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Purpose This paper aims to reflect on the future of sustainability reporting standards by examining the current practical initiatives and the Global Reporting Initiative’s (GRI) position in the arena of non-financial and sustainability reporting and identifies avenues for future research. Design/methodology/approach A critical reflection and analysis of research on the GRI’s achievements and the influence of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Foundation’s initiative to develop global sustainability reporting standards. Findings The GRI has a dominant position in sustainability reporting standard-setting related to the provision of information about the influence of reporting organisations on society and the natural environment. The IFRS Foundation’s initiative to enter the sustainability reporting standard-setting arena, although from the perspective of providing information to investors regarding the influence of society and the environment on the reporting organisation, is an attempt to solidify its own position as the reporting standard setter of choice, not only for financial reporting but for all reporting standards. However, despite its aim to differentiate its role from the GRI by leveraging the financial-oriented ideological side of double materiality, we argue that the IFRS is unlikely to harm the GRI’s global position in producing multi-stakeholder standards for sustainability reporting and accountability. This differentiated position is facilitated by the different sources of legitimacy the GRI and IFRS rely on. Research limitations/implications The paper identifies future research opportunities. Originality/value Due to the recent initiatives for creating new sustainability reporting standard-setters, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper offers one of the first critical reflections on the past and the likely future of the GRI and its sustainability reporting standards. The paper also identifies several new avenues for future research.

Purpose This paper aims to develop a conceptual framework informed by a literature review. This framework aims to deepen and broaden the understanding of the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and non-financial reporting (NFR) through qualitative research approaches. Design/methodology/approach A review of corporate governance and NFR literature and existing research frameworks leads to the development of a conceptual framework to encourage future qualitative accounting research on the corporate governance mechanisms for NFR. Findings Few studies consider the complex interrelationships between NFR and corporate governance mechanisms. Quantitative studies using secondary data sources dominate accounting research on the topic. Of the small number of qualitative studies, many are theoretical and offer little new knowledge about the effectiveness of corporate governance mechanisms in practice. The research framework, developed from a literature review and consideration of multiple qualitative approaches, proposes numerous avenues for future research. Research limitations/implications This paper is based on a scoping review of the literature using peer-reviewed journal papers. Other researchers may have identified additional literature for inclusion, including grey literature. Practical implications More qualitative research into NFR and corporate governance mechanisms may help to guide practitioners seeking to incorporate sustainability into their governance practices. Social implications The critical relationship between NRF and corporate governance is under-explored in research yet has significant consequences for organisations pursuing sustainability. Originality/value The authors develop a conceptual framework for qualitative accounting research on NFR and corporate governance, addressing key outstanding questions in this area and considering different theoretical perspectives when approaching this critical topic. Although there is scope for further research in general in this promising area, including quantitative reviews and discursive studies, qualitative research would be of particular value. The authors also outline multiple directions for nurturing academic debate.

Purpose This study aims to examine the methodological and method-related challenges and opportunities arising from the use of video interviews in qualitative accounting research, focussed on collecting contextual data and visual cues, enriching communication quality and building and maintaining rapport with interviewees. Design/methodology/approach Prior literature and the authors’ experiences using video technologies for research, including conducting interviews, inform this research. This study uses a transactional conceptual refinement of information richness theory and channel expansion theory to critically analyse the challenges and opportunities of using video technology to conduct qualitative research interviews. Findings The ability, need for and significance of collecting contextual data depend on the researchers’ ontological and epistemological assumptions, and are, therefore, influenced by their research design choices. Video technology enables researchers to view research settings by video. In addition, whilst group/panel interviews have their advantages, it is often difficult to get everyone together in person, something video technology can potentially overcome. The feasibility and the quality of video interviews can be improved if both interview participants are experienced with using video technology, as well as with judicious investment in good quality video technology and through testing and practice. We also discuss how rapport building with interviewees can be facilitated by overcoming the video’s sense of disconnect and enhancing interviewees’ willingness to engage. Originality/value The study builds on the limited prior literature and considers the challenges and opportunities related to methodology and method when conducting video-based qualitative interviews in accounting research. Broadly, qualitative researchers will find the paper useful in considering the use of video interviews and in making research design choices appropriate for video interviews.

