detector

Author: B. Curé, Matthias Mentink, H. Pais Da Silva, Austin Ball, Christophe Berriaud, A. Hervé, G. Rolando, H. H. J. ten Kate, H. Gerwig, Vyacheslav Klyukhin, Andrea Gaddi, and A. Dudarev
Subjects: Cryostat, Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Toroid, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Future Circular Collider, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Nuclear physics, Electromagnetic coil, Pseudorapidity, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, High Energy Physics::Experiment, 010306 general physics, Yoke
Abstract: The conceptual design study of a Future Circular hadron-hadron Collider (FCC-hh) with a center-of-mass energy of the order of 100 TeV, assumed to be constructed in a new tunnel of 80-100 km circumference, includes the determination of the basic requirements for its detectors. A superconducting solenoid magnet of 12-m-diameter inner bore with the central magnetic flux density of 6 T, in combination with two superconducting dipole magnets and two conventional toroid magnets is proposed for an FCC-hh experimental setup. The coil of 23.468 m length has seven 3.35-m-long modules included into one cryostat. The steel yoke with a mass of 22.6 kt consists of two barrel layers of 0.5 m radial thickness and a 0.7-m-thick nose disk and four 0.6-m-thick end-cap disks each side. The outer diameter of the yoke is 17.7 m. The full length of the magnetic system is 62.6 m. The air gaps between the end-cap disks provide for the installation of the muon chambers up to an absolute pseudorapidity about 2.7. The superconducting dipole magnets provide measurement of charged particle momenta in the absolute pseudorapidity region greater than 3. The conventional forward muon spectrometer allows muon identification in the absolute pseudorapidity region from 2.7 to 5. The magnet is modeled with the program TOSCA from Cobham CTS Limited. The total current in the superconducting solenoid coil is 123 MA-turns; the stored energy is 41.8 GJ. The axial force acting on each end-cap is 450 MN. The stray field is 13.7 mT at a radius of 50 m from the coil axis, and 5.2 mT at a radius of 100 m. Many other parameters are presented and discussed., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, presented at ICSM2016 - 5th International Conference on Superconductivity and Magnetism on April 26, 2016 at Fethiye, Turkey
Published: 2016

38. Design and Manufacturing of a 45 kA at 10 T REBCO-CORC Cable-in-Conduit Conductor for Large-Scale Magnets

Author: Herman H.J. ten Kate, Danko van der Laan, H. Silva, Marc Dhalle, Tim Mulder, Matthias Mentink, Alexey Dudarev, and Energy, Materials and Systems
Subjects: Materials science, Nuclear engineering, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Magnetic field, Conductor, ReBCO, Electrical conduit, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Magnet, 2023 OA procedure, 0103 physical sciences, Cable-in-Conduit Conductor, CORC, Tube (fluid conveyance), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Current density, Electrical conductor, CICC
Abstract: The European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) is developing high-current ReBCO-CORC strand-based cables for use in future large-scale detector magnets. A six-around-one, forced flow gas-cooled ReBCO-CORC cable-in-conduit conductor (CICC) is envisioned for application in magnets operating in the 20-40 K temperature range. A CICC, rated for 45 kA at 4.2 K and 10 T, is designed and in production. The CICC comprises a cable of six CORC strands helically wound around a tube. The cable has an expected current density of 105 A/mm2 at 10 T/4.2 K, which corresponds to an overall current density of 53 A/mm2. A cable current density of 110 A/mm2 can be reached when increasing the temperature to 20 K and operating in a magnetic field of 5 T.
Published: 2016

