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Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) of the thigh following femoral fracture has been rarely reported in previous literature. This condition must be diagnosed quickly to prevent the affected limb becoming ischaemic. We document the management of ACS of the thigh in a healthy male patient who suffered a proximal femur fracture following a high-speed road traffic accident. Early identification of characteristic clinical signs allowed for a diagnosis of ACS to be made and then managed with an emergency fasciotomy. The patient is a bodybuilder with an exceptionally large muscle mass. This made ACS more difficult to identify and wound closure a complex process over a period of 13 days. We aimed to highlight the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for ACS following traumatic injuries, recognising that ACS in larger patients can be mistaken for an increased analgesia requirement and closing fasciotomies slowly using mass tension sutures.

Uturuncu volcano in southern Bolivia last erupted around 250 ka but is exhibiting signs of recent activity, including over 50 yr of surface uplift, elevated seismic activity, and fumarolic activity. We studied the spatial and temporal scales of surface deformation from 1992 to 2021 to better understand subsurface activity. We tracked Uturuncu’s recent deformation using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data and the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) station UTUR, located near Uturuncu’s summit. We observed a spatially coherent signal of uplift from 2014 to 2021 from Sentinel-1 A/B satellites that indicates the Altiplano-Puna magma body, located 19–24 km below ground level, and previously noted as the source of the large region of deformation, is still active. The ground is now uplifting at a rate of ~3 mm/yr compared to prior rates of ~10 mm/yr. We corroborated this waning uplift with in situ data from station UTUR. We combined the Sentinel-1 data with TerraSAR-X interferograms to constrain an ~25 km2 region of subsidence located 11 km SSW of Uturuncu, with a source depth of 2.1 km below ground level to an active period of ~2.5 yr with ~5 mm/yr subsidence. We developed a conceptual model that relates these varying depths and time scales of activity in a transcrustal magmatic system. We associate the surface uplift with pressurization from ascending gases and brines from magmatic reservoirs in the midcrust. We infer the existence of brine lenses in the shallow hydrothermal system based on low subsurface resistivity correlated with surface subsidence.

With more than 30 million people living within 10 km of active or dormant volcanoes, eruptions are a natural socio-economic hazard that can have devastating consequences for society. Hence, the timely forecasting of volcanic unrest has real-world, and potentially, life and death implications. A major challenge is the identification and monitoring of precursors to forthcoming volcanic eruptions. The observation and measurement of thermal anomalies is one of the answer to this challenge, with some volcanoes exhibiting signs of thermal unrest over extensive areas of their edifice for several years prior to an eruptive event. Glaciers that sits on volcanoes are likely to respond to the increased heat and could therefore be used as complementary volcano thermometers but a large scale study is missing. Our study, which covers 600 Andean glaciers and 37 ice-clad volcanoes, demonstrate glacier mass balance sensitivity to volcanic heat. We distinguish between ‘volcanic-glaciers’ (located ≤1 km from volcanic centres), and ‘proximal glaciers’ (1-15 km) and calculate their equilibrium line altitude (ELA). In most instances, proximal glacier ELAs are lower than those of nearby volcanic-glaciers. In some cases, the ELA decrease proportionally with increasing glacier distance from the volcanic edifice, and a quantitative relationship between ΔELAmean (i.e., the difference in mean ELA between the proximal and volcanic-glaciers) and ASTER-based measurements of volcanic thermal anomalies could be established. These results highlight the impact of volcanic heat on glacier mass balance; emphasise the need to exclude volcanic-glaciers from glacier-climate investigations; and demonstrate the first-order potential of glaciers as ‘volcanic thermometers’, with the ΔELAmean representing a proxy for volcanic heat.

Introduction Periprosthetic femoral fractures (PFFs) present a significant burden on the health service. The incidence continues to rise globally as a result of an ageing population and an increase in the number of primary hip and knee arthroplasties being performed. This is a 10-year, retrospective, observational study that aims to better understand the outcomes of PFF in our district general hospital. Materials and methods We identified the demographic information of patients who had a PFF and looked at how the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, time to operation, length of stay, complications, and mortality data vary depending on where the fracture is sited and the operative management employed. Results During the period between January 2011 and March 2021, we identified 214 cases of PFF. The mean age was 82.5 years with a female preponderance of 76%. Between 2011-2016 and 2017-2021, the number of cases of PFF increased and patients with an ASA score of 3 or more increased from 43% to 73%. Length of stay was longer in the proximal PFF revision group than in the proximal PFF fixation group. Overall PFF mortality rates at 30 days, 90 days, and one year were 6%, 10%, and 15%, respectively. Conclusion Over the 10-year period, there was a significant increase in the incidence of patients presenting with PFF with multiple comorbidities. Mortality rates were lower in proximal PFF patients who underwent revision procedures rather than fixation. The patient demographics, complication rates, and mortality rates were comparable to similar studies across different countries.

