21 results on '"Matthew Shear"'
Search Results
2. Inviting eating disorder patients to discuss the academic literature: a model program for psychoeducation
- Author
-
Lauren Belak, Tara Deliberto, Matthew Shear, Sean Kerrigan, and Evelyn Attia
- Subjects
Anorexia nervosa ,Bulimia nervosa ,Psychoeducation ,Novel intervention ,Psychiatry ,RC435-571 - Abstract
Abstract Background Psychoeducation initiatives in which patients read primary scientific literature have not yet been studied as a treatment intervention for eating disorders. In this paper, we discuss and evaluate the acceptability of a novel psychoeducational journal club for individuals with anorexia and bulimia nervosa in inpatient and partial hospitalization program settings. Primary literature about eating disorders is presented and discussed with patients. By presenting scientifically-supported information, our “Psychoeducational Research Group” is designed to help patients restructure disordered thoughts and encourage adherence to evidence-based treatment. Methods Using a Likert scale questionnaire (0 = not at all; 5 = very much), participants provided ratings for how much they liked the group and felt that it helped them across several domains. Results Average scores from 33 participants (26 inpatient, 7 partial hospital patients) indicated they would recommend this group to others receiving eating disorder treatment (4.8 ± 0.6). Scores also suggested patients’ likeability (4.6 ± 0.8), benefit regarding challenging eating disorder thoughts (4.1 ± 1.1), improved motivation for eating behavior change (4.0 ± 1.0) and completion of prescribed nutritional plan (3.6 ± 1.0), and usefulness in working towards treatment goals (4.2 ± 0.9) associated with group participation. Conclusions Preliminary findings support the acceptability of this psychoeducational group and that it may serve as a useful adjunct to larger evidence-based programming across eating disorder treatment settings.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Reactive Astrocytes Promote ALS-like Degeneration and Intracellular Protein Aggregation in Human Motor Neurons by Disrupting Autophagy through TGF-β1
- Author
-
Pratibha Tripathi, Natalia Rodriguez-Muela, Joseph R. Klim, A. Sophie de Boer, Sahil Agrawal, Jackson Sandoe, Claudia S. Lopes, Karolyn Sassi Ogliari, Luis A. Williams, Matthew Shear, Lee L. Rubin, Kevin Eggan, and Qiao Zhou
- Subjects
Medicine (General) ,R5-920 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Summary: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal and rapidly progressing motor neuron disease. Astrocytic factors are known to contribute to motor neuron degeneration and death in ALS. However, the role of astrocyte in promoting motor neuron protein aggregation, a disease hallmark of ALS, remains largely unclear. Here, using culture models of human motor neurons and primary astrocytes of different genotypes (wild-type or SOD1 mutant) and reactive states (non-reactive or reactive), we show that reactive astrocytes, regardless of their genotypes, reduce motor neuron health and lead to moderate neuronal loss. After prolonged co-cultures of up to 2 months, motor neurons show increased axonal and cytoplasmic protein inclusions characteristic of ALS. Reactive astrocytes induce protein aggregation in part by releasing transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), which disrupts motor neuron autophagy through the mTOR pathway. These results reveal the important contribution of reactive astrocytes in promoting aspects of ALS pathology independent of genetic influences. : Using long-term co-cultures of reactive astrocytes and human motor neurons, Zhou and colleagues show that reactive astrocytes, regardless of their genetic makeup, are toxic to motor neurons and induce neuronal loss, neurite shrinkage, and axonal and cytoplasmic protein inclusions. Reactive astrocytes promote neuronal protein aggregation partly through enhanced TGF-β1 signaling, which activates mTOR pathway and impairs autophagy in motor neurons. Keywords: ALS, reactive astrocytes, autophagy, TGF-b, mTOR, human motor neurons
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. In vivo reprogramming of pancreatic acinar cells to three islet endocrine subtypes
- Author
-
Weida Li, Mio Nakanishi, Adrian Zumsteg, Matthew Shear, Christopher Wright, Douglas A Melton, and Qiao Zhou
- Subjects