39. Quench Protection of Very Large, 50-GJ-Class, and High-Temperature-Superconductor-Based Detector Magnets

Author: Matthias Mentink, Jeroen van Nugteren, Alexey Dudarev, Tim Mulder, and Herman H.J. ten Kate
Subjects: Superconductivity, Materials science, Thermal runaway, Nuclear engineering, Solenoid, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Conductor, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Thermal conductivity, Electrical resistivity and conductivity, Electromagnetic coil, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Voltage
Abstract: An investigation is performed on the quench behavior of a conceptual 50-GJ 8-T high-temperature-superconductor-based solenoid. In this design, a 50-kA conductor-on-round-core cable-in-conduit conductor utilizing ReBCO technology is envisioned, operating at 40 K. Various properties such as resistivity, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity are very different at this temperature, which affects the quench behavior. It is found that the envisioned conductor is very stable with a minimum quench energy of about 2 kJ. However, the quench propagation velocity is typically about 20 mm/s, so that creating a wide-spread normal zone throughout the coil is very challenging. Moreover, an extraction voltage exceeding 20 kV would be required to ensure a hot-spot temperature below 100 K once a thermal runaway occurs. A novel concept dubbed “rapid quench transformation” is proposed whereby the superconducting conductor is co-wound with a normal conductor to achieve a high degree of inductive coupling. This geometry allows for a significant electric noise reduction, thus enabling low-threshold quench detection. The secondary circuit is connected in series with a stack of diodes, not allowing current transfer during regular operation, but very fast current transfer once a quench is detected. With this approach, the hot-spot temperature can be kept within 20 K of the cold mass temperature at all times, the hot-spot temperature is well below 100 K, and just under 80% of the stored energy can be extracted during a quench.
Published: 2016

40. Performance Test of an 8 kA @ 10-T 4.2-K ReBCO-CORC Cable

Author: Danko van der Laan, Herman H.J. ten Kate, Alexey Dudarev, Tim Mulder, Matthias Mentink, Marc Dhalle, and Energy, Materials and Systems
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Resistive touchscreen, Large Hadron Collider, Materials science, Test facility, CORC, Nuclear engineering, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Conductor, ReBCO, Magnet, 2023 OA procedure, 0103 physical sciences, Cable joints, characterization, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, computer, computer.programming_language
Abstract: CERN is developing high-current ReBCO conductor on round core (CORC) cables for application in future detector and accelerator magnets. A characterization test on a ReBCO-CORC cable sample and its joints is performed in the 10-T FRESCA cable test facility at CERN. The sample is taken from the first 12-m-long CORC production. Key is the characterization of the field- and temperature-dependent critical currents of the CORC cable at 1.9 K and 4.2 K. Secondary objectives include evaluating the response of the CORC cable to quenches and the performance of cylindrical low resistive cable terminals especially designed and manufactured for use on CORC cables. The 7.6-mm CORC cable features 8 kA at 4.2 K and 10 T, and the joint terminals show a $25\pm 5-{n}\Omega$ resistance for 20-cm length.
Published: 2016

41. Numerical analysis of the screening current-induced magnetic field in the HTS insert dipole magnet Feather-M2.1-2

Author: Matthias Mentink, J. van Nugteren, Lorenzo Bortot, Sebastian Schöps, Arjan Verweij, Carlo Petrone, Mariano Pentella, and Glyn Kirby
Subjects: Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), high-temperature superconductors, screening currents, magnetic fields, magnetization, finite-element analysis, superconducting coils, accelerator magnets, FOS: Physical sciences, law.invention, Magnetization, Dipole magnet, law, Materials Chemistry, Eddy current, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, physics.acc-ph, Superconductivity, Condensed matter physics, Metals and Alloys, Condensed Matter Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Magnetic field, Dipole, Magnet, Ceramics and Composites, Physics - Accelerator Physics, Electric current
Abstract: Screening currents are field-induced dynamic phenomena which occur in superconducting materials, leading to persistent magnetization. Such currents are of importance in ReBCO tapes, where the large size of the superconducting filaments gives rise to strong magnetization phenomena. In consequence, superconducting accelerator magnets based on ReBCO tapes might experience a relevant degradation of the magnetic field quality in the magnet aperture, eventually leading to particle beam instabilities. Thus, persistent magnetization phenomena need to be accurately evaluated. In this paper, the 2D finite element model of the Feather-M2.1-2 magnet is presented. The model is used to analyze the influence of the screening current-induced magnetic field on the field quality in the magnet aperture. The model relies on a coupled field formulation for eddy current problems in time-domain. The formulation is introduced and verified against theoretical references. Then, the numerical model of the Feather-M2.1-2 magnet is detailed, highlighting the key assumptions and simplifications. The numerical results are discussed and validated with available magnetic measurements. A satisfactory agreement is found, showing the capability of the numerical tool in providing accurate analysis of the dynamic behavior of the Feather-M2.1-2 magnet., Comment: 14 pages, 18 figures
Published: 2020

