47 results on '"Matthew I. Hollister"'
Search Results
2. A large mK platform at Fermilab for quantum computing applications
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Matthew I. Hollister, Grzegorz Tatkowski, and Ram Dhuley
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Physics ,Fermilab ,Computational science ,Quantum computer - Published
- 2021
3. Dilution Refrigerators for Quantum Science
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Matthew I. Hollister
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Physics ,Thermodynamics ,Quantum information science ,Dilution - Published
- 2021
4. Cryogenic infrastructure for quantum computing
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Matthew I. Hollister
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Computer science ,business.industry ,Electrical engineering ,business ,Quantum computer - Published
- 2021
5. Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for millimeter-wave detection
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A. Wandui, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Bryan Steinbach, A. D. Turner, Matthew I. Hollister, Jamie Bock, Roger O'Brient, L. Minutolo, Clifford Frez, and Hien Nguyen
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Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors ,General Physics and Astronomy ,FOS: Physical sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,Background noise ,Optics ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Noise-equivalent power ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) ,010302 applied physics ,Physics ,business.industry ,Amplifier ,Bolometer ,Detector ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det) ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Resistor ,0210 nano-technology ,Phonon noise ,business ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Noise (radio) - Abstract
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors (TKIDs) combine the excellent noise performance of traditional bolometers with a radio frequency multiplexing architecture that enables the large detector counts needed for the next generation of millimeter-wave instruments. In this paper, we first discuss the expected noise sources in TKIDs and derive the limits where the phonon noise contribution dominates over the other detector noise terms: generation-recombination, amplifier, and two-level system (TLS) noise. Second, we characterize aluminum TKIDs in a dark environment. We present measurements of TKID resonators with quality factors of about $10^5$ at 80 mK. We also discuss the bolometer thermal conductance, heat capacity, and time constants. These were measured by the use of a resistor on the thermal island to excite the bolometers. These dark aluminum TKIDs demonstrate a noise equivalent power NEP = $2 \times 10^{-17} \mathrm{W}/\mathrm{\sqrt{Hz}} $, with a $1/f$ knee at 0.1 Hz, which provides background noise limited performance for ground-based telescopes observing at 150 GHz., 15 pages, 12 figures
- Published
- 2020
6. Low-Temperature Noise Performance of SuperSpec and Other Developments on the Path to Deployment
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J. Redford, Jordan Wheeler, Matthew I. Hollister, Christopher M. McKenney, Jason Glenn, Philip Daniel Mauskopf, Erik Shirokoff, George Che, Jordan A. Turner, Attila Kovács, Peter S. Barry, Samantha Walker, Henry G. LeDuc, T. Reck, Ryan McGeehan, S. Hailey-Dunsheath, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Samuel Gordon, Charles M. Bradford, and Carole Tucker
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Physics ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Detector ,02 engineering and technology ,White noise ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Noise floor ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Microstrip ,010309 optics ,Wavelength ,Resonator ,Optics ,0103 physical sciences ,General Materials Science ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Noise (radio) - Abstract
SuperSpec is a compact on-chip spectrometer operating at mm and sub-mm wavelengths which will enable the construction of sensitive multibeam spectrometers. SuperSpec employs a filter bank architecture, consisting of lithographically patterned niobium superconducting microstrip mm-wave resonators. The power admitted by each resonator is detected by a titanium nitride lumped-element kinetic inductance detector (KID) with resonant frequency from 100 to 200 MHz. We present a characterization of the detector noise performance down to 10 mK measured in a dark setting. We report a device NEP of $$2.7 \times 10^{-18}\, \hbox {W Hz}^{-1/2}$$ at 210 mK, which is below the expected photon noise level at high-altitude ground-based observatories. The NEP decreases to a constant value of approximately $$7.0 \times 10^{-19}\, \hbox {W Hz}^{-1/2}$$ below 130 mK. The white noise is well modeled by thermal generation–recombination noise (GR noise) down to 130 mK and a noise floor at low temperatures. Moreover, the addition of low-pass coaxial filters further reduces the noise floor to achieve an NEP of $$5.7 \times 10^{-19} \,\hbox {W Hz}^{-1/2}$$ below 100 mK. We discuss a photolithographic technique to adjust KID resonances that results in an $$f_{0}$$ designed versus measured scatter of $$1.7 \times 10^{-5}$$ , which will allow a significant reduction in resonators lost to clashes in full-scale designs. Finally, we present a demonstration of a new ROACH-2-based readout system operating below 500 MHz and show preliminary data indicating the suitability of this system for future highly multiplexed KID arrays.
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- 2018
7. SuperSpec, The On-Chip Spectrometer: Improved NEP and Antenna Performance
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George Che, Carole Tucker, J. Redford, Jordan Wheeler, Peter S. Barry, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Christopher M. McKenney, Charles M. Bradford, Ryan McGeehan, S. Hailey-Dunsheath, C. Shiu, T. Reck, Philip Daniel Mauskopf, Colin Ross, Simon Doyle, Henry G. LeDuc, Matthew I. Hollister, Jason Glenn, Jordan A. Turner, Erik Shirokoff, Attila Kovács, Samuel Gordon, Samantha Walker, and Scott Chapman
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Physics ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Detector ,Slot antenna ,02 engineering and technology ,Grating ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Redshift ,010309 optics ,Responsivity ,Optics ,0103 physical sciences ,General Materials Science ,Millimeter ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Microwave - Abstract
SuperSpec is a new technology for mm and sub-mm spectroscopy. It is an on-chip spectrometer being developed for multi-object, moderate-resolution ( R∼300 ), large bandwidth survey spectroscopy of high-redshift galaxies for the 1 mm atmospheric window. This band accesses the CO ladder in the redshift range of z= 0–4 and the [CII] 158 μ m line from redshift z= 5–9. SuperSpec employs a novel architecture in which detectors are coupled to a series of resonant filters along a single microwave feedline instead of using dispersive optics. This construction allows for the creation of a full spectrometer occupying only ∼10cm2 of silicon, a reduction in size of several orders of magnitude when compared to standard grating spectrometers. This small profile enables the production of future multi-beam spectroscopic instruments envisioned for the millimeter band to measure the redshifts of dusty galaxies efficiently. The SuperSpec collaboration is currently pushing toward the deployment of a SuperSpec demonstration instrument in fall of 2018. The progress with the latest SuperSpec prototype devices is presented; reporting increased responsivity via a reduced inductor volume (2.6 μm3 ) and the incorporation of a new broadband antenna. A detector NEP of 3–4 ×10−18 W/Hz 0.5 is obtained, sufficient for background-limited observation on mountaintop sites. In addition, beam maps and efficiency measurements of a new wide-band dual bow-tie slot antenna are shown.
- Published
- 2018
8. HAWC+, the Far-Infrared Camera and Polarimeter for SOFIA
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Timothy S. Rennick, Leslie W. Looney, Carolyn G. Volpert, Timothy M. Miller, Jordan A. Guerra, Mandana Amiri, Dominic J. Benford, Stephen J. Heimsath, Louise A. Hamlin, Sean Lin, Kent D. Irwin, Gene C. Hilton, Ian Gatley, Edward J. Wollack, Peter Shirron, Stuart Banks, John E. Vaillancourt, Mark Halpern, Joseph M. Michail, Matthew I. Hollister, Javad Siah, Leroy Sparr, Giles Novak, Jessie L. Dotson, R. F. Loewenstein, Marcus Runyan, Michael Amato, Carl F. Hostetter, Marc Berthoud, Dale Sandford, Brant Cook, Arlin E. Bartels, Stephen F. Maher, C. Jesse Wirth, Nicholas Chapman, Enrique Lopez-Rodriguez, Joel H. Kastner, Armen S. Toorian, Robert Spotz, Christopher J. Hansen, Rhodri Evans, Christine A. Jhabvala, David T. Chuss, Shu I. Wang, Eric Sandberg, Alfonso Hermida, Troy Ames, Sean Casey, Rebecca J. Derro, S. Harvey Moseley, Elmer Sharp, Ryan T. Hamilton, Harvey Rhody, Ernest D. Buchanan, George M. Voellmer, Shannon Towey, Attila Kovács, Rick Shafer, Robert F. Silverberg, Fabio P. Santos, Murzban D. Jhabvala, Johannes Staguhn, Robert J. Pernic, Doyal A. Harper, Robert A. Hirsch, J. G. Tuttle, C. Darren Dowell, and D. J. Fixsen
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Far infrared ,Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ,Instrumentation ,0103 physical sciences ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Environmental science ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Polarimeter ,010306 general physics ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Remote sensing - Abstract
High-resolution Airborne Wide-band Camera (HAWC[Formula: see text]) is the facility far-infrared imager and polarimeter for SOFIA, NASA’s Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy. It is designed to cover the portion of the infrared spectrum that is completely inaccessible to ground-based observatories and which is essential for studies of astronomical sources with temperatures between tens and hundreds of degrees Kelvin. Its ability to make polarimetric measurements of aligned dust grains provides a unique new capability for studying interstellar magnetic fields. HAWC[Formula: see text] began commissioning flights in April 2016 and was accepted as a facility instrument in early 2018. In this paper, we describe the instrument, its operational procedures, and its performance on the observatory.
