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Introduction Sleep inertia is a state of impaired cognitive performance upon awakening that dissipates with time awake. Manipulation of the distal-to-proximal skin temperature gradient using cold water has been hypothesized as a potential countermeasure to sleep inertia, but not previously explored (Krauchi et al., 2004). This study examined the effects of cold-water hand immersion on subsequent cognitive performance and sleepiness during sleep inertia. Methods Ten healthy adults (mean±standard deviation [SD] age 23.2±4.96 years; 6M, 4F) have thus far completed an ongoing 8-day protocol. Prior to an overnight in-laboratory visit, participants maintained habitual 8h sleep schedules for 1 week at home. In-laboratory sleep opportunities were timed to coincide with habitual sleep time. Following at least 5-min of electroencephalogram (EEG) verified continuous slow wave sleep (SWS), participants were awakened twice during the night to submerge their non-dominant hand in warm (34 C) or ice-cold water (0 C) for 3 min in a randomized, crossover design. Sleep inertia was assessed with a Mathematical Addition Test (ADD) and the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) at ~ 5, 15, and 25 min after each awakening. Outcomes included number of correct responses and median reaction time for correct responses on the ADD and KSS scores. Data were analyzed with mixed-model ANOVA with condition, condition order and time since awakening as fixed factors and subject as a random factor. Results The average (Mean±SD) amount of SWS prior awakening was similar before the cold 7.0±2.3 min and warm 6.6±1.0min conditions (p>0.10). Following cold water immersion, subjective sleepiness was reduced and the median reaction time for correct responses was faster compared with warm water immersion (main effects of condition, p’s< 0.05). The number of correct responses was not significantly different between conditions, nor were there any significant interaction effects among the fixed factors. Conclusion These preliminary findings indicate that cold-water hand immersion may reduce sleepiness and increase the speed of arithmetic calculations during sleep inertia, which could have important implications for military and first responders performing after awakenings from sleep. Support (if any) Office of Naval Research MURI N00014-15-1-2809; NIH RHL165343A and CTSA Grant UL1 TR002535; Undergraduate Research Opportunities Grant, University of Colorado Boulder.

Introduction Circadian phase and homeostatic sleep drive affect selective visual attention during sleep inertia (SI), a period of cognitive performance decrement upon awakening that dissipates with time. This study examined the combined effects of circadian misalignment and sleep restriction on visual search performance during SI. Methods Twenty adults (mean±standard deviation [SD] age 25.7±4.2 years; 12M, 8F) completed a 39-day protocol. Prior to a 4-day in-laboratory visit, participants maintained habitual 8h sleep schedules for 2 weeks at home. In-laboratory sleep opportunities (1 per day) were timed to induce varying levels of both circadian misalignment and sleep restriction: 8h on night 1, 3h on night 2, and 3h on mornings 3 and 4. After 3 days of recovery sleep at home (unscheduled), participants repeated the entire protocol. SI was assessed with the Serial Visual Search Task, a measure of selective visual attention, ~ 1, 16, and 31 min after electroencephalogram (EEG) verified awakening following each 3h sleep opportunity. The task required participants to determine whether a target was present or absent among nontarget distractors. Outcomes included median reaction times (RT) and number of missed targets. Sleep opportunities with ≥4.5 min of EEG-verified wakefulness in the 30 min prior to scheduled awakening were excluded from analysis. Data were analyzed with mixed-model ANOVA. Results Mean±SD average amount of wakefulness in the 30 min and 10 min prior to SI testing was 1.2±0.11 and 0.43±0.06 minutes, respectively. Following all sleep opportunities, median RT for overall correct responses and for correct response to target absent trials improved with time since awakening (all p Conclusion Reaction speed was impaired during SI regardless of circadian timing or level of homeostatic sleep drive, whereas missing targets appears to be dependent upon circadian phase and the level of homeostatic sleep debt. These findings have important implications for military and first responders. Support (If Any) Office of Naval Research MURI N00014-15-1-2809; NIH TR001082; Undergraduate Research Opportunities Grant, University of Colorado Boulder.

This article considers the philosophical foundations of the French Enlightenment through a close study of the Stoic influences on the Marquis de Condorcet's education philosophy. The article argues that although Condorcet did not acknowledge any direct Stoic influence, his philosophy of education nevertheless should be understood in the eclectic idiom of eighteenth-century Stoic discourse. Furthermore, Condorcet's Stoicism was entirely compatible with Rousseau's Stoicism to the degree that one could call Condorcet a Rousseauean at least in matters of education theory—even though Condorcet, a protégé of Voltaire, is usually presented as a critic of Rousseau. Finally, the article suggests that the notion of liberty that Condorcet seeks to make flourish through his national education plan is in line with the Stoic ideal of rational autonomy, despite Condorcet's insistence that the modern idea of liberty (that is, his own idea) is fundamentally different from the ancient idea.