42. Demonstration of engineering current density exceeding 1 kA mm−2 in ultra-thin no-insulation, soldered coil windings using NbTi/Cu wires with CuNi cladding

Author: Nikolay Bykovskiy, Alexey Dudarev, Matthias Mentink, H. Ten Kate, S. Kaal, and Energy, Materials and Systems
Subjects: Materials science, No-insulation coil, Quench propagation, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Charging time constant, law, Electrical resistivity and conductivity, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Ultra-Thin solenoids, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Composite material, 010306 general physics, 010302 applied physics, Superconductivity, Liquid helium, Metals and Alloys, NbTi superconductor, Condensed Matter Physics, Cladding (fiber optics), Accelerators and Storage Rings, Magnetic field, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, Ceramics and Composites, Current density
Abstract: The no-insulation, or more precisely, controlled-resistance coil winding method, nowadays being exclusively used for high-temperature superconducting solenoids, has proven its effectiveness for improving quench protection. When considering low-temperature superconductor magnet technology, which is mostly focused on stability and training issues, controlled-resistance insulation windings are directly addressing these aspects as well. Fully soldered coil windings of non-insulated turns can also show superior mechanical properties and feature simplified manufacturing when compared to epoxy impregnated coil windings and are of high practical interest for quasi-stationary magnets provided the related charging time constant can be controlled and kept low enough. For demonstrating the principle feasibility two demonstrator coils were developed using NbTi/Cu wire with CuNi cladding of 1 mm diameter. The wire performance is reported including critical current and n-values at 4.2 K and background magnetic fields from 0 to 9 T, as well as effective transverse resistivity at room temperature and 77 K. Two solenoids with fully soldered windings comprising one layer on a 50 mm bore and three layers on a 100 mm bore, respectively, were manufactured and tested in liquid helium. Their performance is directly compared to data obtained on short wire samples. The drastically enhanced stability of the coils against thermal disturbances allows to avoid any training and enables to operate the coils up, or even slightly beyond, the short-sample critical current, resulting in generated magnetic fields of 2.2 and 3.8 T and time constants of 5 and 55 s, respectively. When initiating a quench deliberately by excessive heating or spontaneously at their limiting currents, the coils entirely switch to the normal state almost instantly, thus requiring no quench protection system. Design, manufacturing and test experiences with the two super stable coils are reported and their use and design constraints for certain applications discussed.
Published: 2020

43. Secondary CLIQ, a robust, redundant, and cost-effective means of protecting high-field accelerator magnets

Author: Matthias Mentink and Emmanuele Ravaioli
Subjects: Physics, Electromagnet, Metals and Alloys, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Automotive engineering, law.invention, law, Electrical equipment, Magnet, Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, High field, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Superconducting Coils
Abstract: Secondary CLIQ is a quench protection method for protecting high-field accelerator magnets that involves charged capacitors into secondary normal-conducting coils that are magnetically coupled to the superconducting coils. The resulting coupling losses quickly brings the magnet to normal state and safely discharges it. No direct electrical or thermal link is required between the primary and secondary coils, and robust insulation is placed in between them. The two secondary circuits per magnet are galvanically insulated from the primary circuit, so that the tens to hundreds of CLIQ units needed to protect an accelerator circuit are galvanically insulated from one-another and from the superconducting magnets. The two secondary circuits per magnet each feature a CLIQ unit, and each CLIQ unit discharge is sufficient to bring the magnet to normal state over the entire operational current range. The coil geometry is such that the CLIQ discharge does not raise the voltage over the half-turns of the superconducting coils. After the superconducting coils develop resistance, a significant fraction of the stored magnetic energy is inductively transferred to and dissipated in the secondary coils. The resulting favourable adiabatic hot-spot temperature and voltage-to-ground enables the magnet designer to reduce the copper content of the superconducting coils, and thus lower the overall cost of the magnet. Secondary CLIQ quench simulations were performed on a hypothetical 14 m variant of the HD2 Nb3Sn dipole with a bore field of 16 T. It is demonstrated that the Secondary CLIQ method protects the magnet over its entire operational current range even in the case where one of the two CLIQ units fails to discharge with an adiabatic hotspot temperature of 248 K and voltage-to-ground of 610 V under nominal protection conditions, and a worst-case adiabatic hot-spot temperature of 263 K and voltage-to-ground of 840 V under fault conditions.
Published: 2020