- Published
- 2018
9. Low Noise Titanium Nitride KIDs for SuperSpec: A Millimeter-Wave On-Chip Spectrometer
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Jonas Zmuidzinas, Jason Glenn, Erik Shirokoff, Charles M. Bradford, Theodore Reck, Philip Daniel Mauskopf, Jordan Wheeler, Stephen Padin, C. Shiu, R. Williamson, Attila Kovács, Roger O'Brient, Scott Chapman, Steve Hailey-Dunsheath, Carole Tucker, Peter S. Barry, Henry G. LeDuc, Christopher McKenney, George Che, and Matthew I. Hollister
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Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,FOS: Physical sciences ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,Resonator ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Optics ,0103 physical sciences ,General Materials Science ,010306 general physics ,Spectroscopy ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Physics ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Detector ,Bandwidth (signal processing) ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Titanium nitride ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,chemistry ,Extremely high frequency ,Millimeter ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,business - Abstract
SuperSpec is a novel on-chip spectrometer we are developing for multi-object, moderate resolution (R = 100 - 500), large bandwidth (~1.65:1) submillimeter and millimeter survey spectroscopy of high-redshift galaxies. The spectrometer employs a filter bank architecture, and consists of a series of half-wave resonators formed by lithographically-patterned superconducting transmission lines. The signal power admitted by each resonator is detected by a lumped element titanium nitride (TiN) kinetic inductance detector (KID) operating at 100 - 200 MHz. We have tested a new prototype device that achieves the targeted R = 100 resolving power, and has better detector sensitivity and optical efficiency than previous devices. We employ a new method for measuring photon noise using both coherent and thermal sources of radiation to cleanly separate the contributions of shot and wave noise. We report an upper limit to the detector NEP of $1.4\times10^{-17}$ W Hz$^{-1/2}$, within 10% of the photon noise limited NEP for a ground-based R=100 spectrometer., 8 pages, 4 embedded figures, accepted for publication in the Journal of Low Temperature Physics
- Published
- 2015
10. SuperSpec: the on-chip spectrometer: characterization of a full 300 channel filterbank (Conference Presentation)
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Charles M. Bradford, Matthew I. Hollister, Jason Glenn, Scott Chapman, Henry G. LeDuc, Simon Doyle, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Christopher M. McKenney, Samuel Gordon, Erik Shirokoff, S. Hailey-Dunsheath, Peter S. Barry, Colin Ross, Ryan McGeehan, C. Shiu, Atilla Kovacs, George Che, Carole Tucker, Theodore Reck, Jordan Wheeler, Philip Daniel Mauskopf, Jordan A. Turner, and Joeseph G. Redford
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Physics ,Resonator ,Responsivity ,Optics ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Transmission line ,Detector ,business ,Noise-equivalent power ,Microstrip ,Microwave - Abstract
SuperSpec is a new technology for millimeter and submillimeter spectroscopy. It is an on-chip spectrometer being developed for multi-object, moderate resolution (R = ~300), large bandwidth survey spectroscopy of high-redshift galaxies for the 1 mm atmospheric window. SuperSpec targets the CO ladder in the redshift range of z = 0 to 4, the [CII] 158 um line from z = 5 to 9, and the [NII] 205 um line from z = 4-7. All together these lines offer complete redshift coverage from z = 0 to 9. SuperSpec employs a novel architecture in which detectors are coupled to a series of resonant filters along a single microwave feedline instead of using dispersive optics. This construction allows for the creation of a full spectrometer occupying only 20 cm squared of silicon, a reduction in size of several orders of magnitude when compared to standard grating spectrometers. This small profile enables the production of future multi-object spectroscopic instruments required as the millimeter-wave spectroscopy field matures. SuperSpec uses a lens-coupled antenna to deliver astrophysical radiation to a microstrip transmission line. The radiation then propagates down this transmission line where upon proximity coupled half wavelength microstrip resonators pick off specific frequencies of radiation. Careful tuning of the proximity of the resonators to the feedline dials in the desired resolving power of the SuperSpec filterbank by tuning the coupling quality factor. The half wavelength resonators are then in turn coupled to the inductive meander of kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs), which serve as the power detectors for the SuperSpec filterbank. Each SuperSpec filter bank contains hundreds of titanium nitride TiN KIDs and the natural multiplexibility of these detectors allow for readout of the large numbers of required detectors. The unique coupling scheme employed by SuperSpec allows for the creation of incredibly low volume (2.6 cubic microns), high responsivity, TiN KIDs. Since responsivity is proportional to the inverse of quasiparticle-occupied volume, this allows SuperSpec to reach the low NEPs required by moderate resolution spectroscopy to be photon limited from the best ground-based observing sites. We will present the latest results from SuperSpec devices. In particular, detector NEPs, measured filter bank efficiency (including transmission line losses), and spectral profiles for a full ~ 300-channel filterbank. Finally, we will report on our system end to end efficiency and total system NEP.
- Published
- 2018
11. Development of aluminum LEKIDs for ballooon-borne far-infrared spectroscopy (Conference Presentation)
- Author
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J. Redford, Alyssa Barlis, Tashalee S. Billings, Matthew I. Hollister, S. Hailey-Dunsheath, Henry G. LeDuc, Christopher M. McKenney, Charles M. Bradford, and James E. Aguirre
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Luminous infrared galaxy ,Optics ,Materials science ,Spectrometer ,Terahertz radiation ,business.industry ,Black-body radiation ,Optical radiation ,Large format ,Spectroscopy ,business ,Dark current - Abstract
We are developing lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors (LEKIDs) designed to achieve background-limited sensitivity for far-infrared (FIR) spectroscopy on a stratospheric balloon. The Spectroscopic Terahertz Airborne Receiver for Far-InfraRed Exploration (STARFIRE) will study the evolution of dusty galaxies with observations of the [CII] 158 micron and other atomic fine-structure transitions at z = 0.5 - 1.5, both through direct observations of individual luminous infrared galaxies, and in blind surveys using the technique of line intensity mapping. The spectrometer requires large format arrays of dual-polarization-sensitive detectors with NEPs of 1e-17 W/sqrt(Hz). We pattern the LEKIDs in 20-nm aluminum film, and use an array of profiled feedhorns to couple optical radiation onto the meandered inductors. A backshort etched from the backside to a buried oxide layer insures high absorption efficiency without additional matching layers. Initial testing on small sub-arrays has demonstrated a high device yield and median NEP of 4e-18 W/sqrt(Hz). We describe the development and characterization of kilo-pixel arrays using a combination of dark noise measurements and optical response with our cryogenic blackbody.
- Published
- 2018
12. Multilayer antireflection coating for silicon optics at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths (Conference Presentation)
- Author
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Sunil Golwala, Goutam Chattopadhyay, Fabien Defrance, Hiroshige Yoshida, Edward Tong, Matthew I. Hollister, Estefania Padilla, Jack Sayers, Simon Radford, Cecile Jung-Kubiak, and Jake Connors
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Materials science ,Silicon ,Terahertz radiation ,High-refractive-index polymer ,business.industry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,engineering.material ,Optics ,Coating ,chemistry ,engineering ,Deep reactive-ion etching ,Wafer ,Wafer dicing ,business ,Refractive index - Abstract
Many applications in astronomy from tens of GHz to THz frequencies, on the ground and in space, would benefit from silicon optics because silicon's high refractive index and low loss make it an ideal optical material at these frequencies. Silicon can also be used for ambient temperature vacuum windows, however, it's large refractive index necessitates an antireflection coating. Moreover, multilayer antireflection treatments are necessary for wide spectral bandwidths, with wider bandwidths requiring more layers. To this end, we are developing multilayer coatings for silicon by bonding together wafers individually patterned with deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). While a standard approach to antireflection coating is to deposit or laminate dielectric layers of appropriate refractive index, it is difficult (but not impossible) to find low loss dielectrics with the correct refractive index and other properties to match silicon well, especially if more than one layer is required, operation up to THz frequencies is desired, and/or the optic will be used cryogenically. Textured surfaces are an attractive alternative to dielectric antireflection coatings. For millimeter wavelengths, multi-layer antireflection textures with up to 4:1 bandwidths have been cut successfully into silicon lens surfaces with a dicing saw, but this technique becomes unusable at frequencies of 300 GHz and higher given the saw dimensions. Laser machining is being explored but demonstrations are not yet available. DRIE works well on flat surfaces (and has been demonstrated for narrowband windows to THz frequencies), but there are limits to the depth and aspect ratio of the features it can create. Furthermore, etching has not been adapted to large, curved optics. We are pursuing a hybrid approach to this problem: construct a silicon optic by stacking flat patterned wafers. The starting point is a multilayer optical design incorporating both an axial gradient in the refractive index for antireflection and a radial index gradient for focusing. For each optical layer, a hole or post pattern is used to achieve the required effective index of refraction. Using a novel multilayer etching procedure, several layers of the optical structure are fabricated on a flat wafer. Several individually patterned wafers are stacked and bonded together to produce the completed optic. This approach can thus address the aspect ratio limitations of DRIE, and it obviates etching on curved surfaces. We present our results to date, which include simulations, fabrication and measurements of 2- and 4-layer coatings with wafer-bonding, on high resistivity silicon wafers, at 75-330 GHz. The good agreement between the simulations and the test results validates the fabrication and test setup, and allows us to continue the development of larger bandwidth and more efficient coatings. Our near-term goal is to produce a 10-cm lens with a 7-layer coating providing 5.5:1 bandwidth from 75 to 420 GHz, with less than 1% reflection, eventually scaling up to 15-cm, 30-cm, and larger elements.