Rome has a great cultural heritage, formed by the stratification of styles and political influences from different eras. The different eras and architectural styles that have defined the city in the two millennia of history, make each part unique in its kind. This succession of changes has by necessity led to the denial of some archaeologies that in past ages were pivotal points in the development of the ancient city. The research presented here is intended to analyze and reconstruct the archeology of the river stretch of the Aurelian Walls on the Lungotevere Testaccio partly disappeared from the architectural landscape of the city. The research was set in two main phases, the first based on the two-dimensional study of the lost fabric, focusing on the cartographic study and the digitization of them in the GIS environment. The second one still under development foresees the digitalization of the threedimensional elements detected and the insertion of these within the dedicated platforms.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand how communication strategies and the use of numbers can ensure the buy-in and cooperation of stakeholders.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on legitimacy theory, this study analysis documents regarding the communication strategies of New Zealand (NZ)'s Prime Minster, Jacinda Ardern, during the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to extract lessons for organizations. The authors contrast Ardern's communications with those of Donald Trump, the President of the United States (US), as evidence that leaders do not necessarily follow these strategies.FindingsThe findings show that clear, consistent and credible communications, backed up by open access to the numerical data that underlie the decisions, ensure that these decisions are seen as legitimate, ensure that citizens/stakeholders feel leaders are accountable and believe in the necessity of measures taken and that they conform to the guidelines and rules. By contrast, the strategy of attempting to withhold information, blaming others, refusing to acknowledge that there are problems and refusing to address problems lead to non-conformance by citizens/stakeholders. Business leaders could apply these lessons to the management of crises in their organizations to ensure buy-in from employees and other stakeholders. Leaders and organizations that follow these communication strategies can emerge in a stronger position than before the crisis.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper develops a theoretical framework of strategies aimed at maintaining and disrupting legitimacy among key audiences, which can be used in future research.Practical implicationsThis paper highlighting how organizations and organizational leaders can best communicate with stakeholders using accounting, thus coming across as being accountable during crisis times.Social implicationsThe legitimacy maintenance strategies outlined in this paper ensures that stakeholders feel leaders and the organizations they represent hold themselves accountable.Originality/valueThis paper outlines the lessons that an organization can learn from communication strategies adopted by governments during the COVID-19 crisis. The paper extends legitimacy theory by explicitly acknowledging the ability to disrupt the legitimacy of others and including this in the authors’ theoretical framework.

Le società contemporanee si trovano oggi a vivere una condizione mai sperimentata in precedenza. Si trovano a dover applicare e interpretare contemporaneamente aspetti materiali della vita umana da un lato, e contenuti e figure che appartengono alla dimensione virtuale. Tema di questo scritto è riflettere intorno alle questioni del Disegno, del suo insegnamento nelle università italiane, di come esso possa svolgersi adeguatamente in una modalità di didattica a distanza e come tali tre temi si intrecciano nella situazione attuale, in cui i concetti di reale e virtuale tendono ad assumere confini sempre più dilatati e ibridati tra loro. Il Disegno e il Disegnare coinvolgono temi di un’ampia complessità. Nel gesto di disegnare si compie sempre un’esperienza di ricerca della propria segnicità. Tale articolazione del sapere è fondamentale nella formazione degli architetti. Riuscire a favorire negli studenti la scoperta di una personale segni- cità e sviluppare la capacità di ognuno alla consapevolezza del segno sono le sfide e gli obiettivi da perseguire, oltre a fornire le conoscenze di base. Al centro della discussione si pone non soltanto il risultato bensì lo svolgersi del graduale processo del Disegno, ossia i molteplici atti espressivi, conoscitivi, analitici, e in generale del mettere in forma le idee. Se tutta questa articolazione è vera, allora quale ruolo assume la didattica del Disegno nella formazione dell’architetto se svolta a distanza?

