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A numerical analysis based on the Monte Carlo simulation has been carried out for the space-charge effect affecting the longitudinal energy broadening of the electron beams. The collisions of the electrons are treated as a many-body problem. For (1) a cross-over model, and (2) a triode electrode gun model, the electron beam current dependence of the energy distribution and the current density distribution is studied. It is found that the anomalous energy broadening that has not been explained fully by the existing theoretical analysis based on the two-body problem approximation can now be understood quantitatively. The validity of our analysis method is thus demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method is proposed of generating a fine electron beam which has an excellent monochromaticity and high brightness by using an extremely low temperature and high electric field. This paper describes the actual apparatus based on the proposal. If the cathode of the apparatus is kept at an extremely low temperature (about 4K), theoretically, the possibility exists of making the energy spread as small as of the order of 0,01 eV, while the energy spread of a conventional electron beam at room temperature with a high electric field is of the order of 0.1 eV. The prototype apparatus assembled consists of a 3-electrode type electron emission system, the main part containing a retarding potential energy analyzer and a vacuum chamber (about 10-9 Torr) made of stainless steel. Polycrystal tungsten wire is used for the cathode. The reduction of the energy spread was not achieved for the theoretical value, because of the deposits on the tip surface due to the residual gas (notably oxygen) at the extremely low temperature (cooled by liquid helium). At a low temperature (cooled by liquid nitrogen), however, the energy spread was improved by 25% compared with that at room temperature. This shows a possible improvement of the energy spread by cooling the cathod as expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a highly accurate gray-level transformation, aiming at the on-line equalization of the discrete histogram. The experimental result is described for the constructed gray level transformation device with NTSC TV rate. The paper first describes the linear interpolation, based on discrete histogram, of the traditional gray-level transformation based on a discrete cumulative histogram. It is shown by computer simulation that the proposed method reduces drastically the effect of error in the gray-level transformation. Then the construction of the 8-bit gray-level transformation device by the proposed method is described together with the realized electrical performances. By giving a low- contrast electron microscope picture of aluminum to a TV camera, the obtained image is given to the gray-level transformation device. It is shown that using the proposed method, the gray-level transformation can be performed with high speed and high accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]