- Published
- 2018
13. On-sky demonstration of the SuperSpec millimeter-wave spectrometer (Conference Presentation)
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Christopher M. McKenney, Ryan McGeehan, George Che, Jordan A. Turner, Samantha Walker, Theodore Reck, Erik Shirokoff, Carole Tucker, Peter S. Barry, J. Redford, Henry G. LeDuc, Matthew I. Hollister, Jason Glenn, Charles M. Bradford, Samuel Gordon, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Attila Kovács, Scott Chapman, Jordan Wheeler, S. Hailey-Dunsheath, Kirit Karkare, and Philip Daniel Mauskopf
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Physics ,Spectrometer ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Large Millimeter Telescope ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Intensity mapping ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Optics ,law ,Extremely high frequency ,Millimeter ,business ,Reionization ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics ,Noise (radio) - Abstract
SuperSpec is an on-chip filter-bank spectrometer designed for wideband moderate-resolution spectroscopy at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. Employing TiN kinetic inductance detectors, the device has demonstrated noise performance suitable for photon noise limited ground-based observations at excellent millimeter-wave observing sites. In these proceedings we present a demonstration instrument featuring six independent single-polarization SuperSpec chips, covering 190-310 GHz with 300 channels. We summarize spectrometer performance, describe the cryostat and optical coupling, and present the readout and telescope control system. In an initial deployment to the Large Millimeter Telescope, we plan to observe submillimeter galaxies in [CII] emission at redshifts 5 < z < 9 and CO emission from lower-redshift galaxies. Real on-sky performance will inform the design of the next generation of instruments using large numbers of SuperSpec devices, which could include multi-object spectrometers or line intensity mapping experiments that target [CII] during the Epoch of Reionization.
- Published
- 2018
14. A 1.6:1 Bandwidth Two-Layer Antireflection Structure for Silicon Matched to the 190-310 GHz Atmospheric Window
- Author
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Cecile Jung-Kubiak, Fabien Defrance, Jack Sayers, Clare deYoung, Goutam Chattopadhyay, Hiroshige Yoshida, Jake Connors, Matthew I. Hollister, Sunil Golwala, and Simon J. E. Radford
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Materials science ,Silicon ,Terahertz radiation ,chemistry.chemical_element ,FOS: Physical sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,010309 optics ,Optics ,0103 physical sciences ,Broadband ,Deep reactive-ion etching ,Wafer ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) ,business.industry ,High-refractive-index polymer ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,chemistry ,Infrared window ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Refractive index - Abstract
Although high-resistivity, low-loss silicon is an excellent material for THz transmission optics, its high refractive index necessitates antireflection treatment. We fabricated a wide-bandwidth, two-layer antireflection treatment by cutting subwavelength structures into the silicon surface using multi-depth deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). A wafer with this treatment on both sides has, Comment: Accepted for publication in Applied Optics
- Published
- 2018
15. Development of Aluminum LEKIDs for Balloon-Borne Far-IR Spectroscopy
- Author
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Christopher McKenney, Henry G. LeDuc, Alyssa Barlis, Matthew I. Hollister, James E. Aguirre, Tashalee S. Billings, S. Hailey-Dunsheath, J. Redford, and Charles M. Bradford
- Subjects
Luminous infrared galaxy ,Materials science ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Terahertz radiation ,Detector ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Optical power ,Large format ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Laser linewidth ,Optics ,0103 physical sciences ,General Materials Science ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,010306 general physics ,business ,Spectroscopy ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) - Abstract
We are developing lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors (LEKIDs) designed to achieve background-limited sensitivity for far-infrared (FIR) spectroscopy on a stratospheric balloon. The Spectroscopic Terahertz Airborne Receiver for Far-InfraRed Exploration (STARFIRE) will study the evolution of dusty galaxies with observations of the [CII] 158 $\mu$m and other atomic fine-structure transitions at $z=0.5-1.5$, both through direct observations of individual luminous infrared galaxies, and in blind surveys using the technique of line intensity mapping. The spectrometer will require large format ($\sim$1800 detectors) arrays of dual-polarization sensitive detectors with NEPs of $1 \times 10^{-17}$ W Hz$^{-1/2}$. The low-volume LEKIDs are fabricated with a single layer of aluminum (20 nm thick) deposited on a crystalline silicon wafer, with resonance frequencies of $100-250$ MHz. The inductor is a single meander with a linewidth of 0.4 $\mu$m, patterned in a grid to absorb optical power in both polarizations. The meander is coupled to a circular waveguide, fed by a conical feedhorn. Initial testing of a small array prototype has demonstrated good yield, and a median NEP of $4 \times 10^{-18}$ W Hz$^{-1/2}$., Comment: accepted for publication in Journal of Low Temperature Physics
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Design and Performance of SuperSpec: An On-Chip, KID-Based, mm-Wavelength Spectrometer
- Author
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H. T. Nguyen, Goutam Chattopadhyay, Loren J. Swenson, Peter K. Day, Christopher McKenney, Theodore Reck, Henry G. LeDuc, Peter S. Barry, Stephen Padin, Erik Shirokoff, Attila Kovács, Simon Doyle, Roger O'Brient, Matthew I. Hollister, Carole Tucker, Steve Hailey-Dunsheath, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Charles M. Bradford, and Philip Daniel Mauskopf
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Physics ,Spectrometer ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Detector ,Feed horn ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Filter bank ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Microstrip ,Wavelength ,Resonator ,Optics ,General Materials Science ,Optical filter ,business - Abstract
SuperSpec is an ultra-compact spectrometer-on-a-chip for mm and submm wavelength astronomy. Its very small size, wide spectral bandwidth, and highly multiplexed detector readout will enable construction of powerful multi-object spectrometers for observations of galaxies at high redshift. SuperSpec is a filter bank with planar, lithographed, superconducting transmission line resonator filters and lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors made from Titanium Nitride. We have built an 81 detector prototype that operates in the 195–310 GHz band. The prototype has a wide-band metal feed horn with a transition to microstrip that feeds the filter bank. The prototype has demonstrated optical filter bank channels with a range of resolving powers from 300 to 700, measured fractional frequency noise of 10^(−17)Hz^(−1) at 1 Hz.
- Published
- 2014
17. Optical Measurements of SuperSpec: A Millimeter-Wave On-Chip Spectrometer
- Author
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Jonas Zmuidzinas, Henry G. LeDuc, Steve Hailey-Dunsheath, Stephen Padin, H. T. Nguyen, Charles M. Bradford, Matthew I. Hollister, Philip Daniel Mauskopf, Roger O'Brient, T. Reck, Loren J. Swenson, Peter K. Day, Erik Shirokoff, Attila Kovács, Carole Tucker, Peter S. Barry, Christopher McKenney, Nuria Llombart, Ryan M. Monroe, Goutam Chattopadhyay, and Simon Doyle
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Physics ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Chip ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Wavelength ,Resonator ,Optics ,Transmission line ,Extremely high frequency ,General Materials Science ,Millimeter ,business ,Spectral purity - Abstract
SuperSpec is a novel on-chip spectrometer we are developing for (sub)millimeter wavelength astronomy. Our approach utilizes a filterbank of moderate resolution (R∼500) channels, coupled to lumped element kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs), all integrated onto a single silicon chip. The channels are half-wave resonators formed by lithographically depositing segments of superconducting transmission line, and the KIDs are titanium nitride resonators. Here we present optical measurements of a first generation prototype, operating in the 180–280 GHz frequency range. We have used a coherent source to measure the spectral profiles of 17 channels, which achieve linewidths corresponding to quality factors as high as Q__(filt)=700, consistent with the designed values plus additional dissipation characterized by Q_i≈1440. We have also used a Fourier Transform Spectrometer to characterize the spectral purity of all 72 channels on the chip, and measure typical out of band responses ∼30 dB below the peak response.
- Published
- 2014
18. Material Selection for Cryogenic Support Structures
- Author
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Bernard Sadoulet, Matthew I. Hollister, Erik Kramer, Nicholas Kellaris, Miguel Daal, and Sunil Golwala
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Materials science ,Structural material ,Truss ,Mechanical engineering ,Stiffness ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Thermal conduction ,Strength of materials ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Thermal conductivity ,Material selection ,medicine ,General Materials Science ,Instrumentation (computer programming) ,medicine.symptom - Abstract
Design specifications for the support structures of low temperature instrumentation often call for low thermal conductivity between temperature stages, high stiffness, and specific load bearing capabilities. While overall geometric design plays an important role in both overall stiffness and heat conduction between stages, material selection can affect a structure’s properties significantly. In this contribution, we suggest and compare several alternative materials to the current standard materials for building cryogenic support structures.