44. Assembly and Test of the HL-LHC Twin Aperture Orbit Corrector Based on Canted Cos-Theta Design

Author: Ezio Todesco, G. de Rijk, G. J. Coelingh, Francois-Olivier Pincot, Lucio Fiscarelli, Lucio Rossi, J. Mazet, Jens Steckert, Arjan Verweij, J. C. Perez, Glyn Kirby, J. van Nugteren, Franco Mangiarotti, Luca Gentini, Matthias Mentink, and M. Canale
Subjects: Physics, History, Large Hadron Collider, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Aperture, Mechanical engineering, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Computer Science Applications, Education, Upgrade, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Orbit (control theory), Yoke, Beam (structure)
Abstract: In the frame of the high-luminosity upgrade project (HL-LHC) at CERN, a double aperture, independently powered, family of beam orbit corrector magnets will be installed close to the two main LHC experiments Atlas and CMS. These 2.6 T magnets, built using a canted cos-theta design. This paper describes the development of the prototype, full size 2-m-long magnets. We first focus on design and assembly techniques: from coil winding using a CNC machined aluminium former to impregnation, layer-jump, quench protection, and yoke assembly. We then present the power test results at 1.9 K: training, field quality and protection.
Published: 2020

45. Fundamental origin of the large impact of strain on superconducting Nb3Sn

Author: H. Ten Kate, A Godeke, Frances Hellman, Matthias Mentink, and Energy, Materials and Systems
Subjects: Materials science, 02 engineering and technology, Superconducting magnet, Nb/Sn, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Strain, law, Condensed Matter::Superconductivity, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Superconductivity, Electromagnet, Condensed matter physics, Metals and Alloys, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, A15 materials, n/a OA procedure, Magnetic field, Electromagnetic coil, Superconducting properties, Magnet, Ceramics and Composites, Density of states, 0210 nano-technology, Current density
Abstract: Superconductors can carry very high current densities without resistive loss. This makes them highly suitable for the construction of compact high field magnets of several tens of tesla. However, with increasing current density and magnetic field come high Lorentz loads and high strain levels, and it is empirically known that superconducting properties are affected by strain. The superconducting properties of the most commonly used high field material, Nb3Sn, are particularly badly affected by strain. Here we demonstrate that strain causes significant sub-lattice distortion in the A15 lattice structure of Nb3Sn, and show how this leads to the relatively large reduction of its superconducting properties. The changes are found to be primarily due to changes in the electron density of states, with a lesser contribution due to changes in the phonon spectrum. The amount of sub-lattice distortion further depends on crystal orientation. These findings suggest that it is possible to mitigate the reduction of the current carrying capacity by strain through crystal alignment and sub-lattice stabilization. This would enable superconducting magnets to reach a significantly higher magnetic field, and ease their construction by simplifying react-and-wind coil fabrication.
Published: 2018