pancreatic endocrine cell ,direct lineage conversion ,in vivo reprogramming ,acinar to endocrine conversion ,islet delta, alpha, beta cell ,Medicine ,Science ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Direct lineage conversion of adult cells is a promising approach for regenerative medicine. A major challenge of lineage conversion is to generate specific cell subtypes. The pancreatic islets contain three major hormone-secreting endocrine subtypes: insulin+ β-cells, glucagon+ α-cells, and somatostatin+ δ-cells. We previously reported that a combination of three transcription factors, Ngn3, Mafa, and Pdx1, directly reprograms pancreatic acinar cells to β-cells. We now show that acinar cells can be converted to δ-like and α-like cells by Ngn3 and Ngn3+Mafa respectively. Thus, three major islet endocrine subtypes can be derived by acinar reprogramming. Ngn3 promotes establishment of a generic endocrine state in acinar cells, and also promotes δ-specification in the absence of other factors. δ-specification is in turn suppressed by Mafa and Pdx1 during α- and β-cell induction. These studies identify a set of defined factors whose combinatorial actions reprogram acinar cells to distinct islet endocrine subtypes in vivo.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. A multisite comparison using electronic health records and natural language processing to identify the association between suicidality and hospital readmission amongst patients with eating disorders
- Author
-
Charlotte Cliffe, Marika Cusick, Sumithra Vellupillai, Matthew Shear, Johnny Downs, Sophie Epstein, Jyotishman Pathak, and Rina Dutta
- Subjects
Psychiatry and Mental health - Abstract
Objective: To describe and compare the association between suicidality and subsequent readmission for patients hospitalised for eating disorder treatment, within two years of discharge, at two large academic medical centres in two different countries.Method: Over an 8-year study window from January 2009 to March 2017, we identified all inpatient eating disorder admissions at Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA (WCM) and South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, London, UK (SLaM). To establish each patient’s - suicidality profile, we applied two Natural Language Processing algorithms (NLP), independently developed at the two institutions, and detected suicidality in clinical notes documented in the first week of admission. We calculated the odds ratios for any subsequent readmission within 2 years post discharge and determined whether this was to another eating disorder unit, other psychiatric unit, a general medical hospital admission or emergency room attendance.Results: We identified 1,126 and 420 eating disorder inpatient admissions at WCM and SLaM, respectively. In the WCM cohort, evidence of above average suicidality during the first week of admission was significantly associated with an increased risk of non-eating disorder related psychiatric readmission (OR 3.48 95%CI=2.03-5.99, p valueDiscussion: Patterns of increased risk of psychiatric readmission from above average suicidality detected via NLP during inpatient eating disorder admissions differed in our two patient cohorts. However, comorbid diagnoses such as personality disorder increased the risk of any psychiatric readmission across both cohorts.
- Published
- 2023
6. The impact of open versus closed weighing on rate of weight gain and length of stay among inpatients with anorexia nervosa
- Author
-
Matthew, Shear, Lauren, Belak, Sean, Kerrigan, Diahann, Smith-Roberts, and Evelyn, Attia
- Subjects
Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,General Medicine - Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious illness associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Few data exist to guide practice regarding sharing daily weight information (open weighing) or withholding it (closed weighing) from patients. We investigated the effect of open versus closed weighing on weight-related outcomes among inpatients with AN. Data were collected during a 4-month period when 43 patients were not told their daily weight, and a consecutive 4-month period when 41 patients were told their weights during rounds. There was no significant difference in mean overall weight change (3.6 ± 2.7 kg vs. 3.5 ± 2.5 kg), hospital duration (14.3 ± 10.0 vs. 14.2 ± 7.6 days), or rate of weight gain (0.26 ± 0.11 vs. 0.25 ± 0.13 kg) between groups. It is possible that one weighing procedure may not be preferable with respect to certain clinical outcomes for inpatients with AN, suggesting there may be multiple ways to navigate the discussion of weight progress in weight restoration programs.
