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Kagome-lattice materials offer novel playgrounds of exploring topologically nontrivial states of electrons under influence of many-body interactions. A noncollinear kagome antiferromagnet Mn$_3$Sn has attracted particular interest for application in spintronics owing to the large anomalous Hall effect related to the Weyl dispersion near the Fermi energy. In addition, strong electronic correlation suggesting the Kondo physics has also been implied. However, the effect of correlation on the band topology and their interplay remains elusive. Here, we investigate nonequilibrium Hall transport in a photoexcited Mn$_3$Sn using time-resolved terahertz Faraday rotation spectroscopy. In equilibrium, Mn$_3$Sn is a bad metal close to the Mott-Ioffe-Regal limit with low carrier mobility, and thus only the anomalous Hall effect is discerned. By contrast, intense photoexcitation beyond an approximate threshold gives rise to a clear cyclotron resonance, namely the normal Hall effect, indicating the emergence of unusual carriers with 50 times lighter effective mass and 40 times less scattering. The lifetime of high-mobility carriers as long as a few tens of picoseconds and a threshold-like behavior for the pump fluence are hardly explained by contribution of photoexcited hot carriers. Instead, the emergence of unusual carriers may be accounted for by dielectric screening of the on-site Coulomb interaction by high-density delocalized photocarriers. A possible role of electronic correlation in equilibrium transport in Mn$_3$Sn beyond the single-particle picture is discussed., Comment: 28 pages, 6 figures

Chirality of massless fermions emergent in condensed matter is a key to understand their characteristic behavior as well as to exploit their functionality. However, chiral nature of massless fermions in Dirac semimetals has remained elusive, due to equivalent occupation of carriers with the opposite chirality in thermal equilibrium. Here, we show that the isospin degree of freedom, which labels the chirality of massless carriers from a crystallographic point of view, can be injected by circularly polarized light. Terahertz Faraday rotation spectroscopy successfully detects the anomalous Hall conductivity by a light-induced isospin polarization in a three-dimensional Dirac semimetal, Cd$_3$As$_2$. Spectral analysis of the Hall conductivity reveals a long scattering time and a long decay time, which are characteristic of the isospin. The long-lived, robust, and reversible character of the isospin promises potential application of Dirac semimetals in future information technology., Comment: 30 pages, 9 figures. Divided from arXiv:2211.02229v1

We study the electronic structure of the ferromagnetic spinel $\mathrm{Hg}\mathrm{Cr}_2\mathrm{Se}_4$ by soft-x-ray angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (SX-ARPES) and first-principles calculations. While a theoretical study has predicted that this material is a magnetic Weyl semimetal, SX-ARPES measurements give direct evidence for a semiconducting state in the ferromagnetic phase. Band calculations based on the density functional theory with hybrid functionals reproduce the experimentally determined band gap value, and the calculated band dispersion matches well with ARPES experiments. We conclude that the theoretical prediction of a Weyl semimetal state in $\mathrm{Hg}\mathrm{Cr}_2\mathrm{Se}_4$ underestimates the band gap, and this material is a ferromagnetic semiconductor., Comment: 6+13 pages, 4+13 figures

We experimentally elucidate the origin of the anomalous Hall conductivity in a three-dimensional Dirac semimetal, Cd$_3$As$_2$, driven by circularly polarized light. Using time-resolved terahertz Faraday rotation spectroscopy, we determine the transient Hall conductivity spectrum with special attention to its sign. Our results clearly show the dominance of direct photocurrent generation assisted by the terahertz electric field. The contribution from the Floquet-Weyl nodes is found to be minor when the driving light is in resonance with interband transitions. We develop a generally applicable classification of microscopic mechanisms of light-induced anomalous Hall conductivity., Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures, 1 table

We investigate ultrafast dynamics of the anomalous Hall effect (AHE) in the topological antiferromagnet Mn3Sn with sub-100 fs time resolution. Optical pulse excitations largely elevate the electron temperature up to 700 K, and terahertz probe pulses clearly resolves ultrafast suppression of the AHE before demagnetization. The result is well reproduced by microscopic calculation of the intrinsic Berry-curvature mechanism while the extrinsic contribution is clearly excluded. Our work opens a new avenue for the study of nonequilibrium AHE to identify the microscopic origin by drastic control of the electron temperature by light.