- Published
- 2014
19. SuperSpec: development towards a full-scale filter bank
- Author
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Erik Shirokoff, Philip Daniel Mauskopf, Roger O'Brient, Henry G. LeDuc, R. Williamson, Christopher M. McKenney, T. Reck, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Colin Ross, Steve Hailey-Dunsheath, Peter S. Barry, Jordan Wheeler, Ryan McGeehan, Matthew I. Hollister, Scott Chapman, Stephen Padin, Jason Glenn, Charles M. Bradford, George Che, Carole Tucker, C. Shiu, Attila Kovács, Holland, Wayne S., and Zmuidzinas, Jonas
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Physics ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Noise (signal processing) ,Detector ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Filter bank ,01 natural sciences ,Responsivity ,Optics ,0103 physical sciences ,Extremely high frequency ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Noise-equivalent power ,Microwave - Abstract
SuperSpec is a new spectrometer-on-a-chip technology for submm/mm-wave spectroscopy. SuperSpec stands out from other direct-detection submm spectrometer technologies in that the detectors are coupled to a series of resonant filters along a single microwave feedline instead of using dispersive optics. SuperSpec makes use of kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) to detect radiation in this filter bank. The small profile of this design makes SuperSpec a natural choice to produce a multi-object spectrometer for tomographic mapping or galaxy redshift surveys. We have recently fabricated a device that is a 50 channel subset of a full 280 channel filter bank, which would cover the 190 - 310 GHz range at R = 275. Analysis of the data from this device informs us of the potential design modifications to enable a high-yield background-limited SuperSpec spectrometer. The results indicate that this subset filter bank can scale up to a full filter bank with only a few collisions in readout space and less than 20% variation in responsivity for the detectors. Additionally, the characterization of this and other prototype devices suggests that the noise performance is limited by generation-recombination noise. Finally, we find that the detectors are sufficiently sensitive for ground-based spectroscopy at R = 100, appropriate for tomographic mapping experiments. Further modifications are required to reach the background limit for R = 400, ideal for spectroscopy of individual galaxies.
- Published
- 2016
20. The Status of Music: A Multicolor Sub/millimeter MKID Instrument
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J. Schlaerth, H. T. Nguyen, T. P. Downes, Omid Noroozian, Matthew I. Hollister, Jason Glenn, Henry G. LeDuc, Nicole G. Czakon, Ben Mazin, R. Duan, Jack Sayers, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Peter K. Day, Seth Siegel, Sunil Golwala, and P. R. Maloney
- Subjects
Physics ,business.industry ,Amplifier ,Detector ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Inductance ,Caltech Submillimeter Observatory ,Pathfinder ,Optics ,General Materials Science ,Millimeter ,Electronics ,Antenna (radio) ,business - Abstract
We report on the recent progress of the Multicolor Submillimeter (kinetic) Inductance Camera, or MUSIC. MUSIC will use antenna-coupled Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors to observe in four colors (150 GHz, 230 GHz, 290 GHz and 350 GHz) with 2304 detectors, 576 per band, at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory. It will deploy in 2012. Here we provide an overview of the instrument, focusing on the array design. We have also used a pathfinder demonstration instrument, DemoCam, to identify problems in advance of the deployment of MUSIC. In particular, we identified two major limiters of our sensitivity: out-of-band light directly coupling to the detectors (i.e. not through the antenna), effectively an excess load, and a large 1/f contribution from our amplifiers and electronics. We discuss the steps taken to mitigate these effects to reach background-limited performance (BLIP) in observation.
- Published
- 2012
21. Thermal conductance modeling and characterization of the SuperCDMS SNOLAB sub-Kelvin cryogenic system
- Author
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Grzegorz Tatkowski, D A Bauer, Ram Dhuley, Matthew I. Hollister, R. Schmitt, L D Martin, M. Ruschman, and P T Lukens
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Nuclear physics ,Materials science ,Thermal conductivity ,law ,Cryogenic system ,0103 physical sciences ,Analytical chemistry ,Particle accelerator ,010306 general physics ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,Characterization (materials science) - Published
- 2017
22. The cryogenics design of the SuperCDMS SNOLAB experiment
- Author
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Grzegorz Tatkowski, Matthew I. Hollister, Ram Dhuley, D A Bauer, M. Ruschman, P T Lukens, L D Martin, and R. Schmitt
- Subjects
Cryostat ,Physics ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Payload ,Nuclear engineering ,Dark matter ,Detector ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Cryogenics ,01 natural sciences ,0103 physical sciences ,Thermal ,Cryogenic Dark Matter Search ,Dilution refrigerator ,010306 general physics ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics - Abstract
The Super Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (SuperCDMS) experiment is a direct detection dark matter experiment intended for deployment to the SNOLAB underground facility in Ontario, Canada. With a payload of up to 186 germanium and silicon crystal detectors operating below 15 mK, the cryogenic architecture of the experiment is complex. Further, the requirement that the cryostat presents a low radioactive background to the detectors limits the materials and techniques available for construction, and heavily influences the design of the cryogenics system. The resulting thermal architecture is a closed cycle (no liquid cryogen) system, with stages at 50 and 4 K cooled with gas and fluid circulation systems and stages at 1 K, 250 mK and 15 mK cooled by the lower temperature stages of a large, cryogen-free dilution refrigerator. This paper describes the thermal design of the experiment, including details of the cooling systems, mechanical designs and expected performance of the system under operational conditions.
- Published
- 2017
23. Thermal design and performance of the SCUBA-2 instrument 1-K and mK systems
- Author
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Matthew I. Hollister, Wayne S. Holland, David C. Gostick, Fred Gannaway, Dan Bintley, and Adam Woodcraft
- Subjects
Cryostat ,Materials science ,Thermal conductivity ,business.industry ,Thermal ,Detector ,Refrigerator car ,General Physics and Astronomy ,General Materials Science ,Dilution refrigerator ,Cryogenics ,Aerospace engineering ,business - Abstract
Various research fields require large and complex instrumen ts containing detectors operating at millikelvin temperatures. The materials and techniques traditionally used in cryogenics are often unsuitable for the demanding requirements of such instruments. We describe the thermal design and performance of the 1-K and millikelvin systems of the SCUBA-2 instrument. This is an astronomical “camera” operating at wavelengths of 450 and 850 µm. It is the largest and most complex instrument ever built for sub-mm astronomy, and the first to use a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator. The design con sists of a mix of traditional techniques (but used in demanding situations) as well as novel elements. The thermal performance has been stable and very successful, and we hope that the details described here will be useful to the designers of future large instruments.
- Published
- 2009
24. Proposed designs for a 'dry' dilution refrigerator with a 1K condenser
- Author
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Adam Woodcraft and Matthew I. Hollister
- Subjects
Cryostat ,Materials science ,Nuclear engineering ,Joule–Thomson effect ,Refrigerator car ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Thermodynamics ,Cryogenics ,Heat sink ,Cryocooler ,symbols.namesake ,symbols ,General Materials Science ,Dilution refrigerator ,Condenser (heat transfer) - Abstract
Recent development of “dry” dilution refrigerators has used mechanical cryocoolers and Joule–Thomson expansion stages to cool and liquefy the circulating ^3He. While this approach has been highly successful, we propose three alternative designs that use independently-cooled condensers. In the first, the circulating helium is precooled by a mechanical cooler, and liquified by self-contained ^4He sorption coolers. In the second, the helium is liquefied by a closed-cycle, continuous flow ^4He refrigerator operating from a room temperature pump. Finally, the third scheme uses a separate ^4He Joule–Thomson stage to cool the ^3He condenser. The condensers in all these schemes are analogous to the “1-K pot” in a conventional dilution refrigerator. Such an approach would be advantageous in certain applications, such as instrumentation for astronomy and particle physics experiment, where a thermal stage at approximately 1 K would allow an alternative heat sink to the still for electronics and radiation shielding, or quantum computer research where a large number of coaxial cables must be heat sunk in the cryostat. Furthermore, the behaviour of such a refrigerator is simplified due to the separation of the condenser stage from the dilution circuit, removing the complex interaction between the 4-K, Joule–Thomson, still and mixing chamber stages found in current dry DR designs.