- Published
- 2022
7. Mini-commentary on 'Familial aggregation of stillbirth: a pedigree analysis of a matched case control study' BJOG_22-0217
- Author
-
Matthew Shear
- Published
- 2022
8. Prenatal exome sequencing versus targeted gene panel for evaluation of fetal congenital heart defects
- Author
-
Matthew Shear, Kate Swanson, Mary E. Norton, and Teresa N. Sparks
- Subjects
Obstetrics and Gynecology - Published
- 2023
9. Genetic etiologies of fetal brain malformations: How does gene panel coverage compare to exome sequencing?
- Author
-
Kate Swanson, Matthew Shear, Mary E. Norton, Billie R. Lianoglou, and Teresa N. Sparks
- Subjects
Obstetrics and Gynecology - Published
- 2023
10. Use of Stimulants in Patients with Comorbid Anorexia Nervosa and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a Structured Inpatient Setting
- Author
-
Evelyn Attia, Tara L. Deliberto, Lauren Belak, Sean Kerrigan, and Matthew Shear
- Subjects
Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Anorexia Nervosa ,Adolescent ,Context (language use) ,Feeding and Eating Disorders ,Young Adult ,Weight loss ,mental disorders ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Humans ,Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ,In patient ,Psychiatry ,Adverse effect ,Inpatients ,business.industry ,medicine.disease ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Eating disorders ,Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ,Anorexia nervosa (differential diagnoses) ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Central Nervous System Stimulants ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Weight gain - Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinicians may be concerned about using psychostimulant medications in patients in whom weight gain is desired because of their potential side effects of appetite suppression and weight loss. This report depicts the successful treatment of 2 adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in an inpatient eating disorders unit. METHOD A report of 2 clinical cases (ages 19 and 20 years) was used to describe the management of comorbid AN and ADHD. Tolerance to stimulants, meal completion, and ability to restore weight were assessed over the course of hospitalization. RESULTS Behaviorally focused refeeding combined with psychostimulants notably improved symptoms of AN and comorbid ADHD without adverse effects. CONCLUSION Psychostimulant medications may be used successfully in patients with AN and ADHD in the context of structured behavioral treatment designed for weight restoration.
- Published
- 2020
11. eP243: A novel variant in MORC2 associated with pigmentary retinopathy, short stature, microcephaly and white matter abnormalities
- Author
-
Matthew Shear and Anne Slavotinek
- Subjects
Genetics (clinical) - Published
- 2022
12. Blasts from the past: Is morphology useful in PGT-A tested and untested frozen embryo transfers?
- Author
-
Angela Q. Leung, Denny Sakkas, Alan S. Penzias, Anna M. Modest, Emily A. Seidler, Denis A. Vaughan, Matthew Shear, and Michele R. Hacker
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Infertility ,Adult ,Male ,Cryopreservation ,Article ,Andrology ,Cohort Studies ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pregnancy ,medicine ,Inner cell mass ,Humans ,Blastocyst ,Genetic Testing ,Cell Shape ,reproductive and urinary physiology ,Preimplantation Diagnosis ,Retrospective Studies ,030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine ,business.industry ,Infant, Newborn ,Pregnancy Outcome ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,Retrospective cohort study ,medicine.disease ,Aneuploidy ,Embryo Transfer ,Vitrification ,Embryo transfer ,United States ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Reproductive Medicine ,embryonic structures ,Female ,business ,Live birth ,Embryo quality ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
Research question Day of cryopreservation, inner cell mass (ICM) grade, trophectoderm grade and blastocyst expansion grade have been associated with differences in live birth rate in frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles. This study sought to examine the likelihood of live birth and whether the morphological grade of the blastocyst is more or equally useful in FET cycles among preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidies (PGT-A) tested and untested blastocysts. Design This was a retrospective cohort study of 6271 vitrified-warmed, autologous, single-embryo transfer cycles among patients undergoing IVF from July 2013 to December 2017 at a single, university-affiliated infertility practice. The primary outcome was live birth, calculated by generalized estimating equations. Results Among PGT-A tested embryos, inferior ICM grade was associated with a lower chance of live birth (ICM grade B versus A: adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.84–0.99). Among untested blastocysts there was a lower live birth rate in blastocysts cryopreserved on day 6 versus day 5 (aRR 0.87, 95% CI 0.78–0.96), and those with inferior pre-vitrification trophectoderm grade (trophectoderm grade B versus A: aRR 0.86, 95% CI 0.79–0.94). Blastocysts with a higher pre-vitrification expansion grade (pre-vitrification expansion grade 5 versus 4: aRR 1.1, 95% CI 1.01–1.2) were associated, but ICM grade was not associated (ICM grade B versus A: aRR 0.93, 95% CI 0.86–1.02), with chance of live birth. Conclusions Among PGT-A untested blastocysts, assessing embryo quality by day of cryopreservation, trophectoderm grade and expansion grade may help to identify embryos with the highest likelihood of live birth. Identifying euploid embryos by PGT-A appears to homogenize the cohort, making blastocyst morphological grade and day of cryopreservation less important.