Progress in adolescent sexual and reproductive health (SRH) remains unequal: adolescent pregnancies are more likely to occur in marginalised communities, or in very poor households. This study aimed to comprehend from adolescents' own perspectives, the circumstances of falling pregnant and coping with motherhood in informal settlements in South Africa, to better understand the SRH challenges adolescents in these settings may face. A qualitative study was carried out over a two-month period in 2019 to analyse the perceptions held by adolescents in informal settlements served by four community-level clinics in the adjacent township. We found that adolescents face overlapping barriers in seeking to avoid unintended pregnancy in informal settlements. Once they become mothers, their trajectory is limited by the resources and support available from their own parents, particularly their mothers, and to a lesser extent, their partners. We draw on the concept of agency to examine their accounts and to highlight the importance of addressing broader contextual constraints.

With the rapid increase in the number of mega-infrastructure projects underway across East Africa, how the social, economic, political and environmental repercussions of these projects intersect with ongoing conflict dynamics is a poorly understood topic. Although recent interest in large-scale land acquisitions has led to a number of detailed investigations into specific projects and trends, there has not yet been a broad, systematic review of how large-scale infrastructure developments in East Africa interact with previous, ongoing and potential conflict in their areas of operation. The objective of this article is to report on an analysis of 26 mega-infrastructure projects across Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia and Uganda, with an explicit focus on the common tension points that contribute to security dynamics. The methodology used involved two composite indicators of risk—a conflict risk score and a project impact score. The study found seven common tensions across all projects: in-migration, population displacement and relocation, a negative history of community relations with previous or follow-on developments, land rights, securitisation, environmental degradation and expectations of the local population relative to benefits delivered by the project. The study recommends increased attention on prior assessments that focus on the broader and more interconnected impacts in addition to those confined to the immediate project location, as well as in-depth examination of possible mitigation measures.JEL Classification: O1, O2, Q2, Q3, Q4, R1, R4

This essay argues that musicological interpretations of Immanuel Kant’s music aesthetics tend to misread his stance as a defense of artistic formalism and autonomy—traits that, although present in his account of music, in fact reinforce his peculiarly low estimate of music’s value among the fine arts. Kant's position and its subsequent influence can be grasped more securely by analyzing his dichotomy between “free” and “dependent” beauty. Through an exploration of this opposition’s echoes and applications in the thought of three “Kantian” music critics and aestheticians in the two decades after the appearance of the Critique of Judgement—J. F. Reichardt, an anonymous series of articles commonly attributed to J. K. F. Triest, and C. F. Michaelis—this essay argues that Kantian aesthetics as applied in practice involved close attention to the impact of genre, style, function, and compositional aims on the relevant standards of judgment for an individual musical work. The result was not one-sided support for the aesthetic or metaphysical “truth” of absolute music, but a characteristic balance between the claims of “pure” and “applied” art forms—a balance that continued to be maintained in the transition from classical to Romantic aesthetics in the first decade of the nineteenth century.

South Sudan is embroiled in a conflict that erupted in December 2013. This study examines what people in South Sudan think is necessary to achieve reconciliation and how trauma exposure and PTSD are associated with those beliefs.1525 participants (51.0% female) were selected using random and purposive sampling in six states and Abyei. Participants reported on traumatic events, PTSD symptoms, and attitudes towards reconciliation mechanisms.Results indicated that 40.7% met symptom criteria for probable PTSD. Most participants thought reconciliation was not possible without prosecuting perpetrators or compensating victims and did not support amnesty. Participants with probable PTSD were more likely to endorse confessions (OR 2.42 [1.75, 3.35]), apologies (OR 2.04 [1.46, 2.83]), and amnesty (OR 1.58 [1.21, 2.08]), and to report that compensation (OR 2.32 [1.80, 3.00]) and prosecution (OR 1.47 [1.15, 1.89]) were not necessary for reconciliation. The more traumatic events people experienced, the more they endorsed criminal punishment for perpetrators (OR 1.07 [1.04, 1.10]) and the less they endorsed confessions (OR 0.97 [0.95, 0.99]).People with PTSD may prioritize ending violence via opportunities for reconciliation, while those with more trauma exposure may support more punitive mechanisms. Policy makers should take mental health treatment and trauma into account when designing conflict mitigation, peace building, and justice mechanisms.