- Published
- 2009
25. Status of SuperSpec: A Broadband, On-Chip Millimeter-Wave Spectrometer
- Author
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Ryan M. Monroe, Goutam Chattopadhyay, Peter S. Barry, Henry G. LeDuc, Simon Doyle, Philip Daniel Mauskopf, Erik Shirokoff, Attila Kovács, Roger O'Brient, Matthew I. Hollister, Carole Tucker, Theodore Reck, Christopher McKenney, Charles M. Bradford, Stephen Padin, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Loren J. Swenson, Peter K. Day, Steve Hailey-Dunsheath, Holland, Wayne S., and Zmuidzinas, Jonas
- Subjects
Physics ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Bandwidth (signal processing) ,Detector ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,Filter bank ,Responsivity ,Resonator ,Optics ,Extremely high frequency ,Millimeter ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,business ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) - Abstract
SuperSpec is a novel on-chip spectrometer we are developing for multi-object, moderate resolution (R = 100 - 500), large bandwidth (~1.65:1) submillimeter and millimeter survey spectroscopy of high-redshift galaxies. The spectrometer employs a filter bank architecture, and consists of a series of half-wave resonators formed by lithographically-patterned superconducting transmission lines. The signal power admitted by each resonator is detected by a lumped element titanium nitride (TiN) kinetic inductance detector (KID) operating at 100-200 MHz. We have tested a new prototype device that is more sensitive than previous devices, and easier to fabricate. We present a characterization of a representative R=282 channel at f = 236 GHz, including measurements of the spectrometer detection efficiency, the detector responsivity over a large range of optical loading, and the full system optical efficiency. We outline future improvements to the current system that we expect will enable construction of a photon-noise-limited R=100 filter bank, appropriate for a line intensity mapping experiment targeting the [CII] 158 micron transition during the Epoch of Reionization, Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures, Proceedings of the SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2014 Conference, Vol 9153, Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy VII
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Peculiar Velocity Constraints from Five-Band SZ Effect Measurements Towards RX J1347.5-1145 with MUSIC and Bolocam from the CSO
- Author
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Omid Noroozian, Jack Sayers, James A. Schlaerth, Benjamin A. Mazin, Jason Glenn, Sean McHugh, R. Duan, Albert Lam, Philip R. Maloney, Spencer Brugger, Jiansong Gao, Clint Bockstiegel, Henry G. LeDuc, Tony Mroczkowski, Jordan Wheeler, Matthew I. Hollister, Hien Nguyen, P. Wilson, Nicole G. Czakon, Anastasios Vayonakis, Michael Zemcov, Sunil Golwala, Simon J. E. Radford, Peter K. Day, David Alan Miller, T. P. Downes, Seth Siegel, and Jonas Zmuidzinas
- Subjects
Physics ,Line-of-sight ,Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Astrophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Galaxy ,Caltech Submillimeter Observatory ,Space and Planetary Science ,0103 physical sciences ,Optical depth (astrophysics) ,Cluster (physics) ,Peculiar velocity ,Calibration ,010306 general physics ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Noise (radio) ,Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics - Abstract
We present Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect measurements from wide-field images towards the galaxy cluster RX J1347.5-1145 obtained from the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory with the Multiwavelength Submillimeter Inductance Camera (MUSIC) at 147, 213, 281, and 337 GHz and with Bolocam at 140 GHz. As part of our analysis, we have used higher frequency data from Herschel-SPIRE and previously published lower frequency radio data to subtract the signal from the brightest dusty star-forming galaxies behind RX J1347.5-1145 and from the AGN in RX J1347.5-1145's BCG. Using these five-band SZ effect images, combined with X-ray spectroscopic measurements of the temperature of the intra-cluster medium (ICM) from Chandra, we constrain the ICM optical depth to be $\tau_e = 7.33^{+0.96}_{-0.97} \times 10^{-3}$ and the ICM line of sight peculiar velocity to be $v_{pec} = -1040^{+870}_{-840}$ km s$^{-1}$. The errors for both quantities are limited by measurement noise rather than calibration uncertainties or astrophysical contamination, and significant improvements are possible with deeper observations. Our best-fit velocity is in good agreement with one previously published SZ effect analysis and in mild tension with the other, although some or all of that tension may be because that measurement samples a much smaller cluster volume. Furthermore, our best-fit optical depth implies a gas mass slightly larger than the Chandra-derived value, implying the cluster is elongated along the line of sight., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. A broadband, on-chip sub/millimeter-wave spectrometer for X-Spec on CCAT
- Author
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T. Nikola, A. Tikomirov, Erik Shirokoff, Matthew I. Hollister, Charles M. Bradford, S. Hailey-Dunsheath, Christopher McKenney, and Scott Chapman
- Subjects
Physics ,Optics ,Spectrometer ,Terahertz radiation ,business.industry ,Broadband ,Extremely high frequency ,Spec# ,business ,computer ,computer.programming_language - Published
- 2014
28. The status of MUSIC: the multiwavelength sub-millimeter inductance camera
- Author
-
Jack Sayers, Clint Bockstiegel, Spencer Brugger, Nicole G. Czakon, Peter K. Day, Thomas P. Downes, Ran P. Duan, Jiansong Gao, Amandeep K. Gill, Jason Glenn, Sunil R. Golwala, Matthew I. Hollister, Albert Lam, Henry G. LeDuc, Philip R. Maloney, Benjamin A. Mazin, Sean G. McHugh, David A. Miller, Anthony K. Mroczkowski, Omid Noroozian, Hien Trong Nguyen, James A. Schlaerth, Seth R. Siegel, Anastasios Vayonakis, Philip R. Wilson, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Holland, Wayne S., and Zmuidzinas, Jonas
- Abstract
The Multiwavelength Sub/millimeter Inductance Camera (MUSIC) is a four-band photometric imaging camera operating from the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO). MUSIC is designed to utilize 2304 microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs), with 576 MKIDs for each observing band centered on 150, 230, 290, and 350 GHz. MUSIC’s field of view (FOV) is 14′ square, and the point-spread functions (PSFs) in the four observing bands have 45′′, 31′′, 25′′, and 22′′ full-widths at half maximum (FWHM). The camera was installed in April 2012 with 25% of its nominal detector count in each band, and has subsequently completed three short sets of engineering observations and one longer duration set of early science observations. Recent results from on-sky characterization of the instrument during these observing runs are presented, including achieved map- based sensitivities from deep integrations, along with results from lab-based measurements made during the same period. In addition, recent upgrades to MUSIC, which are expected to significantly improve the sensitivity of the camera, are described.
- Published
- 2014
29. SWCam: the short wavelength camera for the CCAT Observatory
- Author
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Charles D. Dowell, Scott Chapman, Brian J. Koopman, Ganesh Rajagopalan, Henry G. LeDuc, Stephen C. Parshley, Hiroshige Yoshida, Philip R. Maloney, Anthony K. Mroczkowski, Justin Schoenwald, Matthew I. Hollister, Jason Glenn, Gordon J. Stacey, Patricio A. Gallardo, Spencer Brugger, German Cortes-Medellin, Loren J. Swenson, Jack Sayers, Peter K. Day, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Douglas Scott, Reinhold Schaaf, Joaquin Vieira, Hien Nguyen, Thomas Nikola, Tim Jenness, Mark Halpern, Jordan Wheeler, Ryan M. Monroe, Joseph D. Adams, Michael D. Niemack, G. Marsden, Christopher McKenney, Simon J. E. Radford, Attila Kovács, Frank Bertoldi, Holland, Wayne S., and Zmuidzinas, Jonas
- Subjects
Physics ,Point source ,business.industry ,Aperture ,Astronomy ,Field of view ,Large format ,First light ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Wavelength ,Optics ,Observatory ,law ,business - Abstract
We describe the Short Wavelength Camera (SWCam) for the CCAT observatory including the primary science drivers, the coupling of the science drivers to the instrument requirements, the resulting implementation of the design, and its performance expectations at first light. CCAT is a 25 m submillimeter telescope planned to operate at 5600 meters, near the summit of Cerro Chajnantor in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile. CCAT is designed to give a total wave front error of 12.5 μm rms, so that combined with its high and exceptionally dry site, the facility will provide unsurpassed point source sensitivity deep into the short submillimeter bands to wavelengths as short as the 200 μm telluric window. The SWCam system consists of 7 sub-cameras that address 4 different telluric windows: 4 subcameras at 350 μm, 1 at 450 μm, 1 at 850 μm, and 1 at 2 mm wavelength. Each sub-camera has a 6’ diameter field of view, so that the total instantaneous field of view for SWCam is equivalent to a 16’ diameter circle. Each focal plane is populated with near unit filling factor arrays of Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance Detectors (LEKIDs) with pixels scaled to subtend an solid angle of (λ/D)2 on the sky. The total pixel count is 57,160. We expect background limited performance at each wavelength, and to be able to map < 35(°)2 of sky to 5 σ on the confusion noise at each wavelength per year with this first light instrument. Our primary science goal is to resolve the Cosmic Far-IR Background (CIRB) in our four colors so that we may explore the star and galaxy formation history of the Universe extending to within 500 million years of the Big Bang. CCAT's large and high-accuracy aperture, its fast slewing speed, use of instruments with large format arrays, and being located at a superb site enables mapping speeds of up to three orders of magnitude larger than contemporary or near future facilities and makes it uniquely sensitive, especially in the short submm bands.