Purpose This paper aims at investigating the quality of non-financial reporting (NFR) in light of Directive no. 2014/95/EU. Specifically, it focuses on the quality of NFR in Italian companies, as required by Legislative Decree no. 254/2016. Design/methodology/approach The method used to develop the analysis is mainly qualitative. A content analysis of 184 non-financial reports (NFRs) was conducted on a sample of 92 companies that have been previously involved in the process of NFR on a voluntary basis. Then, a longitudinal analysis was carried out to assess the quality of the NFR conducted from a voluntary to a mandatory basis. Findings This study shows that the quality of NFR does not increase when moving from a voluntary to a mandatory basis, especially for 25% of the companies that publish supplementary sustainability reports and/or plans. This result demonstrates that preparers may perceive mandatory NFR as a comprehensive best practice to adequately report their social, economic and environmental performance. Originality/value The contribution of this research is threefold. Firstly, it contributes to the social and environmental accounting literature that focuses on NFR quality assessment. Secondly, it contributes to the literature that emphasizes the role of mimetic, coercive and normative isomorphism mechanisms on accounting systems and reporting practices. Thirdly, it contributes to the research gaps for academics highlighted by previous literature on mandatory corporate reporting as a consequence of normative requirements and on the relationship between regulation and mimetic, coercive and normative isomorphic mechanisms within organizations.

Reporting di Sostenibilita e Controllo Manageriale:L’esperienza di Edison S.p.A [Sustainability Disclosure and Management Control: the Experience of Edison] The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of management control systems. Particularly, this research aims at examining how management control systems sup-port (1) the implementation of sustainability strategies within the organization and (2) the non-financial reporting process. This qualitative research focuses on the case study of Edison S.p.A. Data include sustainability reports, sustainability plans, and non-financial reports that the organi-zation published during the last three years. Moreover, the authors interview the or-ganization's sustainability managers, management accountants, and controllers to grasp certain peculiarities related to the use of management control systems, and to deepen this control systems’ role in the sustainability disclosure process. Relying on Merchant and Riccaboni's (2001) theoretical framework, this study finds that management control systems play a key role, summarized as follows: support in the decision-making process, definition of objectives and related sustainability tar-gets, monitoring activities, guidance in identifying corrective actions, and measures for an effective improvement of non-financial performance. From a practical perspective, the findings of this study provide interesting insights related to the definition and implementation of organizational solutions for economic and financial equilibrium; moreover, the findings of this study also provide interest-ing insights in terms of sustainability performance.

Purpose – COVID-19 restrictions have severely impacted access to the traditional data and data sources used by qualitative researchers. This paper discusses the changes brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the corresponding challenges and opportunities of conducting qualitative research in accounting. Design/methodology/approach – This study highlights the opportunities opened up by the way the COVID-19 pandemic is affecting qualitative accounting research, discussing the most common qualitative accounting research methods, practices and techniques used during the different phases of research. Findings – The COVID-19 pandemic is reshaping some of the traditional research methods, practices and techniques in qualitative accounting research. Particularly, academic researchers who are reluctant to use the new technologies need to adapt their research approach, deal with the new challenges, and exploit the opportunities to conduct research in a COVID-19 environment. Some changes in research methods, practices and techniques will affect accounting research in the long term. Originality/value – This paper is one of the first to focus on the changes, challenges and opportunities for conducting qualitative accounting research in a COVID-19 setting. As such, this paper could be a valuable resource for different types of qualitative accounting researchers, specifically the discussion of ways to deal with the changes and challenges, as well as the opportunities, as summarised in the table.

When we talk about landscape and in particular landscape architecture, we refer to a living structure in continuous evolution and in clear contrast to the aesthetic and geometric immobility of the single architectural building. By landscape we mean a complex set of transformations of a historical and biological nature; the times of these components are very different, but they work in a single cycle and in symbiosis between them. This set is inseparable from what happens in the present, we must always think about who lives the reality and know how to interpret the different subjective perceptions of a space. The theme of landscape representation is a subject of difficult development, not only for the multiplicity of elements involved in a single system, but for the dynamism and continuous transformation of the element that one wants to study. The intrinsic multidisciplinarity in this field imposes different visions on the methodology to be used to understand and in the end represent. We must ask ourselves which is the problem in understanding how nowadays it is possible to develop a system capable of grouping the different needs that arise from the study of the landscape and which tools must be used in surveying and representation. To date, in the Italian context, the landscape project and its graphic representation is steady to the production of static images, realized with two-dimensional or three-dimensional digital drawing software, representing only the frames of reality, within the territory survey, or of future developments regarding projects. This methodology of representation imposes strong limits in the understanding of which systems and elements come into play when one enters into relationship with a living architecture.