46. STEAM: A Hierarchical Co-Simulation Framework for Superconducting Accelerator Magnet Circuits

Author: Bernhard Auchmann, Idoia Cortes Garcia, Emmanuele Ravaioli, Arjan Verweij, Marco Prioli, Alejando M. Fernando Navarro, Sebastian Schöps, Lorenzo Bortot, Matthias Mentink, and Michal Maciejewski
Subjects: Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), FOS: Computer and information sciences, J.2, Schedule, Computer science, Complex system, FOS: Physical sciences, Co-simulation, 01 natural sciences, Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science (cs.CE), Engineering, 0103 physical sciences, Electronic engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Computer Science - Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science, 010306 general physics, Electronic circuit, 010302 applied physics, Modularity (networks), Large Hadron Collider, I.6.3, F.2.1, Electrical element, Converters, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, 78M10, 94C99, 74F15, Physics - Accelerator Physics
Abstract: Simulating the transient effects occurring in superconducting accelerator magnet circuits requires including the mutual electro-thermo-dynamic interaction among the circuit elements, such as power converters, magnets, and protection systems. Nevertheless, the numerical analysis is traditionally done separately for each element in the circuit, leading to possible non-consistent results. We present STEAM, a hierarchical co-simulation framework featuring the waveform relaxation method. The framework simulates a complex system as a composition of simpler, independent models that exchange information. The convergence of the coupling algorithm ensures the consistency of the solution. The modularity of the framework allows integrating models developed with both proprietary and in-house tools. The framework implements a user-customizable hierarchical algorithm to schedule how models participate to the co-simulation, for the purpose of using computational resources efficiently. As a case study, a quench scenario is co-simulated for the inner triplet circuit for the High Luminosity upgrade of the LHC at CERN., Comment: 7 pages, 14 figures
Published: 2018
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47. Design of the Optional Forward Superconducting Dipole Magnet for the FCC-hh Detector

Author: Alexey Dudarev, H. Silva, E.R. Bielert, Tobias K. D. Kulenkampff, Herman H.J. ten Kate, Christophe Berriaud, B. Curé, Matthias Mentink, Andrea Gaddi, H. Gerwig, Vyacheslav Klyukhin, Veronica Ilardi, U. Wagner, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), and Energy, Materials and Systems
Subjects: Cryostat, solenoid, magnet: design, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Solenoid, FCC-hh, Superconducting magnet, superconducting detector magnet, 01 natural sciences, force: Lorentz, Optics, Dipole magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Superconducting magnets, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Solenoids, 010306 general physics, Force, Physics, Interaction point, business.industry, Detectors, Coils, magnet: superconductivity, Condensed Matter Physics, n/a OA procedure, Particle beams, bending magnet, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Magnetic field, Dipole, Magnet, Magnetic fields, Physics::Accelerator Physics, business, dipole
Abstract: International audience; A 4-T, 10-m free bore and 20-m long central solenoid is proposed as the main magnet in the baseline detector for the future circular collider (FCC) hadron–hadron collisions physics program. Besides the 4-T axial magnetic field around the interaction point in the center of the main solenoid, additionally, magnetic field is required in the forward directions. This provides sufficient bending power for particles traveling at small angles from the beam axis as well. Using forward solenoids is the baseline. Here, we present the option of using forward dipole magnets. A previously published design foresaw cone-shaped dipole magnets as well as force and torque balanced. This design, however, evolved to a more practical design, where the cryostat occupies the same space as in the baseline with forward solenoids, meaning that the vacuum vessel dimensions in solenoid and dipole designs are the same.
Published: 2017