- Published
- 2014
30. Scuba-2: The 10 000 pixel bolometer camera on the james clerk maxwell telescope
- Author
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David Atkinson, Ian Smail, Douglas Scott, David Lunney, Jessica Dempsey, Gene C. Hilton, R. V. Sudiwala, Tim Jenness, Michel Fich, Mandana Amiri, Simon C. Craig, Andy Gibb, B. Sibthorpe, Mark Halpern, E. I. Robson, E. L. Chapin, Gary R. Davis, Anthony J. Walton, Peter A. R. Ade, H. McGregor, Jan Kycia, David Montgomery, M. J. MacIntosh, Carl D. Reintsema, Harriet Parsons, Antonio Chrysostomou, Frossie Economou, Adam Woodcraft, David S. Berry, Per Friberg, William Parkes, Matthew I. Hollister, Remo P. J. Tilanus, Eli Atad-Ettedgui, Craig Walther, Xiaofeng Gao, H. Thomas, Joel N. Ullom, I. M. Coulson, William B. Doriese, B. Burger, Kent D. Irwin, Wayne S. Holland, William Duncan, Timothy C. Chuter, Michael D. Niemack, D. Bintley, Camelia Dunare, and B. D. Kelly
- Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Astronomy ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Spica ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Data acquisition ,submillimetre ,law ,Planet ,Submillimetre ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) ,James Clerk Maxwell Telescope ,media_common ,Physics ,instrumentation ,detectors [instrumentation] ,Pixel ,general [submillimetre] ,Bolometer ,Detectors ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det) ,Sky ,Space and Planetary Science ,ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics - Abstract
SCUBA-2 is an innovative 10000 pixel bolometer camera operating at submillimetre wavelengths on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT). The camera has the capability to carry out wide-field surveys to unprecedented depths, addressing key questions relating to the origins of galaxies, stars and planets. With two imaging arrays working simultaneously in the atmospheric windows at 450 and 850 microns, the vast increase in pixel count means that SCUBA-2 maps the sky 100-150 times faster than the previous SCUBA instrument. In this paper we present an overview of the instrument, discuss the physical characteristics of the superconducting detector arrays, outline the observing modes and data acquisition, and present the early performance figures on the telescope. We also showcase the capabilities of the instrument via some early examples of the science SCUBA-2 has already undertaken. In February 2012, SCUBA-2 began a series of unique legacy surveys for the JCMT community. These surveys will take 2.5 years and the results are already providing complementary data to the shorter wavelength, shallower, larger-area surveys from Herschel. The SCUBA-2 surveys will also provide a wealth of information for further study with new facilities such as ALMA, and future telescopes such as CCAT and SPICA., 23 pages, 20 figures, 3 tables. Accepted by MNRAS
- Published
- 2013
31. Status of MUSIC, the MUltiwavelength Sub/millimeter Inductance Camera
- Author
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Clint Bockstiegel, Jack Sayers, Anastasios Vayonakis, David Miller, Hien Nguyen, Sean McHugh, Matthew I. Hollister, Benjamin A. Mazin, Jason Glenn, P. Wilson, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Spencer Brugger, A. Gill, Seth Siegel, James A. Schlaerth, Henry G. LeDuc, Nicole G. Czakon, T. P. Downes, Jiansong Gao, Peter K. Day, Philip R. Maloney, Omid Noroozian, Ran Duan, Sunil Golwala, Holland, Wayne S., and Zmuidzinas, Jonas
- Subjects
Physics ,Lyot stop ,business.industry ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,Spectral bands ,law.invention ,Lens (optics) ,Primary mirror ,Telescope ,Caltech Submillimeter Observatory ,Cardinal point ,Optics ,law ,Millimeter ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,business ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics - Abstract
We present the status of MUSIC, the MUltiwavelength Sub/millimeter Inductance Camera, a new instrument for the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory. MUSIC is designed to have a 14', diffraction-limited field-of-view instrumented with 2304 detectors in 576 spatial pixels and four spectral bands at 0.87, 1.04, 1.33, and 1.98 mm. MUSIC will be used to study dusty star-forming galaxies, galaxy clusters via the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, and star formation in our own and nearby galaxies. MUSIC uses broadband superconducting phased-array slot-dipole antennas to form beams, lumped-element on-chip bandpass filters to define spectral bands, and microwave kinetic inductance detectors to senseincoming light. The focal plane is fabricated in 8 tiles consisting of 72 spatial pixels each. It is coupled to the telescope via an ambient temperature ellipsoidal mirror and a cold reimaging lens. A cold Lyot stop sits at the image of the primary mirror formed by the ellipsoidal mirror. Dielectric and metal mesh filters are used to block thermal infrared and out-of-band radiation. The instrument uses a pulse tube cooler and 3He/3He/4He closed-cycle cooler to cool the focal plane to below 250 mK. A multilayer shield attenuates Earth's magnetic field. Each focal plane tile is read out by a single pair of coaxes and a HEMT amplifier. The readout system consists of 16 copies of custom-designed ADC/DAC and IF boards coupled to the CASPER ROACH platform. We focus on recent updates on the instrument design and results from the commissioning of the full camera in 2012., Comment: 21 pages, 11 figures, presented at SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation 2012
- Published
- 2012
32. MKID development for SuperSpec: an on-chip, mm-wave, filter-bank spectrometer
- Author
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Henry G. LeDuc, Theodore Reck, Peter S. Barry, Stephen Padin, Charles M. Bradford, Daniel P. Marrone, Steve Hailey-Dunsheath, Loren J. Swenson, Attila Kovács, Roger O'Brient, Peter K. Day, Erik Shirokoff, Nuria Llombart, Matthew I. Hollister, Philip Daniel Mauskopf, Goutam Chattopadhyay, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Christopher McKenney, Simon Doyle, Holland, Wayne S., and Zmuidzinas, Jonas
- Subjects
Materials science ,Spectrometer ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Filter bank ,01 natural sciences ,Microstrip ,Wavelength ,Resonator ,Optics ,Filter (video) ,Infrared window ,0103 physical sciences ,Millimeter ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) - Abstract
SuperSpec is an ultra-compact spectrometer-on-a-chip for millimeter and submillimeter wavelength astronomy. Its very small size, wide spectral bandwidth, and highly multiplexed readout will enable construction of powerful multibeam spectrometers for high-redshift observations. The spectrometer consists of a horn-coupled microstrip feedline, a bank of narrow-band superconducting resonator filters that provide spectral selectivity, and Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs) that detect the power admitted by each filter resonator. The design is realized using thin-film lithographic structures on a silicon wafer. The mm-wave microstrip feedline and spectral filters of the first prototype are designed to operate in the band from 195-310 GHz and are fabricated from niobium with at Tc of 9.2K. The KIDs are designed to operate at hundreds of MHz and are fabricated from titanium nitride with a Tc of 2K. Radiation incident on the horn travels along the mm-wave microstrip, passes through the frequency-selective filter, and is finally absorbed by the corresponding KID where it causes a measurable shift in the resonant frequency. In this proceedings, we present the design of the KIDs employed in SuperSpec and the results of initial laboratory testing of a prototype device. We will also briefly describe the ongoing development of a demonstration instrument that will consist of two 500-channel, R=700 spectrometers, one operating in the 1-mm atmospheric window and the other covering the 650 and 850 micron bands., As submitted, except that "in prep" references have been updated
- Published
- 2012
33. POLOCAM: a millimeter wavelength cryogenic polarimeter prototype for MUSIC-POL
- Author
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Jason Glenn, John E. Vaillancourt, Matthew I. Hollister, Glenn Laurent, Peter A. R. Ade, Stephane Beland, Philip R. Maloney, Giorgio Savini, Jack Sayers, Holland, Wayne S., and Zmuidzinas, J.
- Subjects
Physics ,Lyot stop ,business.industry ,Polarimetry ,Polarimeter ,Cryogenics ,Polarizer ,Polarization (waves) ,Kinetic inductance ,law.invention ,Optics ,Optical path ,law ,Optoelectronics ,business - Abstract
As a proof-of-concept, we have constructed and tested a cryogenic polarimeter in the laboratory as a prototype for the MUSIC instrument (Multiwavelength Sub/millimeter Kinetic Inductance Camera). The POLOCAM instrument consists of a rotating cryogenic polarization modulator (sapphire half-waveplate) and polarization analyzer (lithographed copper polarizers deposited on a thin film) placed into the optical path at the Lyot stop (4K cold pupil stop) in a cryogenic dewar. We present an overview of the project, design and performance results of the POLOCAM instrument (including polarization efficiencies and instrumental polarization), as well as future application to the MUSIC-POL instrument.
- Published
- 2012
34. Electromagnetic design for SuperSpec: a lithographically-patterned millimetre-wave spectrograph
- Author
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Nuria Llombart, Philip Daniel Mauskopf, Attila Kovács, Roger O'Brient, Simon Doyle, Erik Shirokoff, S. Hailey-Dunsheath, Matthew I. Hollister, G. Chattopadhyay, P. K. Day, Loren J. Swenson, Peter S. Barry, H. G. Leduc, Charles M. Bradford, Stephen Padin, Theodore Reck, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Christopher McKenney, Daniel P. Marrone, Holland, Wayne S., and Zmuidzinas, Jonas
- Subjects
Physics ,Inductance ,Planar ,Optics ,business.industry ,Transmission line ,Filter (video) ,Detector ,Antenna (radio) ,business ,Filter bank ,Spectrograph - Abstract
SuperSpec is an innovative, fully planar, compact spectrograph for mm/sub-mm astronomy. SuperSpec is based on a superconducting filter-bank consisting of a series of planar half-wavelength filters to divide up the incoming, broadband radiation. The power in each filter is then coupled into titanium nitride lumped element kinetic inductance detectors, facilitating the read out of a large number of filter elements. We will present electromagnetic simulations of the different components that will make up an R = 700 prototype instrument. Based on these simulations, we discuss optimisation of the coupling between the antenna, transmission line, filters and detectors.