The following research aims to exploit the low-cost technologies, for the survey and mapping of historical archaeology in the Roman context. The main purposes of the research is to implement a large-scale survey campaign to understand the geometry and the materiality of the artefacts examined. Three-dimensional survey from photography, allows an immediate mapping of the materiality, of the degradation and of the architectural elements characteristic of the architecture in question. From the model it is possible to obtain an image that is faithful to the reality that can be the basis for developments in many disciplines such as, for example, in the restoration project, for the material analysis and the mapping of the degradation. The applications for this type of mapping are numerous, one of those proposed in this research concerns the virtual musealisation of historical artifacts. More and more in recent years, museums are exploiting the capabilities of three-dimensional modeling software of architectural elements to interactively convey architectural elements. A methodology of work that in recent archaeological excavations is not based solely on the didactic divulgation of the history of a place, but during the excavation phase on the mapping and cataloging of uncovered finds.

The Casali Fortezza system. The case study of Castellaccio di MonteroniThe landscape of Lazio’s Tyrrhenian coasts is strongly characterized by the presence of fortifications. Parallel to them, in the interland, the baronial expansion, between the tenth and eleventh centuries, paved the way to a large-scale fortification of the Roman countryside. Along the main routes were built lookout towers, farmhouses were consolidated with defense mechanism and the first castles were constructed. The research focuses on the study of Castellaccio di Monteroni in Ladispoli, built in the fifteenth century on Roman structures and on previous constructions dating back to the period of the Baronial expansion. The Castellaccio di Monteroni is one of the few remaining examples of Casale Fortificato (Fortified Manor). It is placed on the 35th kilometer of the Via Aurelia and takes its name Castellaccio from the abandonment over the centuries and Monteroni due to the heaps of the nearby Etruscan necropolis. The main function carried out over the centuries was a resting place, a sure point of reference for couriers, travelers and pilgrims traveling along the Via Aurelia. When in the nineteenth the route of the Via Aurelia was moved to the present one the fortification fell into abandonment. The analysis of this architecture is of great interest, not only for the knowledge of the geometry of the fortifications of the Roman countryside, but also because it is one of the few remaining examples of Casale Fortificato, representing a rare medieval architectural heritage.

Viaggiare è sempre un’azione esperienziale ossia che produce, su chi la inizia, un’esperienza che si manifesta come una prova. L’idea che il viaggio generi delle conseguenze sul viaggiatore deriva dal fatto che quest’ultimo stabilisce una relazione tra sé e il resto del mondo. In questo rapporto, in cui gli stimoli visivi, tattili, sonori e mnemonici hanno un ruolo centrale, la percezione è un continuo scambio tra soggetto e oggetto. La rappresentazione della città è un’operazione interpretativa che avviene sulla base di un processo visivo, analitico e percettivo, in cui il confine tra oggetto e soggetto, tra descrizione e interpretazione diviene labile e multiforme. Il lavoro proposto verte sulla possibilità di rappresentare i cambiamenti urbani di cui si ha percezione attraversando la città tramite il tram, che ha percorsi, fermate, tempi e ritmi ben definiti. La rappresentazione e l’interpretazione della città si basano su immagini prospettiche, mutuate dall’approccio visivo-percettivo, e su immagini planimetriche, che diventano la base su cui avviare le riflessioni relative alle connessioni dei luoghi. L’obiettivo è indagare proprio quel rapporto che si instaura tra il passeggero e la città nell’usare uno specifico mezzo di locomozione, attraverso le sequenze visuali generate dall’attraversamento e tramite segni grafici legati al concetto percettivo-spaziale che la città pronuncia. Visione, rappresentazione e parola sono legate nel processo di percezione della realtà. Gli ambiti iconografici si sovrappongono, realizzando un livello multiplo di connessioni: quelle tra l’uomo e la realtà e quelle tra i differenti mondi della rappresentazione Traveling is always an experiential action, that is to say, it produces, on the initiator, an experience that manifests itself as a test. The idea that travel has consequences for the traveler derives from the fact that the traveler establishes a relationship between himself and the rest of the world. In this relationship, where visual, tactile, sound and mnemonic stimuli play a central role, perception is a continuous exchange between subject and object. The representation of the city is an interpretative operation that takes place on the basis of a visual, analytical and perceptual process, in which the border between object and subject, between description and interpretation becomes blurred and multifaceted. The proposed work focuses on the possibility of representing the urban changes that are perceived by crossing the city by tram, which has well-defined routes, stops, times and rhythms. The representation and interpretation of the city are based on perspective images, borrowed from the visual-perceptive approach, and on planimetric images, which become the basis on which to start the reflections relating to the connections of the places. The goal is to investigate precisely the relationship that is established between the passenger and the city in using a specific means of locomotion, through the visual sequences generated by crossing and through graphic signs related to the perceptive-spatial concept that the city pronounces. Vision, representation and word are linked in the process of perception of reality. The iconographic areas overlap, creating a multiple level of connections: those between man and reality and those between the different worlds of representation.