48. Demonstration of the ReBCO CORC 47kA@10T/4.2K Cable-In-Conduit-Conductor and its Joint Terminals at 4.5 and 77 K

Author: Tim Mulder, J. Fleiter, Matthias Mentink, Alexey Dudarev, Marc Dhalle, H. Ten Kate, Gerard Willering, and Energy, Materials and Systems
Subjects: High-temperature superconductivity, Materials science, Nuclear engineering, joint resistance, Superconducting magnet, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Electrical conduit, law, 0103 physical sciences, CORC, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Electrical conductor, critical current, n-value, Superconductivity, Condensed Matter Physics, 22/4 OA procedure, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Conductor, Magnetic field, ReBCO, Magnet, cable-in-conduit-conductor
Abstract: CERN has designed and manufactured the first 1.7-m-long fully operational ReBCO CORC cable-in-conduit conductor. This CORC cable-in-conduit conductor is envisioned for use in large, high current and high energy magnets. The conductor has been successfully tested at 4.5 K/9 T and in 77 K/self-field. At 4.5 K, the CICC is fully superconducting up to the current limit of the test facility. The critical current of the conductor at 77 K is 12.3 to 13.0 kA with an n-value of 12 to 15, depending on ramp rate. The current distribution is observed to be homogeneous at both test temperatures. A resistance of 1.9 to 5.8 n \Omega is found for the joint terminals at 4.5 K in various magnetic fields and ramp rates, and 6.8 to 9.9 n\Omega at 77 K in self-field. The values found for the critical current and the resistance of the terminals at both 4.2 and 77 K are conform to the expectations based on a simulation model. The conductor underwent multiple thermal cycles no trace of degradation due to cabling, conduit assembly, joints and the high magnetic field tests was observed.
Published: 2017

49. Quench absorption coils : A quench protection concept for high-field superconducting accelerator magnets

Author: Matthias Mentink, Tiina Salmi, Tampere University, Electrical Energy Engineering, Research area: Electromagnetics, Research area: Power engineering, and Research group: Modelling and superconductivity
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Superconductivity, Physics, Resistive touchscreen, Magnetic energy, 213 Electronic, automation and communications engineering, electronics, Metals and Alloys, Mechanics, Dissipation, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Dipole, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Voltage
Abstract: A quench protection concept based on coupled secondary coils is studied for inductively transferring energy out of a quenching superconducting dipole and thus limiting the peak hotspot temperature. So-called 'quench absorption coils' are placed in close proximity to the superconducting coils and are connected in series with a diode for the purpose of preventing current transformation during regular operation. During a quench, current is then transformed into the quench absorption coils so that a significant fraction of the stored magnetic energy is dissipated in the these coils. Numerical calculations are performed to determine the impact of such a concept and to evaluate the dimensions of the quench absorption coils needed to obtain significant benefits. A previously constructed 15 T Nb3Sn block coil is taken as a reference layout. Finite-element calculations are used to determine the combined inductive and thermal response of this system and these calculations are validated with a numerical model using an adiabatic approximation. The calculation results indicate that during a quench the presence of the quench absorption coils reduces the energy dissipated in the superconducting coils by 45% and reduces the hotspot temperature by over 100 K. In addition, the peak resistive voltage over the superconducting coils is significantly reduced. This suggests that this concept may prove useful for magnet designs in which the hotspot temperature is a design driver. acceptedVersion
Published: 2017

50. The effects of disorder on the normal state and superconducting properties of Nb3Sn

Author: H. Ten Kate, Matthias Mentink, Arno Godeke, D.R. Dietderich, Marc Dhalle, Frances Hellman, and Energy, Materials and Systems
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Coupling constant, Superconductivity, superconducting properties, Materials science, Condensed matter physics, Metals and Alloys, Crystal structure, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, NbSn, microscopic theory, Tetragonal crystal system, Transition point, Ab initio quantum chemistry methods, Electrical resistivity and conductivity, Condensed Matter::Superconductivity, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Microscopic theory, 010306 general physics
Abstract: The effect of disorder on the normal state resistivity and the superconducting properties of Nb3Sn Sn is explored in a combination of ab initio calculations and microscopic theory. The crystal symmetry is calculated to be preferentially tetragonal at a normal state resistivity below 27.0 ±1.4 μcm, and preferentially cubic above this value, which is shown to be consistent with the experimentally observed transition point. The phonon density of states, the Eliashberg spectrum a2 (w)F (w), the electronphonon coupling constant, the characteristic frequency, the critical temperature Tc, and the upper critical magnetic field at 0 K Hc2 (0) are calculated over a large normal state resistivity range and shown to be consistent with experimental observations. The high degree of consistency between the calculation results and experimental observations is a strong indication that the calculation approach utilized here, a combination of ab initio calculations and microscopic theory, is a useful tool for understanding the superconducting and normal state properties of Nb3Sn.
Published: 2017

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