- Published
- 2020
13. Reactive Astrocytes Promote ALS-like Degeneration and Intracellular Protein Aggregation in Human Motor Neurons by Disrupting Autophagy through TGF-β1
- Author
-
Joseph R. Klim, Sahil Agrawal, Karolyn Sassi Ogliari, Jackson Sandoe, A. Sophie de Boer, Natalia Rodriguez-Muela, Qiao Zhou, Claudia Lopes, Lee L. Rubin, Luis A. Williams, Kevin Eggan, Matthew Shear, and Pratibha Tripathi
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Cytoplasm ,Intermediate Filaments ,Protein aggregation ,Biochemistry ,Mice ,Superoxide Dismutase-1 ,0302 clinical medicine ,Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,Cells, Cultured ,Motor Neurons ,lcsh:R5-920 ,TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases ,human motor neurons ,Cell biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,mTOR ,Signal transduction ,lcsh:Medicine (General) ,Signal Transduction ,Astrocyte ,autophagy ,Cell Survival ,SOD1 ,Biology ,Protein Aggregation, Pathological ,Article ,Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ,Protein Aggregates ,03 medical and health sciences ,reactive astrocytes ,Genetics ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway ,Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ,Autophagy ,Cell Biology ,Motor neuron ,medicine.disease ,Axons ,TGF-b ,Disease Models, Animal ,030104 developmental biology ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,nervous system ,Astrocytes ,Mutation ,Immunology ,ALS ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
Summary Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal and rapidly progressing motor neuron disease. Astrocytic factors are known to contribute to motor neuron degeneration and death in ALS. However, the role of astrocyte in promoting motor neuron protein aggregation, a disease hallmark of ALS, remains largely unclear. Here, using culture models of human motor neurons and primary astrocytes of different genotypes (wild-type or SOD1 mutant) and reactive states (non-reactive or reactive), we show that reactive astrocytes, regardless of their genotypes, reduce motor neuron health and lead to moderate neuronal loss. After prolonged co-cultures of up to 2 months, motor neurons show increased axonal and cytoplasmic protein inclusions characteristic of ALS. Reactive astrocytes induce protein aggregation in part by releasing transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), which disrupts motor neuron autophagy through the mTOR pathway. These results reveal the important contribution of reactive astrocytes in promoting aspects of ALS pathology independent of genetic influences., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • Reactive astrocytes induce ALS-like protein aggregation in human motor neurons • Reactive astrocytes have increased secretion of TGF-β1 • TGF-β1 induces axonal and cytoplasmic protein aggregation in hMNs • TGF-β1 activates PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and impairs autophagy in hMNs, Using long-term co-cultures of reactive astrocytes and human motor neurons, Zhou and colleagues show that reactive astrocytes, regardless of their genetic makeup, are toxic to motor neurons and induce neuronal loss, neurite shrinkage, and axonal and cytoplasmic protein inclusions. Reactive astrocytes promote neuronal protein aggregation partly through enhanced TGF-β1 signaling, which activates mTOR pathway and impairs autophagy in motor neurons.