Hydrocarbon impact to Kanawha River sediments from an oil spill and fire following the derailment of a train carrying Bakken crude oil was investigated. Chemical fingerprinting of the fresh and weathered cargo oil and the River’s surface sediments showed no impact by the approximately 362,000 gal of liquid crude oil spilled during the derailment, most (~94%) of which was determined to have been consumed in the 30-hour-long fires. Instead, these sediments overwhelming contained hydrocarbons derived from particulate coal and natural organic matter, which was ubiquitous upstream, proximal to, and downstream of the derailment site. Hopane-normalized analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), however, revealed “extra” combustion-derived (pyrogenic) Priority Pollutant PAHs were enriched in some sediments, which were reasonably attributed to particulate combustion residue (soot) generated during the derailment’s oil fires. Calculations of hopane-normalized PAH concentrations showed that soot particles from the oil fire contributed ~7.2 mg/kg of “extra” Priority Pollutant PAHs at one proximal sediment location and less (0.5 to 1.9 mg/kg) at four other relatively proximal sediment locations. In summary, the only hydrocarbon impact of the derailment, oil spill, and oil fires on Kanawha River sediments recognized from this study was the addition of fire-derived, PAH-bearing soot particles to surface sediments within a limited “footprint” of the River.

OBJECTIVE. Children and adolescents with newly diagnosed hypertension undergo various tests to define the cause and target organ consequences of the elevated blood pressure. We tested the hypothesis that the diagnostic yield of individual components of the currently recommended assessment does not justify performance for all patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. METHODS. A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients who were referred between July 2002 and June 2007 for mild-to-moderate hypertension, defined as maximum blood pressure at ≥95% + 20/10 mmHg. The assessment included history and physical examination, nutritional assessment, urinalysis, biochemical and fasting lipid profile, renal ultrasound, echocardiogram, and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. RESULTS. A total of 249 patients were identified, and charts for 220 (88%) were available for review. There were 156 boys and 64 girls aged 13.3 ± 4.4 years. BMI was 26.1 ± 6.7 kg/m2, and 143 (65%) had a BMI of ≥90%. Results of urinalysis and serum biochemical testing were clinically normal in all cases. Among those with a lipid profile, 59 (42%) had total cholesterol values of >170 mg/dL, and 26 (19%) had severe hypercholesterolemia (>200 mg/dL). Renal sonography revealed findings plausibly associated with hypertension in 14 (8%) patients; 4 (2%) had renovascular abnormalities. Yield of echocardiography was 17%. On ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, 47 (60%) children had systolic readings of >95% at least 20% of the time, and 28 (36%) had diastolic readings of >95% at least 20% of the time. CONCLUSIONS. For children and adolescents with mild-to-moderate hypertension, on the basis of a cutoff of 5% to 20% abnormal results to define a useful test, the initial evaluation can range from a serum cholesterol level and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to a panel that consists of a fasting lipid profile, renal ultrasound, echocardiogram, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Additional assessment should be guided by specific clinical features and the nature of the patient population.

Dans le cadre d'une analyse sociologique de la culture intellectuelle du XVIII e siecle, l'A. met en evidence l'ethique aristocratique qui domine la Republique des lettres de l'epoque, en general, et qui se manifeste dans la production litteraire de Fontenelle, en particulier. Examinant le lien entre les notions de noblesse et de vertu dans les «Eloges» de l'ecrivain, l'A. montre que celui-ci developpe une philosophie morale qui influence l'image du savant moderne.

This essay argues for the emergence of a cultural and epistemological divide between amateur savants and members of the Royal Academy of the Sciences in late Old Regime and revolutionary France and suggests that the amateur ideal rose in significance even as intellectual activity came to be increasingly centralized in the postrevolutionary era. At the crux of the tensions between the amateur ideal and the professionalizing reality in the immediate postrevolutionary period stood Aubin-Louis Millin and his journal, the Magasin Encyclopédique. The essay examines, in particular, the revival in the pages of the Magasin Encyclopédique of interest in Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc, the seventeenth-century icon of an amateur ideal in which investigations in the natural sciences and scholarship were private, decentralized, often provincial activities. Although the sciences in the revolutionary and Napoleonic eras were often perceived as forward looking and dismissive of the past, this essay finds that a sentimental and nostalgic attachment to the past-to a myth of Peiresc-continued to play an important role in the identity of postrevolutionary men of letters.