The resumption of large-scale protracted violence in South Sudan has displaced over 2.6 million people and forced an additional 200,000 civilians into United Nations Protection of Civilians (PoC) sites. This chapter uses data collected from household surveys and key informant interviews in the Malakal Protection of Civilians (PoC) site to demonstrate the serious toll that the ongoing violence has had on civilians. We argue that the nature and extent of conflict characterized by extensive looting, purposive targeting of civilians, and widespread sexual and gender-based violence have led to high levels of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and have significant implications for short- and long-term peace.

Large-scale land tenure reforms in post-conflict environments present significant challenges to and unique opportunities for peace processes. Fundamental to reconciliation, economic rehabilitation, and rural livelihood security, land and land tenure are essential components of post-conflict development. The importance of land to large-scale returns and sustainable peace is especially relevant in Cote d’Ivoire, where multiple waves of displacement linked to the 2002 civil war and 2010 post-election crisis exacerbated socio-economic and political relations between self-identified indigenous and migrant groups. Despite notable improvements in physical security, protracted land disputes throughout the cacao-producing region of the centre-West present a key obstacle to sustainable returns and long-term peace. Given a lack of institutional and financial capital, the current Government of Cote d’Ivoire has fallen back on a pre-war suite of tenure reforms designed to formalize customary land rights through mandatory certification and registration. Differing from previous critiques of the theoretical framework guiding the 1998 Rural Land Law, this paper uses field data to provide an overview of the main causes of land-related disputes, local mechanisms of dispute resolution, and current status of the 1998 Rural Land Law as it is being applied throughout the centre-West region of the country. Specifically, I argue that the prevalence of land-related disputes and unnecessarily complex nature of statutory reformsdissociated from the socio-political and economic foundation of the ‘tutorat’ system areundermining the tenure security of rural households.

InSAR CSK descendingtime series for the point ofmaximum ground deformation (-72.210556,-40.491389). This is the time series used in Figure 8 of the manuscript.

The large Juneau and Stikine icefields (Alaska, JIF and SIF) lost mass rapidly in the second part of the 20th century. Laser altimetry, gravimetry and sparse field measurements suggest continuing mass loss in the early 21st century. However, two recent studies based on time series of SRTM and ASTER digital elevation models (DEMs) indicate a slowdown in mass loss after 2000. Here, the ASTER-based geodetic mass balance is recalculated, carefully avoiding the use of the SRTM DEM because of the unknown penetration depth of the C-Band radar signal. We find strongly negative mass balances from 2000 to 2016 (−0.68 ± 0.15 m w.e. a-1 for JIF and −0.83 ± 0.12 m w.e. a-1 for SIF), in agreement with laser altimetry, confirming that mass losses are continuing at unabated rates for both icefields. The SRTM DEM should be avoided or used very cautiously to estimate glacier volume change, especially in the North Hemisphere and over timescales of less than ~ 20 yrs.

With the ‘global land grab’ now a primary ongoing process in the developing world, greater attention to region-specific analyses provides critical insights for effective policy responses. The Indian Ocean world has the greatest regional concentration of large-scale land acquisitions (LSLAs) globally, and it is also where most of the investor countries reside. Yet examination of Indian Ocean-specific patterns and processes of LSLAs is lacking. One of the most sought after categories of lands are those in forested or recently forested areas, owing to their high potential natural resource and agricultural value. This review article examines the primary issues, actors and impacts of LSLAs of forest-related lands in the broader Indian Ocean world, while assessing the opportunities for national populations of target countries as well as investors and the key social and environmental concerns requiring policy attention.

In light of recent attempts to defend the role of the arts in education against the effects of policies based on utilitarian principles, this paper examines the arts educational writings and practical projects of Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941) at Santiniketan in West Bengal, showing how they were motivated by a Romantic and Upanishadic philosophy centred on the anti-utilitarian concept of ‘surplus’. While the development of Santiniketan’s present arts and music departments away from Tagore’s original ideals is acknowledged and traced, the paper argues that Tagore’s aesthetic and educational philosophy still contains much to challenge us. In many ways, his thought can be seen as more compatible with progressive and liberal arts education than the ideology of high modernism that developed at the same period in Europe.

This article examines a range of writings on the status of musical interpretation in Austria and Germany during the early decades of the twentieth century, and argues their relevance to current debates. While the division outlined by recent research between popular-critical hermeneutics and analytical ‘energetics’ at this time remains important, hitherto neglected contemporary reflections by Paul Bekker and Kurt Westphal demonstrate that the success of energetics was not due to any straightforward intellectual victory. Rather, the images of force and motion promoted by 1920s analysis were carried by historical currents in the philosophy, educational theory and arts of the time, revealing a culturally situated source for twenty-first-century analysis's preoccupations with motion and embodiment. The cultural relativization of such images may serve as a retrospective counteraction to the analytical rationalizing processes that culminated specifically in Heinrich Schenker's later work, and more generally in the privileging of graphic and notational imagery over poetic paraphrase.