- Published
- 2017
14. Adoption of enhanced recovery after laparotomy in gynecologic oncology
- Author
-
Matthew Shear, Christopher S. Awtrey, John L. Dalrymple, Leslie A. Garrett, Fong W. Liu, Hannah Stack-Dunnbier, Michele R. Hacker, Katharine M. Esselen, and Ana Sofia Ore
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Attitude of Health Personnel ,Genital Neoplasms, Female ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Gynecologic oncology ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Gynecologic Surgical Procedures ,Enhanced recovery ,Peritoneal drainage ,Laparotomy ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,medicine ,Humans ,Nasogastric tubes ,Enhanced recovery after surgery ,Oncologists ,030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine ,business.industry ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Oncology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Family medicine ,Bowel preparation ,Female ,Laparoscopy ,Guideline Adherence ,business ,Enhanced Recovery After Surgery - Abstract
IntroductionEnhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathways combine a comprehensive set of peri-operative practices that have been demonstrated to hasten patient post-operative recovery. We aimed to evaluate the adoption of ERAS components and assess attitudes towards ERAS among gynecologic oncologists.MethodsWe developed and administered a cross-sectional survey of attending, fellow, and resident physicians who were members of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology in January 2018. The χ2 test was used to compare adherence to individual components of ERAS.ResultsThere was a 23% survey response rate and we analyzed 289 responses: 79% were attending physicians, 57% were from academic institutions, and 64% were from institutions with an established ERAS pathway. Respondents from ERAS institutions were significantly more likely to adhere to recommendations regarding pre-operative fasting for liquids (ERAS 51%, non-ERAS 28%; pDiscussionPracticing at an institution with an ERAS pathway increased adoption of many ERAS elements; however, adherence to certain guidelines remains highly variable. Use of bowel preparation, nasogastric tubes, and peritoneal drainage catheters remain common. Future work should identify barriers to the implementation of ERAS and its components.
- Published
- 2019
15. Complications of pre-operative anorexia nervosa in bariatric surgery
- Author
-
Ersilia M. DeFilippis and Matthew Shear
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Anorexia Nervosa ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Gastric bypass ,Gastric Bypass ,medicine.disease_cause ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Postoperative Complications ,Recurrence ,Weight Loss ,mental disorders ,Humans ,Medicine ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ,business.industry ,Gastric bypass surgery ,Patient Selection ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Middle Aged ,Pre operative ,Obesity, Morbid ,Surgery ,Restrictive eating ,Treatment Outcome ,Anorexia nervosa (differential diagnoses) ,Female ,business ,Weight Loss Surgery - Abstract
Summary It is important to recognise that patients who seek weight loss surgery may have a history of restrictive eating or anorexia nervosa. The following case report describes a woman with a history of anorexia nervosa who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Her eating disorder symptoms subsequently reappeared and were largely resistant to treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of a bariatric surgery patient with a prior history of anorexia nervosa. Further research is required to determine how best to select patients for weight loss surgery.
- Published
- 2015
16. Inviting eating disorder patients to discuss the academic literature: a model program for psychoeducation
- Author
-
Sean Kerrigan, Tara L. Deliberto, Evelyn Attia, Lauren Belak, and Matthew Shear
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,lcsh:RC435-571 ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Scientific literature ,Anorexia nervosa ,Likert scale ,03 medical and health sciences ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,0302 clinical medicine ,Partial hospitalization ,lcsh:Psychiatry ,medicine ,Psychoeducation ,Novel intervention ,Psychiatry ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Bulimia nervosa ,medicine.disease ,030227 psychiatry ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Eating disorders ,Journal club ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Research Article - Abstract
Background Psychoeducation initiatives in which patients read primary scientific literature have not yet been studied as a treatment intervention for eating disorders. In this paper, we discuss and evaluate the acceptability of a novel psychoeducational journal club for individuals with anorexia and bulimia nervosa in inpatient and partial hospitalization program settings. Primary literature about eating disorders is presented and discussed with patients. By presenting scientifically-supported information, our “Psychoeducational Research Group” is designed to help patients restructure disordered thoughts and encourage adherence to evidence-based treatment. Methods Using a Likert scale questionnaire (0 = not at all; 5 = very much), participants provided ratings for how much they liked the group and felt that it helped them across several domains. Results Average scores from 33 participants (26 inpatient, 7 partial hospital patients) indicated they would recommend this group to others receiving eating disorder treatment (4.8 ± 0.6). Scores also suggested patients’ likeability (4.6 ± 0.8), benefit regarding challenging eating disorder thoughts (4.1 ± 1.1), improved motivation for eating behavior change (4.0 ± 1.0) and completion of prescribed nutritional plan (3.6 ± 1.0), and usefulness in working towards treatment goals (4.2 ± 0.9) associated with group participation. Conclusions Preliminary findings support the acceptability of this psychoeducational group and that it may serve as a useful adjunct to larger evidence-based programming across eating disorder treatment settings.