Using broadband (12-45 THz) multi-terahertz spectroscopy, we show that stimulated Rayleigh scattering dominates the transient optical conductivity of cadmium arsenide, a Dirac semimetal, under an optical driving field at 30 THz. The characteristic dispersive lineshape with net optical gain is accounted for by optical transitions between light-induced Floquet subbands, strikingly enhanced by the longitudinal plasma mode. Stimulated Rayleigh scattering with an unprecedentedly large refractive index change may pave the way for slow light generation in conductive solids at room temperature., Comment: 29 pages, 11 figures

The electromagnetic response of Dirac semimetals in the infrared and terahertz frequency ranges is attracting growing interest for potential applications in optoelectronics and nonlinear optics. The interplay between the free-carrier response and interband transitions in the gapless, linear dispersion relation plays a key role in enabling novel functionalities. Here we investigate ultrafast dynamics in thin films of a photoexcited Dirac semimetal Cd$_3$As$_2$ by probing the broadband response functions as complex quantities in the multiterahertz region (10-45 THz, 40-180 meV, or 7-30 $\mu$m), which covers the crossover between the inter and intraband response. We resolve dynamics of the photoexcited nonthermal electrons which merge with originally existing carriers to form a single thermalized electron gas and how it is facilitated by high-density excitation. We also demonstrate that a large reduction of the refractive index by 80% dominates the nonequilibrium infrared response, which can be utilized for designing ultrafast switches in active optoelectronics., Comment: 20 pages

Antiferromagnetic spin motion at terahertz (THz) frequencies attracts growing interests for fast spintronics, however their smaller responses to external field inhibit device application. Recently the noncollinear antiferromagnet Mn$_3$Sn, a Weyl semimetal candidate, was reported to show large anomalous Hall effect (AHE) at room temperature comparable to ferromagnets. Dynamical aspect of such large responses is an important issue to be clarified for future THz data processing. Here the THz anomalous Hall conductivity in Mn$_3$Sn thin films is investigated by polarization-resolved spectroscopy. Large anomalous Hall conductivity Re $\sigma_{xy} (\omega) \sim$ 20 $\rm{\Omega^{-1} cm^{-1}}$ at THz frequencies is clearly observed as polarization rotation. In contrast, Im $\sigma_{xy} (\omega)$ is small up to a few THz, showing that the AHE remains dissipationless over a large frequency range. A peculiar temperature dependence corresponding to the breaking/recovery of symmetry in the spin texture is also discussed. Observation of the THz AHE at room temperature demonstrates the ultrafast readout for the antiferromagnetic spintronics using Mn$_3$Sn and will also open new avenue for studying nonequilibrium dynamics in Weyl antiferromagnets.

We report strong terahertz (~10^12 Hz) high harmonic generation in thin films of Cd3As2, a three-dimensional Dirac semimetal at room temperature. The third harmonics is detectable with tabletop light source and can be as strong as 100 V/cm by applying the fundamental field of 6.5 kV/cm inside the film, showing an unprecedented efficiency for terahertz frequency conversion. Our time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy and calculations also clarify the microscopic mechanism of the nonlinearity originating in the coherent acceleration of Dirac electrons in momentum space. Our results provide clear insights for nonlinear current of Dirac electrons driven by terahertz field under an influence of scattering, paving the way toward novel devices for high-speed electronics and photonics based on topological semimetals.

We propose a system of highly efficient photoemitters comprising metal-dielectric (plasmonic-excitonic) multilayered structures. In the proposed structure, the absorption in the excitonic layer is greatly enhanced through quantum interference between the split modes arising from the coupling of the layered excitons and the plasmons sustained by the metallic layer. Furthermore, the large interaction volume between surface plasmons and excitons causes exciton superradiance, which results in the extremely efficient photoemission. This finding indicates the possibility of designing highly efficient photoemitters based on simple layered structures., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures

We discuss the tidal force, whose notion is sometimes misunderstood in the public domain literature. We discuss the tidal force exerted by a secondary point mass on an extended primary body such as the Earth. The tidal force arises because the gravitational force exerted on the extended body by the secondary mass is not uniform across the primary. In the derivation of the tidal force, the non-uniformity of the gravity is essential, and inertial forces such as the centrifugal force are not needed. Nevertheless, it is often asserted that the tidal force can be explained by the centrifugal force. If we literally take into account the centrifugal force, it would mislead us. We therefore also discuss the proper treatment of the centrifugal force., Comment: Bulletin of JEin Institute for Fundamental Science, Research Note 150113, 2015

We propose an unconventional scheme of photoluminescence in a semiconductor thin film, where the nonlocal correlation between an excitonic wave and a light wave prominently enhances the exciton-light coupling beyond the long-wavelength approximation (the so-called excitonic superradiance regime). On the basis of the developed method extending input-output theory, we elucidate atypical photoluminescence effects due to the strong wave-wave correlation. In particular, the up-converted photoluminescence based on the coherent superposition of excitons is found to be highly efficient, i.e., it can be realized by weak pumping without auxiliary systems such as cavities or photonic antennas., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures

Subramanian, Pujari and Becker (2004) claim that the correct expression for the angular momentum transport in an accretion disc, which is proportional to dOmega/dR, can be derived on the basis of the analysis of the epicyclic motion of gas parcels in adjacent eddies in the disc. We study their argument and show that their derivation contains several fundamental errors: 1) the biased choice of the desired formula from an infinite number of formulae; 2) the biased choice of parcel trajectories; and 3) confusion regarding the reference frames. Following 1) we could derive, for example, a (invalid) formula in which the angular momentum transport is proportional to dv_phi/dR, and from 2) we could even prove that the angular momentum transport is either inward or null. We present the correct approach to the problem of angular momentum transport in an accretion disc in terms of mean free path theory., Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures, to appear in Prog. Theor. Phys. Vol.113, No.6, 2005