Land tenure and agricultural reforms are essential components of postwar development. The importance of land use and management systems to livelihood stability and economic growth is especially relevant in Rwanda, where eighty per cent of the population depends on subsistence agriculture in a rural system plagued by conflict over holdings and decreasing production. In response to increases in population pressure, soil erosion, and the desire for state-backed tenure security, in 2009 the Government of Rwanda implemented a series of large-scale land and agricultural reforms intended to transform the rural system away from subsistence production to a commercially oriented sector of professional farmers. Beyond the mandatory registration and formalization of informal tenure regimes, agricultural reforms require all farmers to consolidate their holdings and intensify agricultural production by planting only those seeds approved and provided by the Government. While introduced as ‘pro-poor’ policies aimed at increasing production and reducing conflict over holdings, this paper argues that the simultaneous and aggressive implementation of registration and crop intensification has significantly reduced the land tenure and food security of subsistence households. Although decreasing production and increasing conflict over holdings validate the need to reorganize land use and management systems throughout Rwanda, the rapid and forceful implementation of tenure and agricultural policies is unnecessarily undermining the livelihood stability of rural subsistence farmers, as well as the sustainability of government-led reforms.

The terms ‘character’ and ‘characteristic’ in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries have usually been thought of as having had rather limited significance, often being restricted in application to ‘picturesque’ or ‘realistic’ genres such as the romantic ‘character piece’ or ‘characteristic symphony’. Through a re-examination of Christian Gottfried Körner's 1795 essay ‘On the Representation of Character in Music’ and other contemporary texts, I argue that, on the contrary, these terms are conceptually fundamental to the classical German idealist project of defending music's dignity as a true and morally beneficial fine art. Although persistently misread during the twentieth century as a disguise for concerns with stylistic or thematic unity, the metaphor of ‘character’ was in fact a sophisticated hermeneutic tool and a means of equal discursive engagement for performers, composers and critics. It was only the rise of politically oriented criticism and Wagnerian polemics that undermined the legitimacy of the ‘characteristic’ – a concept that may have a better claim than ‘absolute music’ to be considered the leading idea of the classical and romantic eras in music aesthetics.

By examining the ideas expressed by the German musicologist Heinrich Besseler in his 1925 essay ‘Grundfragen des musikalischen Hörens’, this article attempts to find precedents in Weimar Germany for a contemporary social conception of music, and to trace the effects of this conception on music history between the wars. Although Besseler's position is seen to be complex and not wholly consistent, from his ideal of music as an expression of community (Gemeinschaft) arose two influential claims: that the concert was in crisis because it could no longer correspond to that ideal, and that the real source of communal vitality lay in Gebrauchsmusik, music for everyday use. The article explores the immediate political and musical consequences of these claims, both for the German youth music movement (Jugendmusikbewegung) and for Gebrauchsmusik as composed by Weill, Hindemith, and Eisler. It argues that the social aims of the Gebrauchsmusik movement were in fact best met when combined with an earlier understanding, rejected by Besseler himself, of the concert's own ‘community-forming power’ – a theoretical combination that was to lead outside Europe to the American musical and the Soviet symphony. By contrast, the sidelining of such ideas in post-war Germany was reflected in Adorno's outright rejection of musical community, a move which served to confirm only Besseler's first, negative claim – thereby establishing as normative an ‘autonomous’ conception of concert music and leaving musicology unable to give any positive account of the concert's social role.

— The lithogenic potential of bile depends not only on supersaturation of solutes but also on the presence of pro- and anti-nucleating factors. For example, glycine-conjugated dihydroxy bile salt dimers are potent inhibitors of calcium hydroxyapatite precipitation that function by “poisoning” the nascent crystal. Although most inhibitors of apatite formation are anions, theoretically polycations should also be effective, and because significant concentrations of polyamines are present in bile, we have investigated the ability of these molecules to inhibit apatite formation. In vitro, each polyamine (2–10 mmol/l) was able to inhibit apatite formation, and the inhibiting power was correlated with ionic charge. Thus putrescine (2+) was the weakest inhibitor and spermine (4+) was the strongest. Mixtures of polyamines were less effective than were the individual polyamines, except at higher concentrations. Although polyamines were effective over short periods of time (270 min), over longer times (3 days) spermine was unable to prevent apatite formation. Using infrared spectroscopy, we found no evidence for interaction between phosphate ions and spermine in solution. Taken together, these results suggest that polyamines are modest inhibitors of apatite formation that likely function by retarding the dissolution of the intermediate amorphous calcium phosphate phase.