- Published
- 2017
17. Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa in Children and Adolescents
- Author
-
Evelyn Attia, Melissa Prusky, and Matthew Shear
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Bulimia nervosa ,business.industry ,Mortality rate ,Refeeding syndrome ,medicine.disease ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,030227 psychiatry ,03 medical and health sciences ,Eating disorders ,0302 clinical medicine ,Anorexia nervosa (differential diagnoses) ,mental disorders ,medicine ,business ,Psychiatry ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are serious psychiatric illnesses that often first appear in adolescence. These eating disorders are driven by body shape and weight concerns, are associated with a number of serious medical and psychiatric features, and have mortality rates among the highest of all psychiatric illnesses (Sullivan, Am J Psychiatr 152(7): 1073–1074, 1995). It is important to identify them quickly, as these illnesses worsen over time and are most successfully treated soon after the onset of symptoms.
- Published
- 2017
18. Eating Disorders
- Author
-
Thomas B. Hildebrandt, Sharon M. Batista, Matthew Shear, and Yadira Alonso
- Published
- 2016
19. The role of personality, authoritarianism and cognition in the United Kingdom’s 2016 referendum on European Union membership
- Author
-
Chris Sumner, John E. Scofield, Erin M. Buchanan, Mimi-Rose Evans, and Matthew Shearing
- Subjects
authoritarianism ,Brexit ,cognition ,numeracy ,personality ,Psychology ,BF1-990 - Abstract
IntroductionThe results of the United Kingdom’s 2016 referendum on European Union (EU) membership have highlighted deep societal divides. In six studies, we examined the role of personality traits, cognition and cognitive biases in relation to referendum voters’ choices.MethodsA total of 11,225 participants completed questionnaires and controlled experiments, which assessed differences in personality traits, levels of authoritarianism, numeracy, thinking styles, and susceptibility to cognitive biases including ideologically motivated numeracy and reasoning, framing, and the Dunning-Kruger effect.ResultsParticipants expressing an intent to vote to leave the EU reported significantly higher levels of authoritarianism and conscientiousness, and lower levels of openness and neuroticism than voters expressing an intent to vote to remain in the EU. When compared with Remain voters, Leave voters displayed significantly lower levels of numeracy and appeared more reliant on impulsive System 1 thinking. In the experimental studies, voters on both sides were found to be susceptible to the cognitive biases tested, with a general trend for Leave voters to show more bias than Remain voters.DiscussionThese results raise important questions regarding the use and framing of numerical and non-numerical data for public consumption.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. In vivo reprogramming of pancreatic acinar cells to three islet endocrine subtypes
- Author
-
Matthew Shear, Weida Li, Douglas A. Melton, Qiao Zhou, Christopher V.E. Wright, Mio Nakanishi, and Adrian Zumsteg
- Subjects
Maf Transcription Factors, Large ,Time Factors ,0302 clinical medicine ,Genes, Reporter ,Insulin-Secreting Cells ,Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors ,Biology (General) ,Mice, Knockout ,0303 health sciences ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,General Neuroscience ,direct lineage conversion ,Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ,General Medicine ,Islet ,Cellular Reprogramming ,Pancreas, Exocrine ,3. Good health ,Cell biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Somatostatin ,in vivo reprogramming ,islet delta, alpha, beta cells ,PDX1 ,Medicine ,Beta cell ,Reprogramming ,Research Article ,medicine.medical_specialty ,endocrine system ,Somatostatin-Secreting Cells ,QH301-705.5 ,Science ,Nerve Tissue Proteins ,Biology ,Transfection ,Glucagon ,digestive system ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Internal medicine ,pancreatic endocrine cells ,medicine ,Endocrine system ,Animals ,Humans ,Cell Lineage ,mouse ,030304 developmental biology ,Homeodomain Proteins ,geography ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Pancreatic islets ,pancreatic endocrine cell ,acinar to endocrine conversion ,Luminescent Proteins ,Endocrinology ,Developmental Biology and Stem Cells ,HEK293 Cells ,Glucagon-Secreting Cells ,Cell Transdifferentiation ,Trans-Activators ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,islet delta, alpha, beta cell - Abstract
Direct lineage conversion of adult cells is a promising approach for regenerative medicine. A major challenge of lineage conversion is to generate specific cell subtypes. The pancreatic islets contain three major hormone-secreting endocrine subtypes: insulin+ β-cells, glucagon+ α-cells, and somatostatin+ δ-cells. We previously reported that a combination of three transcription factors, Ngn3, Mafa, and Pdx1, directly reprograms pancreatic acinar cells to β-cells. We now show that acinar cells can be converted to δ-like and α-like cells by Ngn3 and Ngn3+Mafa respectively. Thus, three major islet endocrine subtypes can be derived by acinar reprogramming. Ngn3 promotes establishment of a generic endocrine state in acinar cells, and also promotes δ-specification in the absence of other factors. δ-specification is in turn suppressed by Mafa and Pdx1 during α- and β-cell induction. These studies identify a set of defined factors whose combinatorial actions reprogram acinar cells to distinct islet endocrine subtypes in vivo. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01846.001, eLife digest In mammals, the pancreas is responsible for controlling blood sugar by secreting insulin from specialized β-cells. Other cells in the pancreas, called δ-cells and α-cells, secrete other hormones to assist the β-cells. Diabetes is caused when this system breaks down: either the body attacks its own β-cells (type I diabetes), or the body stops responding properly to insulin (type II). Type I diabetes is usually treated with insulin injections, but there is increasing interest in the possibility of replacing the defective β-cells instead. Building on previous work in which a fourth type of pancreatic cell, called an acinar cell, was reprogrammed to become a β-cell, Li et al. have now shown that the same technique can be used to produce α- and δ-cells as well. Just as the reprogrammed β-cells secreted insulin, like real β-cells, the reprogrammed α- and δ-cells also behaved like real α- and δ-cells. The reprogramming technique relies on using a combination of three transcription factors—which are called Ngn3, Pdx1 and Mafa—to treat the acinar cells from mice. Previously, it was shown that using a combination of all three transcription factors reprogrammed the acinar cells to become β-cells. Now, Li et al. show that the Ngn3 transcription factor on its own appears to suppress certain genes that are usually expressed in acinar cells, and goes on to cause the acinar cells to become δ-cells. However, a combination of Ngn3 and Mafa produces a mixture of α- and δ-cells. The next challenge is to adapt this reprogramming technique to generate different types of hormone secreting cells from human tissue sources in order to explore its therapeutic potential. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01846.002
- Published
- 2014
21. Author response: In vivo reprogramming of pancreatic acinar cells to three islet endocrine subtypes
- Author
-
Matthew Shear, Weida Li, Qiao Zhou, Adrian Zumsteg, Douglas A. Melton, Christopher V.E. Wright, and Mio Nakanishi
- Subjects
Pancreatic acinar cells ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,In vivo ,Cancer research ,Endocrine system ,Biology ,Islet ,Reprogramming - Published
- 2014
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.