- Published
- 2012
35. SuperSpec: design concept and circuit simulations
- Author
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Philip Daniel Mauskopf, Nuria Llombart, Simon Doyle, Steve Hailey-Dunsheath, Henry G. LeDuc, Roger O'Brient, Loren J. Swenson, Goutam Chattopadhyay, Peter K. Day, Christopher McKenney, Peter S. Barry, Daniel P. Marrone, Charles M. Bradford, Attila Kovács, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Stephen Padin, Matthew I. Hollister, Holland, Wayne S., and Zmuidzinas, Jonas
- Subjects
Spectrometer ,Computer science ,Bolometer ,Detector ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Field of view ,Dielectric ,Radiation ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Footprint (electronics) ,Wavelength ,Filter (video) ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Electronic engineering ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,010306 general physics ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) - Abstract
SuperSpec is a pathfinder for future lithographic spectrometer cameras, which promise to energize extra-galactic astrophysics at (sub)millimeter wavelengths: delivering 200--500 km/s spectral velocity resolution over an octave bandwidth for every pixel in a telescope's field of view. We present circuit simulations that prove the concept, which enables complete millimeter-band spectrometer devices in just a few square-millimeter footprint. We evaluate both single-stage and two-stage channelizing filter designs, which separate channels into an array of broad-band detectors, such as bolometers or kinetic inductance detector (KID) devices. We discuss to what degree losses (by radiation or by absorption in the dielectric) and fabrication tolerances affect the resolution or performance of such devices, and what steps we can take to mitigate the degradation. Such design studies help us formulate critical requirements on the materials and fabrication process, and help understand what practical limits currently exist to the capabilities these devices can deliver today or over the next few years., Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. MAKO: a pathfinder instrument for on-sky demonstration of low-cost 350 micron imaging arrays
- Author
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Attila Kovács, Charles D. Dowell, Robert Jarnot, Byeong Ho Eom, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Matthew I. Hollister, Loren J. Swenson, Peter K. Day, Christopher McKenney, Tony Mroczkowski, Hien Nguyen, Ryan M. Monroe, Henry G. LeDuc, Holland, Wayne S., and Zmuidzinas, Jonas
- Subjects
Photon ,Fabrication ,Pixel ,business.industry ,Computer science ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Detector ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Resonator ,Optics ,Pathfinder ,Cardinal point ,Far infrared ,law ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,business ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics - Abstract
Submillimeter cameras now have up to $10^4$ pixels (SCUBA 2). The proposed CCAT 25-meter submillimeter telescope will feature a 1 degree field-of-view. Populating the focal plane at 350 microns would require more than $10^6$ photon-noise limited pixels. To ultimately achieve this scaling, simple detectors and high-density multiplexing are essential. We are addressing this long-term challenge through the development of frequency-multiplexed superconducting microresonator detector arrays. These arrays use lumped-element, direct-absorption resonators patterned from titanium nitride films. We will discuss our progress toward constructing a scalable 350 micron pathfinder instrument focusing on fabrication simplicity, multiplexing density, and ultimately a low per-pixel cost., Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Characterising and calibrating the SCUBA-2 superconducting bolometer arrays for science observing
- Author
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Xiaofeng Gao, Dennis Kelly, Mandana Amiri, Andy Gibb, Adam Woodcraft, Douglas Scott, Matthew I. Hollister, Tim Jenness, Carl D. Reintsema, E. L. Chapin, H. Thomas, Kent D. Irwin, Wayne S. Holland, Dan Bintley, Gene C. Hilton, Michael J. MacIntosh, David S. Berry, B. Burger, William F. Grainger, Matthew Hasselfield, Mark Halpern, Michael D. Niemack, Peter A. R. Ade, Lorenzo Moncelsi, Jessica T. Dempsey, and Per Friberg
- Subjects
Physics ,Optics ,Pixel ,law ,business.industry ,Terahertz radiation ,Bolometer ,Calibration ,business ,Wide field ,James Clerk Maxwell Telescope ,law.invention ,Remote sensing - Abstract
SCUBA-2 is a 10,000 pixel wide field sub-millimeter camera which started science observing on James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) in the spring of 2010. We present the results of characterising individual 1280 bolometer science grade sub-arrays, as well as experience from operating the instrument.
- Published
- 2010
38. MKID multicolor array status and results from DemoCam
- Author
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T. P. Downes, J. Sayers, Sunil Golwala, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Omid Noroozian, Matthew I. Hollister, Jason Glenn, Seth Siegel, Henry G. LeDuc, Nicole G. Czakon, Anastasios Vayonakis, Benjamin A. Mazin, Philip R. Maloney, Ran Duan, Hien Nguyen, Peter K. Day, P. Wilson, James A. Schlaerth, John E. Vaillancourt, Jiansong Gao, Holland, Wayne S., and Zmuidzinas, Jonas
- Subjects
Physics ,business.industry ,Coplanar waveguide ,Detector ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Particle detector ,law.invention ,Caltech Submillimeter Observatory ,Resonator ,Capacitor ,Responsivity ,Optics ,law ,business ,Microwave - Abstract
We present the results of the latest multicolor Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detector (MKID) focal plane arrays in the submillimeter. The new detectors on the arrays are superconducting resonators which combine a coplanar waveguide section with an interdigitated capacitor, or IDC. To avoid out-of-band pickup by the capacitor, a stepped-impedance filter is used to prevent radiation from reaching the absorptive aluminum section of the resonator. These arrays are tested in the preliminary demonstration instrument, DemoCam, a precursor to the Multicolor Submillimeter Inductance Camera, MUSIC. We present laboratory results of the responsivity to light both in the laboratory and at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory. We assess the performance of the detectors in filtering out-of-band radiation, and find the level of excess load and its effect on detector performance. We also look at the array design characteristics, and the implications for the optimization of sensitivities expected by MUSIC.
- Published
- 2010
39. An open-source readout for MKIDs
- Author
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Omid Noroozian, Matthew I. Hollister, Jason Glenn, T. P. Downes, Seth Siegel, Sunil Golwala, Philip R. Maloney, Anastasios Vayonakis, Sean McHugh, Bruno Serfass, Peter K. Day, Jiansong Gao, J. Sayers, Ran Duan, James A. Schlaerth, Andrew Merrill, Benjamin A. Mazin, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Hien Nguyen, P. Wilson, Henry G. LeDuc, Nicole G. Czakon, John E. Vaillancourt, Holland, Wayne S., and Zmuidzinas, Jonas
- Subjects
Superconductivity ,Digital electronics ,Signal processing ,Spectrometer ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Computer science ,business.industry ,Kinetic inductance detectors ,Bandwidth (signal processing) ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Electrical engineering ,Resonance ,Optical microcavity ,Multiplexing ,Particle detector ,law.invention ,Inductance ,Optics ,law ,Frequency domain ,Field-programmable gate array ,business - Abstract
This paper will present the design, implementation, performance analysis of an open source readout system for arrays of microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKID) for mm/submm astronomy. The readout system will perform frequency domain multiplexed real-time complex microwave transmission measurements in order to monitor the instantaneous resonance frequency and dissipation of superconducting microresonators. Each readout unit will be able to cover up to 550 MHz bandwidth and readout 256 complex frequency channels simultaneously. The digital electronics include the customized DAC, ADC, IF system and the FPGA based signal processing hardware developed by CASPER group. The entire system is open sourced, and can be customized to meet challenging requirement in many applications: e.g. MKID, MSQUID etc.
- Published
- 2010
40. The cryomechanical design of MUSIC: a novel imaging instrument for millimeter-wave astrophysics at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory
- Author
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Jiansong Gao, Omid Noroozian, J. Sayers, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Anastasios Vayonakis, Henry G. LeDuc, Nicole G. Czakon, T. P. Downes, Seth Siegel, Matthew I. Hollister, Peter K. Day, Jason Glenn, James A. Schlaerth, Hien Nguyen, Benjamin A. Mazin, P. Wilson, John E. Vaillancourt, Sunil Golwala, P. R. Maloney, Ran Duan, Holland, Wayne S., and Zmuidzinas, Jonas
- Subjects
Physics ,business.industry ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Amplifier ,Detector ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Photodetector ,Cryogenics ,Kinetic inductance ,Particle detector ,Caltech Submillimeter Observatory ,Optics ,Optical filter ,business - Abstract
MUSIC (Multicolor Submillimeter kinetic Inductance Camera) is a new facility instrument for the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (Mauna Kea, Hawaii) developed as a collaborative effect of Caltech, JPL, the University of Colorado at Boulder and UC Santa Barbara, and is due for initial commissioning in early 2011. MUSIC utilizes a new class of superconducting photon detectors known as microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs), an emergent technology that offers considerable advantages over current types of detectors for submillimeter and millimeter direct detection. MUSIC will operate a focal plane of 576 spatial pixels, where each pixel is a slot line antenna coupled to multiple detectors through on-chip, lumped-element filters, allowing simultaneously imaging in four bands at 0.86, 1.02, 1.33 and 2.00 mm. The MUSIC instrument is designed for closed-cycle operation, combining a pulse tube cooler with a two-stage Helium-3 adsorption refrigerator, providing a focal plane temperature of 0.25 K with intermediate temperature stages at approximately 50, 4 and 0.4 K for buffering heat loads and heat sinking of optical filters. Detector readout is achieved using semi-rigid coaxial cables from room temperature to the focal plane, with cryogenic HEMT amplifiers operating at 4 K. Several hundred detectors may be multiplexed in frequency space through one signal line and amplifier. This paper discusses the design of the instrument cryogenic hardware, including a number of features unique to the implementation of superconducting detectors. Predicted performance data for the instrument system will also be presented and discussed.
- Published
- 2010
41. Characterising the SCUBA-2 superconducting bolometer arrays
- Author
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Matthew I. Hollister, Dennis Kelly, Kent D. Irwin, Wayne S. Holland, Matthew Hasselfield, Per Friberg, Adam Woodcraft, C. G. A. Mugford, Anthony J. Walton, Carl D. Reintsema, Mandana Amiri, Xiaofeng Gao, Julian Steven House, Jan Kycia, B. Burger, Craig Walther, Lauren Persaud, Mark Halpern, William F. Grainger, Jeff T. Hill, Peter A. R. Ade, Lorenzo Moncelsi, William Parkes, Michael D. Niemack, Gene C. Hilton, Michael J. MacIntosh, Dan Bintley, Camelia Dunare, David Atkinson, Holland, Wayne S., and Zmuidzinas, Jonas
- Subjects
Physics ,business.industry ,Amplifier ,Bolometer ,Submillimetre astronomy ,law.invention ,Telescope ,SQUID ,Optics ,law ,Dilution refrigerator ,Transition edge sensor ,business ,James Clerk Maxwell Telescope - Abstract
SCUBA-2 is a state of the art 10,000 pixel submillimeter camera installed and being commissioned at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) providing wide-field simultaneous imaging at wavelengths of 450 and 850 microns. At each wavelength there are four 32 by 40 sub-arrays of superconducting Transition Edge Sensor (TES) bolometers, each packaged with inline SQUID multiplexed readout and amplifier. In this paper we present the results of characterising individual 1280 bolometer science grade sub-arrays, both in a dedicated 50mk dilution refrigerator test facility and in the instrument installed at the JCMT.