Clarke and Pringle (2004) derived a proper viscosity formula in a rotating gas by applying mean free path theory. We study their argument in detail and show that their result can be derived with a much simpler calculational procedure and physically clearer picture., Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure; Prog. Theor. Phys. Vol. 112, No. 2

We perform three-dimensional numerical simulations of surface flows on the companion star in a semi-detached binary system and construct the corresponding Doppler maps. The mass ratio of the binary system, $q=M_2/M_1$, considered here is $q=0.05, 0.33, 0.5, 1, 2$, and 3. For all cases, we obtain the H-, L1-, and L2-eddies, as found in our previous work, and confirm that the flow pattern does not heavily depend on the mass ratio. We propose that this kind of problem be dubbed ``{\it stellar meteorology}.'' The Doppler maps at the position of the companion show a structure tilted towards clockwise direction and presenting deviations from the critical Roche surface due to the L1-eddy and the L2-eddy on the companion star. We apply our results to the Galactic supersoft X-ray source RX J0019.8+2156 and try to attribute the low radial velocity component of the emission lines of He II ${\lambda}4686$ observed recently to the irradiated spot on the surface of the companion rather than that of the white dwarf or the accretion disc. Based on the comparison between the observations and our constructed Doppler map, we estimate the mass of the companion star in RX J0019.8+2156 to be $\sim 2 M_{\odot}$ assuming the mass of the white dwarf star to be around $0.6 M_{\odot}$., Comment: 8 pages, 9 figures, Accepted for publication in A&A

We simulate numerically the surface flow of a gas-supplying companion star in a semi-detached binary system. Calculations are carried out for a region including only the mass-losing star, thus not the mass accreting star. The equation of state is that of an ideal gas characterized by a specific heat ratio gamma, and the case with gamma=5/3 is mainly studied. A system of eddies appears on the surface of the companion star: an eddy in the low pressure region near the L1 point, one around the high pressure at the north pole, and one or two eddies around the low pressure at the opposite side of the L1 point. Gas elements starting near the pole region rotate clockwise around the north pole (here the binary system rotates counter-clockwise as seen from the north pole). Because of viscosity, the gas drifts to the equatorial region, switches to the counter-clockwise eddy near the L1 point and flows through the L1 point to finally form the L1 stream. The flow field in the L1 region and the structure of the L1 stream are also considered., Comment: 10 pages, 22 figures, Accepted for publication in A&A

We apply the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, developed originally to calculate rarefied gas dynamical problems, to study the gas flow in an accretion disc in a close binary system. The method involves viscosity and thermal conduction automatically, and can thus simulate turbulent viscosity (alpha viscosity)., Comment: 2 pages, 2 figures. To be published in "The Physics of Cataclysmic Variables and Related Objects", ASP Conf. Ser., eds. B. T. Gansicke, K. Beuermann, & K. Reinsch

The Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, developed originally to calculate rarefied gas dynamical problems, is applied to continuous flow including shocks assuming that the Knudsen number is sufficiently small. In particular, we study the formation of spiral shocks in the accretion disc of a close binary system. The method involves viscosity and thermal conduction automatically, and can thus simulate turbulent viscosity., Comment: 2 pages, to appear in the proceedings of the IAU Symp. 208, "Astrophysical Supercomputing Using Particles", eds. J. Makino & P. Hut

The hydrodynamic behavior of an accretion disk in a close binary system is numerically simulated. Calculation is made for a region including the compact star and the gas-supplying companion. The equation of state is that of an ideal gas characterized by the specific heat ratio $\gamma$. Two cases with $\gamma$ of 1.01 and 1.2 are studied. Our calculations show that the gas, flowing from the companion via a Lagrangian L1 point towards the accretion disk, forms a fine gas beam (L1 stream), which penetrates into the disk. No hot spot therefore forms in these calculations. Another fact discovered is that the gas rotating with the disk forms, on collision with the L1 stream, a bow shock wave, which may be called an L1 shock. The disk becomes hot because the L1 shock heats the disk gas in the outer parts of the disk, so that the spiral shocks wind loosely even with $\gamma=1.01$. The L1 shock enhances the non-axisymmetry of the density distribution in the disk, and therefore the angular momentum transfer by the tidal torque works more effectively. The maximum of the effective $\alpha$ becomes $\sim 0.3$. The 'hot spot' is not formed in our simulations, but our results suggest the formation of the 'hot line', which is the L1 shock elongated along the penetrating L1 stream., Comment: 23 pages, 14 figures, to appear in Prog. Theor. Phys. Vol.106, No.4