Il presente lavoro verte sulle tematiche della rappresentazione, il cui concetto è legato ai temi della percezione, della memoria e dell’immaginazione. Essa non è un semplice prodotto del cervello che si limiterebbe a riprodurre un oggetto, ma è un processo attivo di scomposizione e rielaborazione del reale. Se “rappresentazione” non è intesa come una semplice manifestazione descrittiva che esplicita fenomenologicamente il rapporto tra il soggetto e la sua raffigurazione, bensì essa è intesa come atto intellettivo basato sul contenuto, allora ci si interroga sul ruolo dell’immaginazione nel processo di elaborazione delle immagini. The present work focuses on the themes of representation, whose concept is linked to the themes of perception, memory and imagination. It is not a simple product of the brain, but it is an active process of decomposition and re-elaboration of the real. "Representation" is not intended as a simple descriptive manifestation that explicitly shows the relationship between the subject and his representation phenomenologically. It is understood as an intellectual act based on content, and one wonders about the role of imagination in the process of image processing.

Le Grotte di Frasassi, sono delle grotte di origine carsica, situate nel territorio del comune di Genga, nella regione delle Marche in Italia. Dal 1973 sono state messe in sicurezza e in parte aperte al pubblico. L’interesse naturalistico per questo susseguirsi di spazi naturali vuoti all’interno della roccia è affiancato da elementi architettonici di grande pregio. Sono collocati all’interno di questo percorso roccioso, due manufatti architettonici; il primo è l’Eremo di Santa Maria Infra Saxa, datato al 1029, il secondo è il Tempietto di Valadier. La ricerca, si focalizza sull’analisi geometrico dimensionale del Tempietto di Valadier, cercando di sopperire a una mancanza di fonti archivistiche al riguardo. Il Tempietto, voluto da papa Leone XII, fu costruito nel 1828 secondo la tradizione sulla base di un progetto di Giuseppe Valadier. Il manufatto prende infatti proprio il nome dall’architetto. La chiesa doveva avere la funzione di luogo di ritrovo, rifugio e penitenza per i peccatori in modo da espiare i propri peccati. La chiesa è costruita secondo una pianta a base ottagonale, in travertino con una copertura a calotta in piombo. Il travertino utilizzato nella costruzione è ricavato da una cava alle pendici del monte. La peculiarità di questa architettura è il perfetto inserimento all’interno del sistema naturale delle grotte. Posizionata in una grotta, 700 m rispetto al percorso praticabile, si presenta come elemento d’ingresso, giocando sul rapporto di luci e ombre che si viene a formare. La particolarità del manufatto è il modo con cui interagisce con la naturalità del luogo, sfiorando con la copertura il soffitto della grotta. La metodologia di rilievo scelta, per la ricostruzione digitale del tempietto, è la fotomodellazione. Le piccole dimensioni del manufatto, e le diverse curve di livello che lo circondano, permetto di ottenere una campagna fotografica a 360 gradi. Le problematiche derivate dall’utilizzo di questa tecnica dipendono dal forte contrasto dato dall’illuminazione naturale sulle diverse facciate dell’architettura. La ricerca si inserisce all’interno di un progetto più ampio che vede l’analisi delle architetture costruite e non costruite di Giuseppe Valadier. Alla base vi è una volontà di integrare e ampliare con nuovo materiale gli archivi. Nel caso specifico del tempietto di Genga, ne gli archivi dell’Accademia di San Luca ne altre fonti riportano disegni di progetto o materiale archivistico volto alla comprensione di questa architettura. Risulta pertanto di grande interesse comprenderne le geometrie, e lo sviluppo spaziale, per arrivare a comprenderne la genesi progettuale. The research focuses on the geometric dimensional analysis of Valadier's Temple, trying to overcome a lack of archival sources in this regard. The Tempietto, commissioned by Pope Leo XII, was built in 1828, based on a project by Giuseppe Valadier. The artifact in fact takes its name from the architect. The church had to function as a meeting place, refuge and penance for sinners in order to atone for their sins. The survey methodology chosen for the digital reconstruction of the temple is photomodeling. The small size of the building, and the various contour lines that surround it, allow for a 360 degree photographic campaign