- Published
- 2010
42. Cryogenic magnetic shielding for SCUBA-2
- Author
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Michael J. MacIntosh, Dan Bintley, Wayne S. Holland, Matthew I. Hollister, Adam Woodcraft, and Helen McGregor
- Subjects
Physics ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Magnetism ,Detector ,Bolometer ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,Magnetic field ,law.invention ,SQUID ,Optics ,law ,Electromagnetic shielding ,Transition edge sensor ,business ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics ,James Clerk Maxwell Telescope - Abstract
SCUBA-2 is a new wide-field submillimeter continuum instrument being commissioned on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. SCUBA-2 uses large-scale arrays of superconducting bolometers with SQUID- (superconducting quantum interference device) based multiplexing and amplification. The sensitivity of the devices that compose the detector arrays to magnetic fields is such that magnetic shielding, consisting of superconducting and high-permeability materials, was fitted to the detector enclosure at 1 K to reduce the magnetic field strength at the focal plane. This paper describes the design and construction of the cryogenic shielding, and presents verification measurements. The shielding performance was found to meet the instrument requirements, and compared well to the modelled results.
- Published
- 2008
43. Performance of the SCUBA-2 dilution refrigerator
- Author
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Adam Woodcraft, Matthew I. Hollister, Wayne S. Holland, and Dan Bintley
- Subjects
Physics ,Liquid helium ,business.industry ,Bolometer ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Cryogenics ,Particle detector ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Optics ,chemistry ,law ,Dilution refrigerator ,business ,James Clerk Maxwell Telescope ,Helium - Abstract
SCUBA-2 is a new wide-field submillimeter continuum instrument being commissioned on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. SCUBA-2 images simultaneously at 450 and 850 μm using large-scale arrays of superconducting bolometers, with over five thousand pixels at each wavelength. The arrays are cooled to less than 100 mK by the mixing chamber of a dilution refrigerator (DR), with a radiation shield at a nominal temperature of 1 K cooled by the DR still. The DR is a "dry" system, using a pulse tube cooler for precooling of the circulating helium in place of a liquid helium bath. This paper presents key performance data for the DR.
- Published
- 2008
44. Finite-element modeling of magnetic shielding for SCUBA-2
- Author
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William Duncan, Wayne S. Holland, Matthew I. Hollister, and Michael D. Audley
- Subjects
Physics ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Magnetism ,Magnetometer ,Bolometer ,Detector ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,law.invention ,Magnetic field ,SQUID ,Optics ,law ,Electromagnetic shielding ,business ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics ,James Clerk Maxwell Telescope - Abstract
SCUBA-2 is a new wide-field submillimeter camera under construction for the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. SCUBA-2 images simultaneously at 450 and 850 μm using large-scale arrays of superconducting bolometers, with over five thousand pixels at each wavelength. Time division multiplexed readouts and cryogenic amplifiers, both based on superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), are also used in the design. The SCUBA-2 detector arrays must be well shielded against magnetic fields, since the performance of the bolometers can be seriously affected by the presence of a strong field, and the SQUIDs are themselves sensitive magnetometers. This shielding is to be provided by a combination of high-permeability and superconducting layers on both the ambient temperature and cryogenic stages of the instrument. To optimise and demonstrate the effectiveness of the shielding design, a finite-element modelling method was employed, using the Ansoft (R) Maxwell 3D TM package. Although a number of approximations had to be made in the modelling, the finite-element results allow a good estimation of the effectiveness of the shielding at attenuating external magnetic fields to be made. This paper describes the modelling process, outlines the key results and summarises the final shielding design.
- Published
- 2006
45. SCUBA-2: a 10,000 pixel submillimeter camera for the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
- Author
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Gene C. Hilton, Camelia Dunare, Dan Bintley, Tim Jenness, Michel Fich, Peter A. R. Ade, Kent D. Irwin, Wayne S. Holland, Carl D. Reintsema, William Duncan, Jan Kycia, Michael J. MacIntosh, Ian Robson, David C. Gostick, David James Montgomery, Andy Gibb, Adam Woodcraft, Eli Atad-Ettedgui, Mark Halpern, Janos Molnar, Ian Walker, Anthony J. Walton, Frossie Economou, Maureen A. Ellis, Dennis Kelly, Tomas Chylek, Simon C. Craig, Douglas Scott, E. L. Chapin, Gary R. Davis, William Parkes, Matthew I. Hollister, and Alasdair Fairley
- Subjects
Physics ,Pixel ,business.industry ,Amplifier ,Bolometer ,Astrophysics (astro-ph) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astrophysics ,Submillimetre astronomy ,law.invention ,Optics ,law ,Planet ,Dilution refrigerator ,business ,James Clerk Maxwell Telescope ,Data reduction - Abstract
SCUBA-2 is an innovative 10,000 pixel submillimeter camera due to be delivered to the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in late 2006. The camera is expected to revolutionize submillimeter astronomy in terms of the ability to carry out wide-field surveys to unprecedented depths addressing key questions relating to the origins of galaxies, stars and planets. This paper presents an update on the project with particular emphasis on the laboratory commissioning of the instrument. The assembly and integration will be described as well as the measured thermal performance of the instrument. A summary of the performance results will be presented from the TES bolometer arrays, which come complete with in-focal plane SQUID amplifiers and multiplexed readouts, and are cooled to 100mK by a liquid cryogen-free dilution refrigerator. Considerable emphasis has also been placed on the operating modes of the instrument and the common-user aspect of the user interface and data reduction pipeline. These areas will also be described in the paper., 15 pages; in Proceedings of Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation, SPIE, in press
- Published
- 2006
46. Characterization of a prototype SCUBA-2 1280-pixel submillimetre superconducting bolometer array
- Author
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Julian Steven House, Jan Kycia, Adam Woodcraft, Gene C. Hilton, Michael J. MacIntosh, Maureen A. Ellis, Mandana Amiri, Cynthia L. Hunt, Dan Bintley, William Parkes, William Duncan, Matthew I. Hollister, Carl D. Reintsema, Mark Halpern, Anthony J. Walton, Kent D. Irwin, Wayne S. Holland, R. V. Sudiwala, B. Burger, Xiaofeng Gao, Camelia Dunare, and Peter A. R. Ade
- Subjects
Physics ,Pixel ,business.industry ,Bolometer ,Large format ,Submillimetre astronomy ,law.invention ,Optics ,Cardinal point ,law ,Transition edge sensor ,business ,Noise-equivalent power ,James Clerk Maxwell Telescope - Abstract
We present the results of characterization measurements on a 1280 pixel superconducting bolometer array designed for operation at wavelengths around 450 μm. The array is a prototype for the sub-arrays which will form the focal plane for the SCUBA-2 sub-mm camera, being built for the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) in Hawaii. With over 10 000 pixels in total, it will provide a huge improvement in both sensitivity and mapping speed over existing instruments. The array consists of molybdenum-copper bi-layer TES (transition edge sensor) pixels, bonded to a multiplexer. The detectors operate at a temperature of approximately 175 mK, and require a heat sink at a temperature of approximately 60 mK. In contrast to previous TES arrays, the multiplexing elements are located beneath each pixel (an "in-focal plane" configuration). We present the results of electrical and optical measurements, and show that the optical NEP (noise equivalent power) is less than 1.4 × 10-16 W Hz-0.5 and thus within the goal of 1.5 × 10-16 W Hz-0.5.
- Published
- 2006
47. PECULIAR VELOCITY CONSTRAINTS FROM FIVE-BAND SZ EFFECT MEASUREMENTS TOWARD RX J1347.5−1145 WITH MUSIC AND BOLOCAM FROM THE CSO.
- Author
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Jack Sayers, Michael Zemcov, Jason Glenn, Sunil R. Golwala, Philip R. Maloney, Seth R. Siegel, Jordan Wheeler, Clint Bockstiegel, Spencer Brugger, Nicole G. Czakon, Peter K. Day, Thomas P. Downes, Ran P. Duan, Jiansong Gao, Matthew I. Hollister, Albert Lam, Henry G. LeDuc, Benjamin A. Mazin, Sean G. McHugh, and David A. Miller
- Subjects
PECULIAR stars ,GALAXY clusters ,WIDE field telescopes ,ASTRONOMICAL image processing ,MEASUREMENT errors - Abstract
We present Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (SZ) effect measurements from wide-field images toward the galaxy cluster RX J1347.5−1145 obtained from the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory with the Multiwavelength Submillimeter Inductance Camera at 147, 213, 281, and 337 GHz and with Bolocam at 140 GHz. As part of our analysis, we have used higher frequency data from Herschel–SPIRE and previously published lower frequency radio data to subtract the signal from the brightest dusty star-forming galaxies behind RX J1347.5−1145 and from the AGN in RX J1347.5−1145’s BCG. Using these five-band SZ effect images, combined with X-ray spectroscopic measurements of the temperature of the intra-cluster medium (ICM) from Chandra, we constrain the ICM optical depth to be and the ICM line of sight peculiar velocity to be km s
−1 . The errors for both quantities are limited by measurement noise rather than calibration uncertainties or astrophysical contamination, and significant improvements are possible with deeper observations. Our best-fit velocity is in good agreement with one previously published SZ effect analysis and in mild tension with the other, although some or all of that tension may be because that measurement samples a much smaller cluster volume. Furthermore, our best-fit optical depth implies a gas mass slightly larger than the Chandra-derived value, implying the cluster is elongated along the line of sight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
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