The project stems from an agreement between the regional transport company COTRAL spa and the Department of Architecture of the University of Roma Tre. The need for a new bus exchange node arises following the earthquake of August 24th 2016 that destroyed the city of Amatrice and damaged the neighboring areas. The project is designed for areas subjected to earthquakes, it is therefore an opportunity to tackle the difficulties at national level starting from the solution of the local problem. It is a wooden building, environmentally aware, combining active and passive strategies together with the technological innovation of the modular systems of which it is composed, with the objective of reducing costs and consumption. The drafting of the project documents, the choice of technology to be used in the nodes and the prefabrication system was all realized in the BIM environment. The aim of the University convention with COTRAL spa is not to deliver only the graphic works, but a complete package that simultaneously considers the project in three dimensions, the detailed nodes, the quantification of the materials used, and the solar contribution given by the its geo-location. The opportunity arising from the agreement, therefore, lends itself to become a case study, a virtuous example of research on how architecture can intervene quickly and concretely on the territory. An intervention with an open look at the future of design and representation.

Nell’ultimo decennio si è assistito a un’evoluzione nello sviluppo di tecnologie per il rilievo. I metodi attraverso i quali è possibile rilevare l’artefatto architettonico si basano sempre meno su metodi analogici, facendo riferimento a tecnologie che permetto la restituzione tridimensionale, diminuendo la forbice d’errore che si formava con la presenza della costante umana nell’intervento di rilievo. In contemporanea sono usciti in commercio software che, partendo da un set di immagini bidimensionali ed avvalendosi di algoritmi SfM (Structure from Motion) completati da algoritmi di stereo matching permette di ottenere modelli 3D foto-realistici che contengono tutte le informazioni (geometria e tessitura) in modo rapido con utilizzo di soluzioni hardware e software low cost od Open Source e senza tuttavia rinunciare ad accuratezza e qualità del risultato. Le applicazioni per questa tipologia di rilievo, sono molte in ambito architettonico, non soffermandosi solamente alla scala del singolo edificio o artefatto, ma allargandosi al contesto urbano. Il rilievo tridimensionale da fotografia, permette una mappatura immediata della matericità, del degrado e degli elementi architettonici caratteristici dell’architettura in esame. Dal modello è possibile ricavare un’immagine fedele alla realtà che può essere la base per sviluppi in molteplici discipline come, per esempio, nel progetto di restauro, per l’analisi materica e la mappatura del degrado. Il caso studio in esame, relativo al Corso di Rilievo dell’Architettura, è un edificio realizzato nel primo ventennio del novecento e situato alle pendici del Monte Testaccio a Roma, sito di grande interesse storico-archeologico e di estrema difficoltà analitica per la compresenza di stratificazioni secolari. L’innesto di parte del corpo di fabbrica all’interno del monte ha reso difficile il rilievo diretto tramite tecniche tradizionali, e si è reso fondamentale l’utilizzo dei software per la restituzione tridimensionale attraverso fotografie e l’utilizzo di un drone per la mappatura delle coperture.

Nell’ultimo decennio in Italia, il Building Information Modeling, attuato tramite software dedicati, si sta affermando con una crescita esponenziale sul panorama architettonico italiano. In Italia, i livelli di utilizzo di questa metodologia di lavoro non hanno ancora raggiunto gli standard europei. Quando si parla di BIM nella progettazione architettonica si parla anche delle sette dimensioni: le prime tre sono le dimensioni canoniche della rappresentazione del progetto, la quarta dimensione è il tempo (l’analisi della durata dell’opera), la quinta sono i costi, la sesta la fase di gestione ad opera realizzata e la settima è la valutazione della sostenibilità dell’artefatto architettonico. Con i tradizionali software di CAD e modellazione ci si ferma alle prime tre dimensioni; come fatto nel caso preso in esame riguardo la fase preliminare del progetto per la comunicazione alla committenza dell’idea. Ad oggi, non basta più risolvere i problemi progettuali a livello di geometria dell’architettura ma risulta sempre più importante avere una visione a 360° su tutto il processo edilizio, dalla carta al cantiere, dalla fine della costruzione all’utilizzo che ne verrà fatto nel tempo. L’esigenza di accorciare sempre più i tempi di progettazione, sviluppo e realizzazione, secondo un workflow dinamico, standardizzato e parametrizzato ha portato, oggi, all’uso piuttosto diffuso del BIM. The redevelopment of the Cotral station of Ponte Mammolo, is outlinedas a winning action under several points of view. The first project,concerns the renovation of a degraded area; the second is the successful experimentation of the integration between the traditional modeling of the architectural artefact and the work in the BIM field for the management of the building site and the construction costs.

La città di Roma si mostra al giorno d’oggi come una stratigrafia di scelte architettoniche e urbanistiche che si sono susseguite nel corso della storia. Nei secoli di vita della città, molte personalità hanno “fotografato” la situazione urbanistica di Roma, mettendo in evidenza gli interventi realizzati e quelli che sono rimasti solo un disegno, un’idea. La ricerca si pone come una lettura critica della città contemporanea, analizzando, partendo dalla pianta del Nolli del 1748, gli sviluppi spaziali urbanistici della città. The city of Rome is shown today as a stratigraphy of architectural and urban choices that have occurred throughout history. In the centuries of life of the city, many personalities have "photographed" the urban situation of Rome, highlighting the interventions made and those that remained only a drawing, an idea. The research presents itself as a critical reading of the contemporary city, analyzing, from the plan of the Nolli of 1748.

2019 is the year of the centenary of the foundation of the Bauhaus. A school, first of applied arts and then of architecture and design that has marked the architectural style and costumes of a century through its masters and students.

Il tema di ricerca è in stretta relazione con una convenzione stipulata tra la società regionale per i trasporti Cotral spa e il Dipartimento di Architettura dell’Università degli Studi oma Tre. ’accordo prevede la redazione di un progetto definitivo di una stazione capolinea per i pullman nella località di Torrita ad Amatrice, dove in seguito al terremoto del 24 agosto 2016, si è manifestata la necessità di recuperare (se possibile) e ricostruire non solo la stazione di Amatrice ma anche le località limitrofe distrutte o danneggiate e inagibili. Il progetto è quindi pensato per aree sottoposte a terremoti, diventando un’opportunità per affrontare un problema che nell’ultimo decennio sta interessando i tessuti urbani, storici e di nuova costruzione, del centro Italia. Il progetto, che prevede un edificio con struttura e rivestimento in legno con annessi stalli di attesa, ha una particolare attenzione all’aspetto ambientale e unisce strategie attive e passive con l’innovazione tecnologica dei sistemi componibili. La necessit di realizzare un edificio prefabbricato in legno, replicabile in pi contesti, con caratteristiche topografiche differenti, ha portato alla redazione di un modello parametrico realizzato nell’ambito del Building Information Modeling (BIM), modificabile a seconda delle esigenze. a ricerca si pone l’obbiettivo di indagare sui metodi di rappresentazione e progettazione parametrica, relativi agli edifici prefabbricati in legno con tecnologia Xlam e in legno lamellare, per realizzare un modello tipologico adattabile alle necessità dei centri storici dell’Appenino laziale. Il punto focale nella redazione del progetto è il modo in cui si è affrontata la collaborazione tra più professionalità, utilizzando un unico modello di coordinamento e permettendo un confronto istantaneo. La convenzione è stata un’occasione per testare praticamente le nuove tecnologie applicate ad un caso concreto, un’opportunità di ricerca sul come l’architettura in ambiente BIM possa intervenire sul territorio rapidamente e in modo concreto, ma con uno sguardo aperto al futuro della progettazione e rappresentazione. The research topic is closely related to a convention between the regional transport company Cotral spa and the Department of Architecture of Roma Tre University. The agreement provides for the drafting of a final design for a bus terminal in the town of Torrita in Amatrice,where after the earthquake of August 24th 2016, the need was to recover (if possible) and rebuild not only the station of Amatrice but also the neighboring towns destroyed or damaged and uninhabitable. The project is therefore designed for areas subjected to earthquakes, becoming an opportunity to tackle a problem that in the last decade is affecting the historical and new-built urban fabrics of central Italy. The project, which envisages a building with wooden structure and covering with attached waiting stalls, has a particular focus on the environmental aspect and combines active and passive strategies with the technological innovation of modular systems. The need to create a prefabricated wooden building, which can be replicated in several contexts, with different topographic features, led to the drafting of a parametric model created within the Building Information Modeling (BIM), which can be modified according to needs. The research aims to investigate the methods of representation and parametric design, relating to prefabricated wooden buildings with Xlam technology and laminated wood, to create a typological model adaptable to the needs of the historic centers of the Lazio Apennines. The focal point in the drafting of the project is the way in which the collaboration between more professionals has been dealt with, using a single model of coordination and allowing an instant comparison. The convention was an opportunity to test practically the new technologies applied to a concrete case, an opportunity for research on how the architecture in the BIM environment can intervene quickly and concretely in the territory, but with an open look at the future of the design and representation.

Nel 1931, con il Piano Regolatore di Roma e con la variazione del piano particolareggiato di zona riguardo alla cubatura e altezza massima degli edifici, i proprietari decidono di aumentare la cubatura di Villino Alatri. L’incarico viene assegnato agli architetti Ridolfi, Fiorentino e Frankl, la cui volontà è di sopraelevare la struttura esistente di tre piani più attico e di entrare in netta contrapposizione con il linguaggio utilizzato da Morpurgo nel progetto del 1928. I tre nuovi alloggi vengono collegati tra di loro attraverso due corpi scale. Come spesso accade nei progetti di Ridolfi i collegamenti verticali sono particolarmente interessanti nelle geometrie. Analizzando i disegni originali è difficile trovare un centro comune per i gradini disposti a spina di pesce. La dimensione della pedata risulta costante solo in mezzeria, ma ai lati ogni gradino è differente rispetto all’altro. Questo determina un andamento particolare della soletta di cemento. Si sono eseguiti diversi modelli 3D, con l’auspicio di trovare come geometria base una superficie rigata ma questa non è conforme con i disegni perché, proiettando le linee dei gradini sulla rigata, essi risulterebbero pendenti (curvati in salita verso l’interno). Ne deriva che la superficie della soletta segue l’andamento di due curve nello spazio con pendenze diverse. La curva del corrimano è in parte lineare, ma convergente, in parte elicoidale, come sviluppo 3d della circonferenza in planimetria. Sebbene le curve possano essere geometricamente parametrizzate, il problema della superficie dipende dall’andamento dei gradini verso centri che non corrispondono a quelli delle curve spaziali generatrici. Sebbene i gradini siano delle estrusioni di alzata 17cm, la superficie che li raccorda nell’intradosso non può essere una rigata. La ricerca e la modellazione di queste geometrie è indubbiamente un caso di studio interessante, anche perché applicato a temi poco investigati da questo punto di vista., XY. Studi sulla rappresentazione dell’architettura e sull’uso dell’immagine nella scienza e nell’arte, V. 2 N. 3 (2017): Figure eloquenti. Saggi in onore di Lucio Saffaro